This paper discusses a way to create social innovation around 2040. With such innovation, social restrictions that are regarded as being inevitable in the current society can be eliminated. First, it is necessary to determine how to approach the innovation. Symbiotic technology is one of the promising technologies for achieving social innovation. It is the fusion of scientific technology and socio-technology. Its elemental technologies are classified into two categories: technologies for converging the real and cyber worlds and those for integrating (...) hetero-systems. This paper describes examples of those technical categories and introduces the challenges of the first step toward social innovation. (shrink)

While there is a great deal of scholarly inquiry into the Suzuki Method of music instruction, few resources examine how the various aesthetic and pedagogic themes associated with the Suzuki Method are grounded in Dr. Shinichi Suzuki’s sense of self. Using the notion of authenticity—being true to oneself—as an investigative underpinning, I trace the trajectory of Suzuki’s personal grounding from the pivotal events of his youth to the emergence in his eighties of the signature statement, “Beautiful tone with living (...) soul, please.” What comes from this investigation is an appreciation that Suzuki’s sense of self carries with it not only a consideration for the life affirming and transformational potential of music, but also an invitation for teachers to purposefully engage in meaning-making and music-making experiences reflective of what it means to be true to oneself. (shrink)

This paper will explore how being a Newtonian scientist affected the formation of Thomas Reid’s philosophy and theism. Reid, like other Newtonian scientists, found evidence of God in his understanding nature and the limitations of science. Reid introduced the Newtonian scientific method into his philosophical speculations to establish his system. Focusing on the application of the ‘Newtonian method’ he employed, this paper examines the development of Reid’s philosophy and points out that one of the origins of his theism was his (...) mastery of Newtonian science and its methodology. (shrink)

This volume illustrates the way political and social philosophers of 18th-century Scotland tried to answer the following question: 'What is, and what ought to be, the relationship between the modern market and stable, desirable social order?' The essays belong to the second half of the century and offer a snapshot of the achievements of Scots on political and social philosophy. The Scottish Enlightenment witnessed the birth of modern social sciences. Its moral philosophers attempted to harmonize a modern market economy with (...) ethics, social order, stable polity and the moral progress of the human race. Their very diversity, and the thoroughness and sincerity of their endeavours, make the works of Scottish philosophers relevant to peoples’ lives on every part of the earth in an age of globalization. (shrink)

This paper explores the psychological motivations behind collectivist behavior in Japan and the U.S. Using data from a large-scale questionnaire survey, we examine the causes of collectivist behavior (i.e., group conformity) at workplaces and at home. Our key findings are as follows: (i) in Japan, people conform to their groups, both at work and at home, because they consider that cooperation with others will result in greater achievement; (ii) in both Japan and the U.S., people conform to their groups, both (...) at work and at home, because behaving similarly to others makes them feel comfortable; and (iii) in both Japan and the U.S., people conform to their family’s opinion at home because they value cooperation with family members. Our findings suggest that institutional differences between Japan and the U.S. give rise to the differences in psychological motivations for collectivist behavior. (shrink)

On the seminar in 1958, Heidegger and Hisamatsu first of all discussed Japanese art. The beauty of Zen work of art, its essence, is revealed in free movement of the original selfhood. If this movement is expressed in terms of fine arts, we get a work of art. However, this presence is not limited to the field of fine arts in terms of art. The highest beauty is sooner to be found where you no longer find the form and structure.

We show how metagenomic analysis of the human gut antibiotic resistome, compared across large populations and against environmental or agricultural resistomes, suggests a strong anthropogenic cause behind increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This area has been the subject of intense and polarized debate driven by economic and political concerns; therefore such recently available insights address an important need. We derive and compare antibiotic resistomes of human gut microbes from 832 individuals from ten different countries. We observe and describe significant differences (...) between samples from these countries in the gut resistance potential, in line with expectations from antibiotic usage and exposure in medical and food production contexts. Our results imply roles for both of these sources in increased resistance among pathogens in recent history. In contrast, other available metadata such as age, body mass index, sex, or health status have little effect on the antibiotic resistance potential of human gut microbes.Also watch the Video Abstract. (shrink)

This article attempts to bridge the philosophical gap between Western music education philosophers and practicing Suzuki music teachers. Specifically addressed is Estelle Jorgensen's critique of Suzuki-trained educators who may rely too heavily on rote pedagogical methods without careful reflection of the philosophical principles underlying their approach. By first discussing the cultural relativity of philosophical expression, this article suggests that Suzuki's philosophy may be better (although differently) articulated than Western scholars give it credit. On the other hand, this article also invites (...) contemporary string pedagogues who use Suzuki's methods to candidly consider how much attention they pay to Suzuki's (and their own) educational philosophy as they teach. Finally, this article articulates Suzuki's philosophy of music education, named here "Music Education as Love Education" (a play on words with the familiar term "Music Education as Aesthetic Education," to reflect Suzuki's principal focus on the nurturing of students)—in order to offer a fresh look at a philosophy that may be often, though differently, disregarded by both sides of the debate. Suzuki's writings and interviews with individuals who worked with Suzuki are used to demonstrate his belief in the spiritual nature of musical tone, and the high priority he placed upon character development. (shrink)

Que dois-je faire? Telle est la question à laquelle il revient à la morale de répondre, d’après un texte classique de la Logique de Kant : Le domaine de la philosophie en ce sens cosmopolite se ramène aux questions suivantes : 1. Que puis-je savoir? 2. Que dois-je faire? 3. Que m’est-il permis d’espérer? 4. Qu’est-ce que l’homme? À la première question répond la métaphysique, à la seconde la morale, à la troisième la religion, à la quatrième l’anthropologie. Dans l’histoire (...) de la pensée... (shrink)

As muitas verdades sobre a infância de nosso tempo, das mais catedráticas às mais “inovadoras”, encontram-se compiladas em livros e artigos dentro e fora de nossas bibliotecas. Grosso modo, elas constroem dois tipos de niilismo. Um niilismo de tipo universalista, que suga a criança para fora da imanência da vida e da histórica e a torna refém de estereótipos universais. Outro niilismo de tipo relativista, que esquece a criança e apenas acusa os estudos da infância como mera invenção. Evitar esses (...) extremos requer uma espécie de arte acrobática de equilibrar-se na possibilidade de um entre. Essa via busca retomar a imanência histórica da criança. Trata-se de uma pesquisa em busca da potencialização da ideia de invenção cuja atitude crítica implicasse não a pergunta pelo governo certo ou pela ausência de governo da infância, mas como não a governar assim, por essas pessoas, em nome destes princípios, em vista de tais objetivos e por meio de tais procedimentos. (shrink)

Este breve ensaio discute dois aspectos da produção bibliográfica do educador brasileiro Jorge Nagle recentemente falecido: por um lado, a feição crítica de sua primeira obra, Educação e sociedade na Primeira República; por outro, o modo aparentemente conformista de sua interpretação da Lei nº 5.5692/71 no livro A reforma e o ensino. A partir de uma narrativa pessoal, pela qual o ensaísta revive o encontro que teve com o professor Nagle cerca de seis meses antes de seu falecimento, são apresentados (...) estes dois Jorges Nagles, tendo em vista explorar as dicotomias que os separam e as constantes que os identificam em formas de pensar a “reconstrução educacional” do Brasil. (shrink)

Toma-se a crítica de Nietzsche a Sócrates como um caso exemplar que mostra os dois sentidos fundamentais da crítica nietzscheana: (i) a crítica nietzscheana consiste em censura e em elogio de modo dual, ou seja, censura e elogio são aspectos da crítica; e (ii) ao criticar alguém, Nietzsche está, igualmente, se autocriticando.

Certamente a consciência é algo extremamente familiar e, ao mesmo tempo, enigmático para nós. Seu aspecto fenomenal, denominado de consciência fenomenal, impõe inúmeras barreiras às abordagens reducionistas propostas pelo quadro teórico fisicista/funcionalista. Tamanha são as dificuldades suscitadas pela consciência fenomenal a estas abordagens reducionistas que os problemas referentes a este aspecto da consciência constituem o “problema difícil da consciência”. Desta forma, este artigo possui três objetivos: primeiramente demonstrar a necessidade de distinguir dois conceitos referentes a dois aspectos distintos da consciência; (...) posteriormente, como consequência da diferenciação entre dois conceitos de consciência, serão expostos os problemas relativos a estes dois conceitos; por fim, defenderemos a existência de uma lacuna explicativa entre as explicações provenientes das teorias reducionistas e a consciência fenomenal. (shrink)

Previous studies have found that serum lipid levels independently associate with mental health problems in adulthood. However, little is known about the association between serum lipid levels and positive aspects of mental health such as resilience and self-esteem, which develop in adolescence. The aim of this study is to examine the association between serum lipid levels and resilience and self-esteem in Japanese adolescents. Data were pooled data from the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty study in 2016 and 2018, (...) a school-based, cross-sectional study in Adachi City, Tokyo, Japan. Resilience of the child was assessed by caregivers, and self-esteem was self-identified via questionnaires. Serum lipid levels [total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, and high-density lipoproteins ] were assessed in school health checkup, in addition to height and weight measurements. Multiple linear regression was applied to investigate the association between standardized serum lipid levels and resilience and self-esteem. LDL showed inverse association with resilience [β = −1.26, 95% confidence interval = −2.39 to −0.14] after adjusting for child’s BMI, month of birth, sex, absence of parent, household income, caregiver’s mental health, and lifestyle. We also found an inverse association of total cholesterol and higher LDL cholesterol with self-esteem. HDL cholesterol was not associated with resilience and self-esteem. Among Japanese adolescent, total and LDL cholesterol may be biomarkers of resilience and self-esteem. (shrink)

O intuito deste texto será problematizar, à maneira preconizada por Marc Bloch (Apologia da História ou Ofício de Historiador,1944) – vale dizer, à luz de uma questão-problema – a produção filosófica, físico-matemática e teológica do jansenita francês Blaise Pascal (1623-1662). A indagação de fundo visa a desvelar a arqueologia das aporias e dilemas hodiernos da Razão dos modernos, por conseguinte se propondo um exercício crítico presente-passado-presente. Ensaiamos, neste lastro, a interpretação de que a singularidade filosófica de Pascal instaura, na primeira (...) Modernidade, um ceticismo filosófico de matriz agostiniana, que poderia hoje nos ensejar uma desejável reconfiguração da função da razão na História e na história. A dúvida de Pascal quanto à Razão Natural decantada por Descartes se permite descortinar com a ideia de um Deus Absconditus. Para tanto, o texto propõe uma interface analítica entre História Social e História Intelectual (História da Filosofia Moderna), procurando apresentar a pluralidade de vertentes teológico-filosóficas no seio do Catolicismo Romano e suas potencialidades para reconfigurar as trajetórias da razão hodierna para fora do labirinto pós-moderno. (shrink)

In classical logic, a contradiction allows one to derive every other sentence of the underlying language; paraconsistent logics came relatively recently to subvert this explosive principle, by allowing for the subsistence of contradictory yet non-trivial theories. Therefore our surprise to find Wittgenstein, already at the 1930s, in comments and lectures delivered on the foundations of mathematics, as well as in other writings, counseling a certain tolerance on what concerns the presence of contradictions in a mathematical system. ‘Contradiction. Why just this (...) spectre? This is really very suspicious.’ In the last decades, several authors have been digging into Wittgenstein’s rather non-standard standpoint on what concerns the interpretation and import of contradiction in logic and mathematics, and many other authors have been investigating the possibility of taking Wittgenstein seriously as one of the early forerunners of paraconsistency. While many advances have been made on the first front, the second set of investigations has led almost exclusively to negative results: no, no operational proposal about the construction of a logic in which contradictions are made inoffensive can be read from Wittgenstein’s philosophical work; in fact, it appears that the most one can find there is the exhortation for mathematicians to alter their attitude with respect to contradictions and to consistency proofs. The play is done, and one looks for a resume of the opera. This paper fills that blank, as a thorough investigation of the possible relations between Wittgenstein and paraconsistency. • DOI:10.5007/1808-1711.2010v14n1p135. (shrink)

The present paper deals with two speeches on Nature. In the first one, it addresses the doctrine of Naturalism, according to which thinking about Nature consists of thinking about it as a unitary and indivisible whole of which organic and inorganic matter are part. In relation of continuity with other species, man would be a biological organism, whose psychic functions would be merely functions of the central nervous system. The paper shows that such a doctrine runs into problems of fundaments. (...) The second discourse refers to a “phenomenological geology”, in which Husserl thinks of the Earth not merely as a planet revolving around the Sun, but as an “Earth-soil” in which bodies are distributed in an open system of possibilities. If the naturalist discourse “closes” around the naturalization of consciousness, husserlian geology tells us about the “opening” of this original soil to all beings, among which the man who as “man” constitutes for himself in this soil your goals and aspirations. (shrink)

Starting from our attention to the systematic divisions of the KrV, we address the chapter III of Analytic of principles and its theses on the transgression of reason and the negative expansion. Our proposal is to show the specificity of the concept of noumenon in relation to the other categories of understanding without neglecting its place within Transcendental Analytic. The peculiarity of this concept expresses in a privileged way the relation of critique to the limits of knowledge, since noumenon is (...) a representation that is excluded from the possibility of intuition, but is included in the analysis of knowledge. We therefore intend to shed light on the arguments that, on the one hand, limit knowledge and, on the other hand, allow thought a way to go beyond experience. Thus, in the analysis activity that detaches itself from specific interests in favour of an impartial investigation, the critic’s position can embrace the inside and the outside of the delimitation of knowledge. (shrink)

Resenha de: AGAMBEN, Giorgio. Il regno e il giardino. Vicenza: Neri Pozza, 2019, 123 pp.

Our main aim in this paper is to develop two solutions or exorcisms to ward off the new evil demon problem against epistemic reliabilism. The first solution is designated as “indexical reliabilism” and the second as “normal-conditions reliabilism”. We will argue that the second solution is more plausible than the first. We will also argue that this second solution, if properly developed, can respond well to several recent objections. Therefore, reliabilism has good ways of dealing with the new evil demon (...) problem. (shrink)