Background: The development of the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the implementation of many procedures to safeguard against further increases in illness. Unfortunately, this has drastically reduced residents’ contact with their families, which has increased feelings of loneliness and isolation. This is particularly difficult in long-term care facilities, where the risk of developing depression is higher than in the general population.Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the risk of depression among the residents of long-term care institutions in Poland (...) during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the relationship between the risk of depression and the occurrence of cognitive impairment in the study group.Methods: The study included 273 residents from long-term care institutions in Poland. The risk of depression was determined based on an originally designed questionnaire. The cognitive state of the subjects was assessed using the screening test Mini-Mental State Examination. Both the depression risk assessment and the MMSE test were conducted twice: in March and December 2020.Results: In March, severe dementia was present in 28.2% of the residents and normal MMSE scores were observed in 16.1% of the subjects; in December, the prevalence of severe dementia increased to 31.1% and that of normal scores decreased to 10.3%. In March, no participant was found to be at high risk of depression and moderate risk was observed in 14.3% of the subjects; in December, 2.6% of the residents had a high risk score and 45.4% had a moderate risk score. Statistical analysis revealed that higher MMSE scores correspond with a higher risk of depression.Conclusion: A higher risk of depression was observed with the development of the pandemic. Residents with cognitive impairment were characterised by a lower risk of depression compared to individuals with normal MMSE scores. During the study, progression of cognitive impairment was observed in the residents. (shrink)

It has been argued that belief in free will is socially consequential and psychologically universal. In this paper we look at the folk concept of free will and its critical assessment in the context of recent psychological research. Is there a widespread consensus about the conceptual content of free will? We compared English “free will” with its lexical equivalents in Lithuanian, Hindi, Chinese and Mongolian languages and found that unlike Lithuanian, Chinese, Hindi and Mongolian lexical expressions of “free will” do (...) not refer to the same concept free will. What kind people have been studied so far? A review of papers indicate that, overall, 91% of participants in studies on belief in free will were WEIRD. Thus, given that free will has no cross-culturally universal conceptual content and that most of the reviewed studies were based on WEIRD samples, belief in free will is not a psychological universal. (shrink)

The AGM paradigm for belief revision provides a very elegant and powerful framework for reasoning about idealized agents. The paradigm assumes that the modeled agent is a perfect reasoner with infinite memory. In this paper we propose a framework to reason about non-ideal agents that generalizes the AGM paradigm. We first introduce a structure to represent an agent's belief states that distinguishes different status of beliefs according to whether or not they are explicitly represented, whether they are currently active and (...) whether they are fully accepted or provisional. Then we define a set of basic operations that change the status of beliefs and show how these operations can be used to model agents with different capacities. We also show how different operations of belief change described in the literature can be seen as special cases of our theory. (shrink)

Nichols and Bruno claim that the folk judge that psychological continuity is necessary for personal identity. In this article, we evaluate this claim. First, we argue that it is likely that in thinking about hypothetical cases of transformations, the folk do not use a unitary concept of personal identity, but instead rely on different concepts of ‘person’, ‘identity’, and ‘individual’. Identity can be ascribed even when post-transformation individuals are no longer categorized as persons. Second, we provide new empirical evidence suggesting (...) that the folk do not consider psychological continuity to be necessary for an individual to be categorized as a person or for ascribing identity over time and through transformations. In this, we assume, along with Nichols and Bruno, that folk judgments about identity can be read off the use of proper names. Furthermore, we raise some doubts about the ability of current experimental designs to adequately distinguish between qualitative and numerical identity jud.. (shrink)

In the current study, we examine the changes in disclosure practices on compliance and the fight against corruption at Siemens AG, a large German multinational corporation, over the period 2000–2011 during which a major corruption scandal was revealed. More specifically, we conduct a content analysis of the company’s annual reports and sustainability reports during that period to investigate the changes of Siemens’ corruption and compliance disclosure using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Through the lens of legitimacy theory, stakeholder analysis, and (...) organizational façades, we find evidence that Siemens changed its compliance and corruption disclosure practices to repair its legitimacy in the wake of the 2006 corruption scandal. We analyze these strategies more closely by using the rational, progressive, and reputation façades framework. Our primary findings suggest that the annual reports show peaks of disclosure amounts on corruption and compliance disclosures earlier than sustainability reports, which can be partly explained by analyzing the disclosures made about—and to—the different stakeholder groups. We find that the annual report focuses more on internal stakeholders such as employees, while the sustainability report focuses more on external stakeholders such as suppliers. We also find that the company uses the façades differently depending on which report is being analyzed. (shrink)

We frequently hear that we live in an age of anxiety, from 'therapy culture', the Atkins diet and child anti-depressants to gun culture and weapons of mass destruction. While Hollywood regularly cashes in on teenage anxiety through its Scream franchise, pharmaceutical companies churn out new drugs such as Paxil to combat newly diagnosed anxieties. On Anxiety takes a fascinating, psychological plunge behind the scenes of our panic stricken culture and into anxious minds, asking who and what is responsible. Putting anxiety (...) on the couch, Renata Salecl asks some much-needed questions: Is anxiety about the absence of authority or too much of it? Do the media report anxiety or create it? Are drugs a cure for anxiety or its cause? Is anxiety about being yourself or someone else, and is anxiety really the ultimate obstacle to happiness? Drawing on vivid examples from films such as the X Files and Cyrano de Bergerac , drugs used on soldiers to combat anxiety, the anxieties of love and motherhood, and fake Holocaust memoirs, Renata Salecl argues that what really produces anxiety is the attempt to get rid of it. Erudite and compelling, On Anxiety is essential reading for anyone interested in philosophy, psychology and the cultural phenomenon of anxiety today. (shrink)

Choice explores how late capitalism_s shrill exhortations to _be oneself_ can be a tyranny which only leads to ever-greater disquiet.Drawing on diverse examples ...

Drawing on philosophy, social and psychoanalytic theory, popular culture, and her own experience, Salecl explores how the passion for ignorance plays out in many different aspects of life today, from love, illness, trauma, and the fear of failure to genetics, forensic science, big data, and the Incel movement-and she concludes that ignorance is a complex phenomenon that can, on occasion, benefit individuals and society as a whole.

In this paper we report a study conducted in Mongolia on the scope of morality, that is, the extent to which people moralize different social domains. Following Turiel’s moral-conventional task, we characterized moral transgressions (in contrast to conventional transgressions) in terms of two dimensions: authority independence and generality of scope. Different moral domains are then defined by grouping such moral transgressions in terms of their content (following Haidt’s classification of morally relevant domains). There are four main results of the study. (...) First, since all five Haidtian domains were moralized by the Mongolian participants, the study provides evidence in favour of pluralism about moral domains. However, the study also suggests that the domain of harm can be reduced to the fairness domain. Furthermore, although the strong claim about reduction of all moral domains to the domain of fairness does not seem to hold a significant number of participants did indicate considerations of fairness across domains. Finally, a significant amount of participants moralized conventional transgressions a la Turiel, but it did not reach a statistical significance. (shrink)

The article presents the issue of anti-Semitism outlined by Grynberg in his prose and poetry. In the first part of the work I show roots of hatred for the Jews noticed by the contemporary writer. In the second part I discuss the signs of anti-Semitism and I reinforce them with the concrete examples from Grynberg’s works. Subsequently, I show the reader that hostility to the Jews accompanied the Poles immediately after the war and many years later. I present the circumstances (...) in which the writer left Poland and emigrated to the USA where he has lived to the present day. Next, I endeavour to convince the reader that Grynberg present a varied and true picture of anti-Semitism. In his works there is a lot of subjectivity but there is also a belief that evil does not appear as typical of the Poles. I conclude my work with the suggestion that Grynberg is a writer who aims for revealing the truth and improvement between the Poles and the Jews. That is why it is his words that should be reflected in our thoughts and deeds. (shrink)

The Classical art of memory is analyzed as a form of mental writing. The ancient authors of works on the art of memory often likened their art to a sort of writing, and a careful analysis of the methods of formation of _agent images_ — the signs of the art of memory — shows that it very closely parallels the methods of sign formation in logophonetic writing systems. Thus the Classical art of memory can be viewed as an immaterial writing (...) system. (shrink)

Apesar de terem estado entre os primeiros imigrantes europeus que chegaram, há pouco mais de 150 anos, à Serra dos Tapes, devido a sua origem étnica e condição camponesa os pomeranos foram, por muito tempo, estigmatizados. Contudo, processo de sentido contrário tem sido observado nos últimos anos, com a criação de políticas locais de valorização do patrimônio cultural pomerano. O estudo evidencia que várias dessas iniciativas são pautadasna tentativa de resgate de formas tradicionais do “ser pomerano”, processo em que o (...) modo de vida do grupo —e em particular seus saberes e práticas alimentares— tem sido convertido em atrativo turístico, oferecido ao consumo. Palavras chave:patrimônio cultural pomerano, turismo rural, alimentação, imigração, campesinato, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil Despite being among the first European immigrants who arrived, a little over 150 years ago, at Serra dos Tapes, because of their ethnic origin and peasant condition, Pomeranians have been stigmatized for a long time. However, a reverse process has been observed in the last few years, with the establishment of local policies to safeguard and enhance the Pomeranian cultural heritage. The survey shows that many of these initiatives are grounded in the attempt to rescue traditional ways of “being Pomeranian”, a process in which the group’s way of life —and particularly their cookery knowledge and practices— has been converted into a tourism attraction focused on consumption. Key words: cultural heritage, Pomerians, rural tourism, eating, immigration, peasantry, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. (shrink)

The core of this special issue of Arts and Humanities in Higher Education emerged from the Broken Narratives and the Lived Body conference held in 2016. The ‘Broken Narrative’ essays included in this issue open up a critical space for understanding and theorising illness narratives that defy a conventional cognitive ordering of the self as a bounded spatial and temporal entity. Here, we discuss how narratives might be ‘broken’ by discourse, trauma, ‘ill’ lived bodies and experiences that exceed linguistic representation. (...) We trouble distinctions between coherent and incoherent narratives, attending to what gaps, silences and ‘nonsenses’ can convey about embodied illness experiences. Ultimately, we suggest that ‘breaks’ are in fact a continuation of embodied narration. This is shown in the ‘Art and Trauma’ forum of essays, which reveal how narrative silences can ‘infect’ other embodied subjects and be transformed, achieving musical or visual representation that allow us to apprehend the ‘constitutive outside’ of narratives of illness or trauma. (shrink)

We discuss the relation between string theory/supergravity and the observational data in cosmology, as well as at LHC, past and future. We pay particular attention to the possibility of the future detection of primordial gravitational waves and how this might affect our understanding of fundamental physics.

I argue against the exclusive female/male divide, referring to the phenomenon of epistemic injustice in the cases of people with nonbinary gender identities and people with intersex traits. Such people have traits that are counterexamples to the binary female/male model. I have separated female and male traits into nine basic layers, five of which belong to sex and four to gender. In every layer, I have found traits that are neither female nor male, and the application of the model to (...) individuals provides examples of clusters of traits for which one layer is male and another female. Such traits and clusters of traits create the category of the nonbinary. Table 1 provides a sketch of a nonbinary model. The nonbinary category takes its name from the existing category of nonbinary gender identity; however, in the current model, it is a third category of traits, not of people. Under the nonbinary model, the basic gender concepts do not disappear. S is a woman if S is a human being with enough female traits, and the trait of having self-determined female gender identity is sufficient but not necessary. (shrink)

A discussão que nos incita a elaborar este artigo centra-se na questão do direto das crianças pequenas à literatura. A partir de várias mudanças sociais, a educação é um direito; em meio a isso, também os livros literários estão presentes em políticas públicas de leitura. Desde 2008, crianças de educação infantil podem usufruir de livros infantis. Desfrutar desse direito é importante, pois a leitura crítica do texto literário propicia a ampliação e/ou transformação dos conceitos já construídos, uma vez que o (...) ato de ler é um processo de interação entre escritor e leitor por meio da linguagem escrita, processo este que é formado por sujeitos com vivências e pontos de vista diferentes acerca do mundo. Nesse sentido, experienciar a literatura é uma forma de humanização e de melhor compreensão do mundo, do “outro” e de si mesmo. Portanto, defendemos a necessidade de a escola incluir em seu currículo um trabalho planejado cujo foco seja a estética literária com crianças desde a mais tenra idade, garantindo-lhes acesso à aprendizagem e a um mundo maior. Como na Educação Infantil os pequeninos ainda não sabem ler o signo escrito convencionalmente, é fundamental que o educador tenha um papel de mediador nesse processo e, assim, sua formação teórica acerca dos conceitos de leitura e literatura faz-se necessária para garantir às crianças o direito à literatura. Palavras-chave: Direitos humanos. Literatura Infantil. Educação Infantil. (shrink)

This study intends to contribute to the delimitation of selected offensive language categories based on an analysis of a corpus of contributions to discussion forums in Czech online national newspapers and news platforms called Czech Corpus of Offensive Language (CCOL). It endeavours to study three problematic areas (1) delimitation between the speech acts performed, (ii) lexical realisation of specific properties of the target and (iii) identification and categorisation of implicit offence (e.g. figurative semantic shifts) by exploring contextual cues for the (...) speech act identification, the keywords indicating the properties of the target and the types of semantic shifts in implicit expressions of offence. The findings indicate that annotation systems that do not use context information for the detection of offensive language may face problems with adequate interpretation of the language means under investigation. (shrink)

The standard theory of belief revision was developed to describe how a rational agent should change his beliefs in the presence of new information. Many interesting tools were created, but the concept of rationality was usually assumed to be related to classical logics. In this paper, we explore the fact that the logical tools used can be extended to other sorts of logics, as proved in (Hansson and Wassermann, 2002), to describe models that are closer to the rationality of a (...) real agent. (shrink)

The standard theory of belief revision was developed to describe how a rational agent should change his beliefs in the presence of new information. Many interesting tools were created, but the concept of rationality was usually assumed to be related to classical logics.In this paper, we explore the fact that the logical tools used can be extended to other sorts of logics, as proved in (Hansson and Wassermann, 2002), to describe models that are closer to the rationality of a real (...) agent. (shrink)

Les réseaux personnels sont des ensembles de relations interpersonnelles dans lesquelles les personnes sont engagées. Toutes les études sur ces réseaux montrent l’existence de variations dans leur taille et leur composition selon les indicateurs de hiérarchie sociale, le niveau d’études, la profession ou le revenu. Ces variations peuvent être interprétées comme des « inégalités relationnelles » dans la mesure où les relations sont des ressources essentielles pour de nombreux aspects de la vie sociale. Ces ressources jouent un rôle particulièrement important (...) pour les personnes âgées lorsqu’elles sont confrontées aux diverses difficultés liées au vieillissement. À partir d’une étude sur les parcours et les réseaux de 342 personnes de soixante ans et plus, cet article évalue l’évolution de ces inégalités relationnelles selon différents types de contenus relationnels associés aux questions sur les relations. Au-delà de ces variations, les inégalités tendent à s’accroître avec l’âge, notamment entre les personnes les moins diplômées et les autres, ce qui fait apparaître des temporalités différentes du « vieillissement relationnel ». (shrink)

At the beginning of my article I present the themes, symbols and quotations which refer to the Bible and I discuss their functions. Afterwards, I show the image of God embodied in Różewicz’s poetry. First, this God is helpless and submissive to history and poeple. Then, he is the almighty Creator who supports a man. Subsequently, I present Różewicz as a poet who converted from atheism to faith. Early on, the author was demonstrating his departure from God caused by his (...) war experiences. He felt that God had died and in this connection all the values precious for a man had died too. In spite of this, the faith remained in the local point of Różewicz’s autlook on life. The author often looked back on his childhood when he had been close to the Lord. He became aware of lack of spiritual prime in his liľe. He also knew that life without God turns into merely a phisical existence. Finally, he found the real faith and wrote pieces which we can consider as his declaration. (shrink)

No Brasil, tem-se a regulação e limitação da livre iniciativa em diversos campos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho visa discutir a (des)necessidade de regulação econômica no setor de transporte privado, tendo por pano de fundo o caso específico da empresa UBER. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada tem caráter bibliográfico e qualitativo, com o objetivo de investigar quais as justificativas que têm sido apresentadas pelos que entendem como necessária a existência de regulação no setor. Do estudo concluiu-se que a conquista da (...) iniciativa privada pela regulamentação de empresa de transporte ‘público’ individual, tradicionalmente representativa de um serviço de concessão do Estado, representou uma grande evolução para o país. (shrink)

Understanding the contributions and the implications of law and emotion scholarship requires an acknowledgement of the different approaches within it. A significant part of law and emotion scholarship is focused on arguing for the relevance of emotion and on identifying emotion in legal processes and actors. Other parts of it venture further to ask how law can affect the expression and content of emotions themselves. This scholarship challenges legal positivist foundations, as well as some other established divisions in thinking, both (...) in law, and more generally in the history of ideas. The other important factor, which this article explores, is the methodology employed by law and emotion scholarship. (shrink)

Resumo: Discuto a abordagem de Darwin sobre meios e finalidades de expressões emocionais, com destaque para o choro e sorriso dos bebês; e apresento algumas contribuições, que se depreendem desse conteúdo, para a reflexão das práticas educativas direcionadas à estas crianças que se encontram na primeira etapa da vida. Para tanto, utilizo de descrições e análises apresentadas por Darwin em “A expressão das emoções nos homens e animais”, publicado em 1872 (2009); apresento perspectivas de estudiosos contemporâneos, que tratam das expressões (...) emocionais, tais como: Tomasello (2003) e Damásio (2011). Com base nessas considerações, abordo sobre a importância das expressões emocionais no desenvolvimento de práticas educativas dirigida aos bebês, adicionando ao debate comentários de estudiosos que tratam da primeira infância. Enfatizo o choro e o sorriso como meios naturais de expressão das emoções, que são acionados por estímulos e se dirigem à manifestação de necessidades básicas e estados emocionais, quer sejam excitantes ou deprimentes. Nos bebês, estes meios se apresentam, inicialmente, como ações reflexões; progressivamente, tais meios se mostram cada vez mais complexos. As contribuições que se depreendem dessa discussão podem ser refletidas por cuidadores, no desempenho de suas práticas educativas junto aos bebês, em sintonia com a relação corpo-mente. Palavras-chave: Darwin; Emoções; Bebês; Prática Educativa. Darwin's perspective on babies' emotional expressions: contributions to the development of educational practices Abstract: I discuss Darwin's approach to the means and ends of emotional expressions, with emphasis on babies' crying and smiling; and I present some contributions, which are deduced from this content, for the reflection of educational practices aimed at these children who are in the first stage of life. For that, I use descriptions and analyzes presented by Darwin in “The expression of emotions in men and animals”, published in 1872 (2009); I present perspectives of contemporary scholars who deal with emotional expressions, such as: Tomasello (2003) and Damásio (2011). Based on these considerations, I address the importance of emotional expressions in the development of educational practices aimed at babies, adding comments from scholars who deal with early childhood to the debate. I emphasize crying and smiling as natural means of expressing emotions, which are triggered by stimuli and are directed towards the manifestation of basic needs and emotional states, whether they are exciting or depressing. In babies, these means appear, initially, as reflective actions; progressively, such means are becoming more and more complex. The contributions that emerge from this discussion can be reflected by caregivers, in the performance of their educational practices with babies, in tune with the body-mind relationship. Keywords: Darwin; Emotions; Babies; Educational practice. La perspectiva de Darwin sobre las expresiones emocionales de los bebés: aportes al desarrollo de las prácticas educativas Abstracto: Analizo el enfoque de Darwin sobre los medios y fines de las expresiones emocionales, con énfasis en el llanto y la sonrisa de los bebés; y presento algunos aportes, que se deducen de este contenido, para la reflexión de las prácticas educativas dirigidas a estos niños que se encuentran en la primera etapa de la vida. Para ello, utilizo descripciones y análisis presentados por Darwin en “La expresión de las emociones en hombres y animales”, publicado en 1872 (2009); Presento perspectivas de estudiosos contemporáneos que se ocupan de las expresiones emocionales, tales como: Tomasello (2003) y Damásio (2011). Con base en estas consideraciones, abordo la importancia de las expresiones emocionales en el desarrollo de prácticas educativas dirigidas a los bebés, agregando al debate comentarios de estudiosos que se ocupan de la primera infancia. Destaco el llanto y la sonrisa como medios naturales de expresión de emociones, que son desencadenados por estímulos y se dirigen a la manifestación de necesidades básicas y estados emocionales, ya sean estos excitantes o deprimentes. En los bebés, estos medios aparecen, inicialmente, como acciones reflexivas; progresivamente, tales medios son cada vez más complejos. Los aportes que emergen de esta discusión pueden ser reflejados por los cuidadores, en el desempeño de sus prácticas educativas con los bebés, en sintonía con la relación cuerpo-mente. Palabras clave: Darwin; Emociones; bebés; Práctica educativa. Data de registro: 18/02/2022 Data de aceite: 17/08/2022. (shrink)

The rise of nationalist, racist and anti-feminist ideologies is one of the most frightening repercussions of the collapse of socialism. Using psychoanalytic theories of fantasy to investigate why such extremist ideologies have taken hold, Renata Salecl argues that the major social and political changes in post-communist Eastern Europe require a radical re-evaluation of notions of liberal theories of democracy. In doing so she offers a new approach to human rights and feminism grounded in her own active partipation in the (...) struggles, first against communism and now against nationalism and anti-feminism. (shrink)