Hare’s analysis of moral language have been either obviated in contemporary meta-ethical debates or straightforwardly sided with dated forms of humean noncognitivism. It is assumed that Hare´s conceptual analysis is subject to the same critique that threatens these last positions and is in the same way inadequate. I believe this misrepresents his position and distracts us from his more important contributions to the understanding of moral language. The present paper attempts to show that, even if some miss-adjustments in Hare’s position (...) favour these assumptions, a reformulation of his account may confront such critics posing a new understanding model of the relation between descriptive and evaluative aspects in the moral case that differs from both realist and humean non-cognitivist accounts. (shrink)

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio cuyo objetivo general fue identificar y caracterizar el patron estructural de las prácticas pedagógicas recurrentes en los departamentos de educación de espacios patrimoniales musealizados de la Región Metropolitana de Chile, ejemplo de país con perfil identitario pluricultural. La muestra parte de los 87 museos y organizaciones del Registro Nacional de Museos del gobierno (RMC). Se utilizó un diseño exploratorio secuencial (cuan – CUAL) que incorpora análisis estadísticos descriptivos, fases, criterios e instrumentos del (...) método OEPE. Permitió acotar la muestra a 16 y trasladar sus líneas a la base de datos OEPE. Seguido a esto (fase CUAL), la muestra se sometió a los indicadores de la escala validada Q-Edutage. Finalmente, se realizaron análisis descriptivos para los 5 departamentos educativos cuartil 1. La óptica se sitúa en la correlación de ámbitos y agentes educativos como fenómeno. Los nodos estructurales fueron metodología, tipologías de diseño, estrategias pedagógicas, recursos y cauces de participación e interacción comunicativa en entornos virtuales. De la estructura se infieren los cuatro principios del fenómeno, los cuales se ocupan de (1) la capacitación profesional, (2) los artefactos facilitadores, (3) la tecnología aplicada y (4) los mecanismos favorecedores de la interacción. (shrink)

Pixelism is the combination of three metaphysical thesis, namely a radical form of exdurantism, mereological nihilism and counterpart theory. Pixelism is a theory that evaluates all the metaphysical phenomena of persistence, composition and modality in a homogeneous and consistent manner. In a pixel world, there is no identity over time and over possible worlds and nothing persists over more than an instant or a world. Entities can be univocally identified by a five-coordinates system (the three spatial dimensions, the temporal one (...) and the possible worlds), and their relation is a counterpart relation both in different worlds and at different times or different regions of space. In this paper I will provide two models for pixelism: the first one takes pixels to be hypercubes, i. e. four-dimensional cubes, the acceptance of which is conditional on the acceptance of extended simples. The second one considers pixels as points in a four-dimensional space. (shrink)

Derek Parfit played a crucial role in the XX century philosophical debate. His masterpiece, Reasons and Persons, has been highly influential both in moral philosophy, and personal identity. It is hard to overlook the fact that Parfit’s ideas gave the main contribution to the contemporary philosophy of persons. He reformulates a debate stuck in the classical contraposition between psychological and physical criteria of personal identity, by introducing his most famous idea: identity doesn’t matter in survival. This thesis, and its moral (...) implications, has been a challenge for everyone tackling the issues related to persons and normative moral philosophy. (shrink)

Quello che ci rende le persone che siamo è l’insieme delle nostre caratteristiche psicologiche (i ricordi, le emozioni, i desideri) o la persistenza delle nostre caratteristiche fisiche? La questione dell’identità personale è tra le più dibattute nella storia della filosofia fin dalle sue origini. Facendo uso di un copioso numero di esempi tratti dal quotidiano, questo libro conduce per mano dentro uno dei temi filosofici più sorprendenti.

This dissertation studies the way entities inhabit our world. According to my analysis, there is only one way to exist, i.e. being an arrangements of atomic entities with a five-dimensional shape. I call this thesis “pixelism”.

The current science publishing system is in need of a positive transformation for the good of scientists and society as a whole. Herein, we propose features that, in our view, will distinguish the science publishing system of the future.

:This article reexamines the “prostitution objection” to paid surrogacy, and argues that rebuttals to this objection fail to focus on surrogates as embodied persons. This failure is based on the false distinction between “selling one’s reproductive services” and “selling one’s body.” To ground the analysis of humans as embodied persons, this article uses Kant’s late ethical theory, which develops the conceptual framework for understanding human beings as embodied selves. Literature on surrogacy commonly emphasizes that all Kantian duties heed to the (...) categorical prohibition to treat persons as mere means. What this literature leaves out is that this imperative commands us more specifically to engage ourselves and others as embodied persons. This article aims to relate this point to a specific issue in assisted reproduction. It argues that a Kantian account of human beings as embodied persons prohibits paid surrogacy on exactly the same grounds as it prohibits prostitution. (shrink)

Resumen La racionalidad ecológica que propone el grupo de investigación ABC destaca en su proyecto normativo la relación entre las heurísticas rápidas y frugales y el ambiente; por ello, considera que se trata de una racionalidad situada. El primer objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar que, si bien la racionalidad ecológica puede entenderse como una forma de situar la racionalidad, ello no implica situar el razonamiento. En particular, se muestra que la manera de entender la ecología del razonamiento es estática, (...) como en los estudios estándar de la cognición. El segundo objetivo es mostrar que es deseable y viable caracterizar el razonamiento heurístico de manera que nos permita entender cómo las interacciones con el entorno son parte de las estructuras cognitivas que sustentan nuestras capacidades de razonamiento, es decir, formular una ecología interactiva del razonamiento.The relation between fast and frugal heuristics and the environment is central to the normative project of the ecological rationality proposed by the ABC research group. This is why ecological rationality has been considered as a situated rationality. This paper shows that even if ecological rationality can be seen as situated rationality, this does not imply a situated form of reasoning and, in particular, that the understanding of the ecology of reasoning in this proposal is as static as it is in the standard studies of cognition. Next, the article focuses on showing that characterizing heuristic reasoning in a way that allows us to understand how interactions with the social and material environment are components of the cognitive structure that ground our reasoning is a desirable and viable task, which would allow us to formulate an interactive ecology of reasoning. (shrink)

Derek Parfit’s thesis that identity doesn’t matter in survival has been extensively discussed except for its metaphysical robustness. How can we justify the abandonment of identity in the way Parfit suggests? My argument is the following. Those who want to endorse the thesis that identity doesn’t matter (and, therefore, abandon identity across time) should adopt exdurantism, i.e. a metaphysics according to which the world is composed by temporal parts each existing at a time and according to which there is nothing (...) as a numerically same entity which exists at different times. I show that the metaphysics behind Parfit’s theory is neither compatible with endurantism, according to which object persists by being wholly present at different times, nor with perdurantism, according to which entities are aggregates of temporal and spatial parts. (shrink)

In a severe influenza pandemic, hospitals will likely experience serious and widespread shortages of patient pulmonary ventilators and of staff qualified to operate them. Deciding who will receive access to mechanical ventilation will often determine who lives and who dies. This prospect raises an important question whether pandemic preparedness plans should include some process by which individuals affected by ventilator rationing would have the opportunity to appeal adverse decisions. However, the issue of appeals processes to ventilator rationing decisions has been (...) largely neglected in state pandemic planning efforts. If we are to devise just and effective plans for coping with a severe influenza pandemic, more attention to the issue of appeals processes for pandemic ventilator rationing decisions is needed. Arguments for and against appeals processes are considered, and some suggestions are offered to help efforts at devising more rational pandemic preparedness plans. (shrink)

Proteins are targeted to plastids by N‐terminal transit peptides, which are recognized by protein import complexes in the organelle membranes. Historically, transit peptide properties have been defined from vascular plant sequences, but recent large‐scale genome sequencing from the many plastid‐containing lineages across the tree of life has provided a much broader representation of targeted proteins. This includes the three lineages containing primary plastids (plants and green algae, rhodophytes and glaucophytes) and also the seven major lineages that contain secondary plastids, “secondhand” (...) plastids derived through eukaryotic endosymbiosis. Despite this extensive spread of plastids throughout Eukaryota, an N‐terminal transit peptide has been maintained as an essential plastid‐targeting motif. This article provides the first global comparison of transit peptide composition and summarizes conservation of some features, the loss of an ancestral motif from the green lineages including plants, and modifications to transit peptides that have occurred in secondary and even tertiary plastids. BioEssays 29:1048–1058, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Entre los múltiples temas de la fenomenología, el de la intencionalidad es un concepto clave que permite tentar una interpretación del significado del pensamiento husserliano respecto de su difícil relación con la modernidad y de su puesto en la filosofía contemporánea. La presente contribución sigue las huellas de ese concepto en la obra temprana de Edmund Husserl. Paralelamente, aborda la posición de Husserl respecto de la equívoca noción de "conciencia" o "subjetividad" la que, siguiendo ciertas concepciones de la modernidad, se (...) venía entendiendo hacia fines del siglo XlX como "inmanencia" o "presencia a sí". Algunos textos tempranos de Husserl son puestos en relación con la primera edición de su "Quinta Investigación Lógica" (1901), por ser éste el "lugar" en el que se halla expuesta, de modo quizás privilegiado, la tensión husserliana entre la "tradición" y la "cosa misma". (shrink)

Aquí propongo plantear algunos problemas de la diferencia y la otredad desde la teoría de la intersubjetividad de Husserl. No lo haré sin embargo desde las constituciones "reflexivo-estática" del otro y la "mundano-genética" de la empatía, las más desarrolladas en la conocida Quinta Meditación, que es criticada por supuestamente ser incapaz de "superar el solipsismo metodológico" de su punto de partida. Abordaré más bien la concepción husserliana de la fundación de la intersubjetividad social y cultural, esto es, los problemas planteados (...) en los niveles superiores de la comunidad intermonádica. Previamente, revisaré el concepto husserliano de "mónada" como presupuesto de la teoría de la intersubjetividad o "monadología" y describiré someramente la articulación trascendental de los tres estratos intersubjetivos: el pre-reflexivo o impulsivo, el reflexivo y/o mundano, y el social. El planteamiento husserliano de la intersubjetividad social, activa y superior, lo veré en correlación con el trasfondo pasivo a partir del cual ella se constituye: la intencionalidad intersubjetiva primaria -pre-reflexiva, asociativa, impulsiva, afectiva y carnal.iii Una vez cubierta esa plantilla básica, y apoyándome en un texto póstumo titulado "Mundo familiar, mundo extraño, y ‘el' mundo", tocaré la solución propiamente husserliana a los dilemas de la dialéctica de la "unidad" versus la "multiplicidad" y de la "identidad" versus la "diferencia" bajo las categorías en tensión de lo "universal-objetivo" versus lo "particular-relativo", y lo "propio" versus lo "ajeno" o lo "mismo" versus lo "otro". [Fragmento]. (shrink)

A preliminary overview of Husserl reading Kant shows that both thinkers represent two essentially different types of philosophies in their methods and reach. The judgement made by Husserl about Kant allows to state that we are facing two different privileged intuitions. Nevertheless, it also allows to state a “family resemblance”–if not in their styles and methodology– in certain ground convictions regarding philosophy and reason’s finite nature. This paper approaches, from a Husserlian perspective, the relationship between “experience and judgment” –proper to (...) a “Transcendental Theory of Elements”– and in that between “science and philosophy” –corresponding to a “Transcendental Theory of Method”. Furthermore, it will approach the distinction between natural and transcendental-phenomenological attitudes that allow Husserl to introduce two levels of philosophical interrogation and two types of philosophical anthropologies, corresponding to the splitting of the ego – a pure constitutive ego and a constituted one. This last will lead to the genetic problem of the ego’s self-constitution from the deepest strata of passive instinctive life (unconscious and irrational) towards rational life in a teleological ascending movement that enacts the Kantian problem of reason’s finitude. Despite of the incorporation that Husserl makes of a teleology of Leibnizian type that resolves the Kantian hiatus between sensible and intelligible world, the Kant connoisseurs will recognize his tracks in the configuration of the Husserlian trascendental phenomenology. (shrink)

Al modo como Gadamer desarrolla la "tensión" existente entre método y verdad, este artículo pretende desarrollar la tensión entre dos conceptos centrales de la hermenéutica gadameriana: 'aplicación' y 'lingüisticidad'(Sprachlichkeil). La naturaleza práctica, siempre particular y situada, de la comprensión es confrontada con la consideración del lenguaje como medio universal del comprender, en tanto instaura un 'acuerdo previo', un 'diálogo efectivo', en toda comunidad lingüística. Sin embargo, la asimetría entre estos dos conceptos hace difícil la comprehensión de la contradicción (y hasta (...) exclusión) entre prejuicios e interpretaciones diversas que no necesariamente se enfrentan en términos dialógicos o de 'acuerdo que nos precede'. (shrink)

Como el título indica, el texto que aquí presento tiene como tema central el problema del "actuar humano", viejo tema de la filosofía práctica en la nomenos vieja distinción aristotélica. Nos proponemos, sin embargo, abordarlodesde dos perspectivas contemporáneas entre las que hemos encontrado notables puntos de convergencia que quisiera someter a discusión aquí conustedes: la fenomenología de la acción de H. Arendt y el análisis del lenguaje ordinario en la perspectiva de los "speech acts" de Austin y Searle.

In the United States, researchers are not legally required to compensate trial participants for research-related injuries. Nevertheless, institutional review boards ought to require that all research proposals include broad compensation plans. However, the standard justifications for mandatory compensation cannot reconcile the need for adequate participant protections with a duty on the part of the research community to provide them. This situation can be resolved only through a deeper analysis of research-related costs. Once mere costs are distinguished from moral costs, a (...) compelling case can be made that the principle of respect for persons, or human dignity, provides a sound moral foundation for assigning responsibility for research-related injuries. (shrink)

The purpose of this essay is to examine Heidegger'sreading of Husserl in light of the theme of adaequatio, under which Husserl's assimilation into the history of the "metaphysics of presence" is often justified as having followed the steps leading from Plato to Hegel. This examination refers to sorne texts that hint at this contemporary gigantornachía which -although misunderstood by many- has influenced the 20th-Centuryreception of Husserl's work. Relying on sorne 1922/23 texts, the A. pointsout the Husserlian anticipation of the abandonment (...) of the ideal of adaequatioin transcendental phenomenology. Although Heidegger never acknowledged this anticipation, during his last 1973 seminar he did recognize Husserl's having provided him with the occasion to conceive the ontological difference and the ec-static concept of Dasein. (shrink)

Leaving Morality Where It Is describes and thinks through every facet of the debate in moral theory, especially as it has played out between Kantian and Eudaimonist camps. It is an indispensable work for philosophers in general and ethicists in particular.

Al modo como Gadamer desarrolla la "tensión" existente entre método y verdad, este artículo pretende desarrollar la tensión entre dos conceptos centrales de la hermenéutica gadameriana: 'aplicación' y 'lingüisticidad'(Sprachlichkeil). La naturaleza práctica, siempre particular y situada, de la comprensión es confrontada con la consideración del lenguaje como medio universal del comprender, en tanto instaura un 'acuerdo previo', un 'diálogo efectivo', en toda comunidad lingüística. Sin embargo, la asimetría entre estos dos conceptos hace difícil la comprehensión de la contradicción (y hasta (...) exclusión) entre prejuicios e interpretaciones diversas que no necesariamente se enfrentan en términos dialógicos o de 'acuerdo que nos precede'. (shrink)

"La nota bibliográfica no presenta resumen".

Repositions Bachelard as a critical and integral part of contemporary continental philosophy. Like Schelling before him and Deleuze and Guattari after him, Gaston Bachelard made major philosophical contributions to the advancement of science and the arts. In addition to being a mathematician and epistemologist whose influential work in the philosophy of science is still being absorbed, Bachelard was also one of the most innovative thinkers on poetic creativity and its ethical implications. His approaches to literature and the arts by way (...) of elemental reverie awakened long-buried modes of thinking that have inspired literary critics, depth psychologists, poets, and artists alike. Bachelard’s extraordinary body of work, unduly neglected by the English-language reception of continental philosophy in recent decades, exhibits a capacity to speak to the full complexity and wider reaches of human thinking. The essays in this volume analyze Bachelard as a phenomenological thinker and situate his thought within the Western tradition. Considering his work alongside that of Schelling, Husserl, Bergson, Buber, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Gadamer, Deleuze, and Nancy, this collection highlights some of Bachelard’s most provocative proposals on questions of ontology, hermeneutics, ethics, environmental politics, spirituality, and the possibilities they offer for productive transformations of self and world. (shrink)

En este artículo se examina el intento de "eliminar" al sujeto, supuesta conditio sine qua non de un discurso progresista, científico o filosófico, como un mito que se origina en la modernidad y que es compartido igualmente en la actualidad por las tradiciones filosóficas analíticas y continentales. Se examina, siguiendo la pista de E. Husserl, la posibilidad de un discurso "racional" filosófico capaz de tomar en consideración la raigambre de todo discurso con sentido y/o válido (cotidiano, cultural o científico -natural (...) o humanosocial-) en experiencias históricovitales (contextuales) de sujetos y de comunidades subjetivas, más allá del discurso "objetivante" en boga, incluso de aquél del análisis del lenguaje ordinario que destaca ciertos factores contextuales. (shrink)

El tema del “pluralismo”, frecuentemente abordado desde la sola perspectiva de los retos éticos, políticos y culturales que la era de la globalización plantea a las comunidades humanas en todo el orbe, nos enfrenta a profundos dilemas racionales sobre los que ha reflexionado la humanidad desde la aurora de la filosofía griega. El texto se refiere a dos de ellos: a la relación, por un lado, entre unidad y multiplicidad; y, por el otro, entre “semejanza” y “otredad”, a saber, entre (...) “identidad” y “diferencia”. Sin su reconocimiento, colapsaría la posibilidad misma del pensamiento teórico, de las reglas prácticas y de la valoración ética y estética. El texto reconsidera esta antigua tensión a un nivel menos abstracto, proponiendo plantear algunos problemas en torno a la “diferencia” y la “otredad” desde la perspectiva de la teoría husserliana de la intersubjetividad cultural y social, a saber, de los problemas superiores de la comunidad intermonádica. --- “Difference and Otherness from Husserl’s Phenomenology”. The issue of “pluralism”, often approached exclusively from the perspective of ethical, political, and cultural challenges that the era of globalization lays at the door of human communities all over the world, faces us in fact with deep rational dilemmas upon which humanity has reflected since the dawn of Greek philosophy. The A. refers to two of them: the relationship, on the one side, between unity and multiplicity; and, on the other, between “sameness” and “otherness”, namely, between “identity” and “difference”. Without their recognition, the possibility itself of theoretical thought, practical rules, and ethical or esthetical valuation would collapse. This paper reconsiders this ancient tension on a less abstract level, proposing to lay down some problems on “difference” and “otherness” from the perspective of Husserl’s theory of cultural and social intersubjectivity, namely, of the higher problems of intermonadic community. (shrink)

En esta contribución propongo una aproximación fenomenológica a la naturaleza de la verdad en el contexto de las recientes Comisiones de la Verdad y la Reconciliación, como la conditio sine qua non de la transición entre situaciones de conflicto social y político y de reconciliación, y por ende como un presupuesto esencial e instrumento concomitante para la aplicación de los denominados períodos de "justicia transicional" recomendados por estas comisiones. También me aproximo brevemente a los límites de la posibilidad que esta (...) verdad sea reconocida si sus dimensiones valorativas y prácticas, así como su llamado a una "inteligencia de las emociones" no prevalece sobre sus demandas meramente teóricas.In this paper I propose a phenomenological approach to the nature of truth inthe context of the recent Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, as the conditio sine qua non for the transition between situations of social and political conflict to those of reconciliation, and thus both as an essential presupposition and concomitant instrument for the enforcement of the so-called "transitional justice" periods that these commissions recommend. I also briefly approach the limits of this truth's possibility of being recognized, if its evaluative and practical dimensions and their appeal to an "intelligence of emotions" do not prevail over its merely theoretical claims. (shrink)

El papel de filosofía y humanidades en forjar un “ideal de humanidad” se refiere no sólo a las difíciles relaciones que éstas tradicionalmente han tenido con los poderes mundanos, sino, sobre todo, a su papel protagónico como guías de un ideal de humanidad y valores espirituales en tiempos de crisis. Kant defendió el papel de los ideales racionales de la “facultad de filosofía” a fines del s. XVIII, ante la teología, el derecho y la medicina. La reflexión de Fichte cuando (...) la nación alemana luchaba por su existencia luego de su derrota por los ejércitos napoleónicos a inicios del s. XIX, da un impulso decisivo a los valores del idealismo alemán. Un siglo después, ante la misma nación alemana, nuevamente derrotada en la primera guerra mundial y sin hallar respuestas a su aflicción en las ciencias exactas ni en su cultura determinada por la técnica, Husserl ve en “el ideal de Humanidad de Fichte” la respuesta a aquello que puede darle su ultima satisfacción: la producción teleológica de un mundo humano, en el que pueda realizarse un orden mundial moral, único fin, fundamento y valor absoluto de la humanidad. Hoy nos hallamos en otro momento de peligro: no sólo el del positivismo naturalista desplazando desde el s. XIX a la formación humanística. El mayor de los peligros es ahora la alianza de ese naturalismo con el mundo globalizado del presente, bajo el imperio de la estan-darización burocrática y corporativa al servicio de la producción desenfrenada de dinero.The role of philosophy and the human sciences in forging an “ideal of humanity” concerns not only the tensions that they traditionally have had with worldly powers. It mostly deals with their primal role as guides of an ideal of humanity and spiritual values in times of crisis. Kant defended the central role of the “Faculty of Philosophy”’s rational ideals by the end of the 18th century, as opposed to Theology, Jurisprudence and Medicine. Fichte’s reflection when the German nation was fighting for its survival after its defeat by the Napoleonic armies at the beginning of the 19th century, gives a decisive impulse to the values brandished by German Idealism. A century later, facing the same German nation newly defeated at World War I, and without any answers to its affliction either in exact sciences nor in its culture determined by technology, Husserl finds in “Fichte’s Ideal of Humanity“ the answer to that which can give it its lasting satisfaction: the teleological production of a human world, in which a world moral order may arise, as humanity’s sole goal, foundation, and absolute value. Today we find ourselves in another moment of danger: not only that of a naturalistic positivism displacing a humanistic education. The greatest of all dangers is currently the alliance of this naturalism with the Golden calf installed in the globalized world of today, under the empire of the bureaucratic and corporative standardization at the service of the frenzied production of money. (shrink)

Entre los múltiples temas de la fenomenoogía, el de la intencionalidad es un concepto clave que permite tentar una interpretación del significado del pensamiento husserliano respecto de su difícil relación con la modernidad de su puesto en la filosofía contemporánea. La presente contribución sigue las huellas de este concepto en la obra temprana de Edmund Husserl. Paralelamente, aborda la posición de Husserl respecto de la equivoca noción de conciencia" o "subjetividad" la que, siguiendo ciertas concepciones de la modernidad, se venía (...) entendiendo hacia fines del siglo XIX como inmanencia" o "presencia a si'. Algunos textos tempranos de Husserl son puestos en relación con la primera edición de su Quinta Investigación Lógica" (1901), por ser este el "lugar" en el que se halla expuesta, de todo quizás privilegiado, la tensión husserliana entre la "tradición" y la "cosa misma". (shrink)