This paper puts forward the hypothesis that consciousness might be linked to matter in a way which is more sophisticated than the traditional macroscopic Cartesian hypothesis suggests.Advances in the biophysics of the nervous system, not only on the level of its macroscopic functioning but also on the level of individual ion channels, have made the question of how finely consciousness is tied to matter and its dynamics more important. Quantum mechanics limits the attainable resolution and puts into doubt the idea (...) of an infinitely fine-woven attachment. A recent approach to physics rekindles such a rationalist hope. Endophysics focuses on the global implications of microscopic computer simulations of chemical and biophysical processes. A complete artificial universe can be set up in the computer. It produces non-classical and nonlocal effects inside — on the interface that exists between an internal observer (fluid neuron) and the rest of the world. This interface is finer than any brain property to which the status of the mind-body interface has been attributed hitherto. A new class of experiments becomes possible in the artificial world and, by analogy, in the real world. Magnetic resonance imaging experiments, routinely performed under open-loop conditions, can be repeated under psychophysical (closed-loop) conditions — in search for microscopically induced changes in the perceived and measured structure of the world. (shrink)

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This text presents a broad scope of philosophical issues and primary sources from the history of philosophy with the intent of providing students with a general introduction to significant and relevant questions in philosophy, the humanities, and the history of thought.

Ausgangspunkt des zum Spätwerk zählenden Dialogs ist die Fragestellung nach einer Wesensbestimmung des Sophisten, des Staatsmannes und des Philosophen. Im Verlauf steht jedoch die Frage nach dem Wesen der Philosophie im Vordergrund.

Platons Politeia (347 v. Chr.), der utopische Entwurf eines gerechten Staats, gilt nicht nur als sein "Hauptwerk", sondern auch als das wirkungsgeschichtlich bedeutendste Werk der politischen Philosophie in der Geschichte des europäischen Denkens. Für die 11. Auflage überarbeitete K. Bormann die Apeltsche Übersetzung anhand der Oxforder Ausgabe von Burnet und anderen. Beigegeben wurde eine ausführliche Literaturübersicht, Anmerkungen und Register sowie eine Einleitung.

Der Dialog »Menon« (399 v. Chr.) handelt von der Erkennbarkeit und Lehrbarkeit der Tugend. Ausgehend von dieser Fragestellung begründet und entwickelt Platon die Form und Methode hypothetischer Erkenntnis; der Dialog bietet daher auch eine gute Einführung in die Philosophie Platons.