A teologia de Karl Rahner teve um grande impacto no concílio Vaticano II e no tempo que se Ihe seguiu. Em ordem a compreender-se o seu argumento teológico é importante tomar em conta as suas bases filosóficas, especialmente a sua compreensão do "método transcendental". Neste sentido, opresente artigo começa por prestar atenção à abordagem transcendental de Kant. Em seguida investiga a transformação do método transcendental operada na obra de Joseph Maréchal, o qual fez uso dele em ordem a demonstrar a (...) orientação dinâmica do conhecimento humano e da sua decisão em favor do "Absoluto do Ser". Deste modo, o autor do artigo demonstra até que ponto Maréchal fornece uma fundação para a metafísica, a qual é bem diferente da metafísica do racionalismo que Kant tinha criticado. Inspirado por Heidegger, Rahner deu a esta abordagem transcendental uma viragem fenomenológica, ao mesmo tempo que forneceu uma reinterpretação de termos-chave da metafísica clássica, a qual encara como não dependente de uma cosmologia ultrapassada e que ao mesmo tempo é de grande relevância existencial para a vida humana. O artigo visa demonstrar, deste modo, até que ponto esta reinterpretação influenciou o pensamento teológico de K. Rahner. /// The theology of Karl Rahner had an enormous impact on Vatican II and the time following. In order to understand his theological reasoning it is important to take into account his philosophical foundations, especially his understanding of the "transcendental method". This article pays attention to the transcendental approach of Kant. Then it investigates the transformation of transcendental method in the work of Joseph Maréchal who used it to show the constitutive function of the dynamic orientation of human knowledge and decision towards the "Absolute of Being". He thereby provides a foundation for metaphysics, which is quite different from the metaphysics of rationalism which Kant had criticised. Inspired by Heidegger, Rahner gave this transcendental approach a phenomenological turn. He provided a reinterpretation of key terms of classical metaphysics, which is not dependent on an outmoded cosmology and which is at the same time of existential relevance for human life. This reinterpretation influenced the theological thinking of K. Rahner. (shrink)

The satisfiability problem for the two-variable fragment of first-order logic is investigated over finite and infinite linearly ordered, respectively wellordered domains, as well as over finite and infinite domains in which one or several designated binary predicates are interpreted as arbitrary wellfounded relations. It is shown that FO 2 over ordered, respectively wellordered, domains or in the presence of one well-founded relation, is decidable for satisfiability as well as for finite satisfiability. Actually the complexity of these decision problems is essentially (...) the same as for plain unconstrained FO 2 , namely non-deterministic exponential time. In contrast FO 2 becomes undecidable for satisfiability and for finite satisfiability, if a sufficiently large number of predicates are required to be interpreted as orderings, wellorderings, or as arbitrary wellfounded relations. This undecidability result also entails the undecidability of the natural common extension of FO 2 and computation tree logic CTL. (shrink)