This article presents German loanwords in the Polish language. Its aim is twofold: to discuss words of German origin in Polish, as well as to stress Polish-German language contacts and their influences on vocabulary. The analysis will not only deal with the meaning and etymology of particular words, but will also scrutinize their description in the dictionaries of Polish edited by Doroszewski and Sobol.

The article presents research into borrowings from German to the Polish language. That research was initiated in the 19th century. German lexical borrowings were linked to other linguistic issues, such as morphology, syntax, phonology or semantic field theory. The most important researcher of German borrowings in Polish were Aleksander Bruckner, Leszek Moszyński, Ludwik Zabrocki, Wilhelm Kästner, Alicja Karszniewicz-Mazur etc. The article is a critical analysis of the most significant publications on this subject.

This article presents Slavic loanwords in the Austrian variant of the German language. Its aim is twofold: it discusses words of Polish, Slovakian, Czech, Serbo­-Croatian, and Slovenian origin in the Austrian variant of German, as well as stressing the multicultural history of Austria and its influence on vocabulary. The analysis will not only deal with the meaning and etymology of particular words, but will also scrutinize their description in the “Duden” dictionaries: “Deutsches Universalwörterbuch” and “Duden. Wie sagt man in Österreich?”.

Contemporary Artificial Intelligence methods, especially their subset-deep learning, are finding their way to successful implementations in the detection and classification of intrusions at the network level. This paper presents an intrusion detection mechanism that leverages Deep AutoEncoder and several Deep Decoders for unsupervised classification. This work incorporates multiple network topology setups for comparative studies. The efficiency of the proposed topologies is validated on two established benchmark datasets: UNSW-NB15 and NetML-2020. The results of their analysis are discussed in terms of classification (...) accuracy, detection rate, false-positive rate, negative predictive value, Matthews correlation coefficient and F1-score. Furthermore, comparing against the state-of-the-art methods used for network intrusion detection is also disclosed. (shrink)

We investigate what happens when ‘truth’ is replaced with ‘provability’ in Yablo’s paradox. By diagonalization, appropriate sequences of sentences can be constructed. Such sequences contain no sentence decided by the background consistent and sufficiently strong arithmetical theory. If the provability predicate satisfies the derivability conditions, each such sentence is provably equivalent to the consistency statement and to the Gödel sentence. Thus each two such sentences are provably equivalent to each other. The same holds for the arithmetization of the existential Yablo (...) paradox. We also look at a formulation which employs Rosser’s provability predicate. (shrink)

Enactive and ecological approaches to cognitive science both claim a “mutuality” between agents and their environments – that they have a complementary nature and should be addressed as a single whole system. Despite this apparent agreement, each offers criticisms of the other on precisely this point – enactivists claiming that ecological psychologists over-emphasise the environment, while the complementary criticism, of agent-centred constructivism, is levelled by ecological psychologists at enactivists. In this paper I suggest that underlying the confusion between the two (...) approaches is the complexity of agency, which comes in different forms, at different scales or levels of analysis. Cognitive science has not theorised the relationship between these different forms in a sufficiently disciplined manner, and a task therefore remains of finding a way to map the complex territory of agency. (shrink)

This paper addresses the fairness of microcredit interest rates. Since microfinance institutions provide credit for the poor at relatively high prices, the fairness of their interest rates has been repeatedly debated. We first apply Rawls' principles of justice to the case of microcredit interest rates and suggest some limitations related to the hypothesis of rationality of the borrowers and the level of inequality. We then suggest another framework based on the analysis of the distribution of the benefits generated by the (...) transaction to assess the fairness of interest rates. We conceptualize this as the distribution of the bargaining range between the borrowers' and the institutions' reservation price and discuss what these reservation prices could be in the context of microfinance. (shrink)

One of the best known approaches to the logic of agency are the ‘stit’ logics. Often, it is not the actions of an individual agent that bring about a certain outcome but the joint actions of a set of agents, collectively. Collective agency has received comparatively little attention in ‘stit’. The paper maps out several different forms, several different senses in which a particular set of agents, collectively, can be said to bring about a certain outcome, and examines how these (...) forms can be expressed in ‘stit’ and stit-like logics. The outcome that is brought about may be unintentional, and perhaps even accidental; the account deliberately ignores aspects such as joint intention, communication between agents, awareness of other agents’ intentions and capabilities, even the awareness of another agent’s existence. The aim is to investigate what can be said about collective agency when all such considerations are ignored, besides mere consequences of joint actions. The account will be related to the ‘strictly stit’ of Belnap and Perloff, 25–48 1993) and their suggestions concerning ‘inessential members’ and ‘mere bystanders’. We will adjust some of those conjectures and distinguish further between ‘potentially contributing bystanders’ and ‘impotent bystanders’. (shrink)

Perceptual modalities have been traditionally considered the product of dedicated biological systems producing information for higher cognitive processing. Psychological and neuropsychological evidence is offered which undermines this point of view and an alternative account of modality from the enactive approach to understanding cognition is suggested. Under this view, a perceptual modality is a stable form of perception which is structured not just by the biological sensitivities of the agent, but by their goals and the set of skills or expertise which (...) they are deploying at a given time. Such a view suggests that there is no such thing as an experience that is purely visual, auditory, or otherwise modal and that our attempts to understand consciousness and the mind must be conducted within a framework that provides an account of embodied, goal-directed adaptive coping with the world. (shrink)

We obtain several game characterizations of Baire 1 functions between Polish spaces _X_, _Y_ which extends the recent result of V. Kiss. Then we propose similar characterizations for equi-Bare 1 families of functions. Also, using related ideas, we give game characterizations of Baire measurable and Lebesgue measurable functions.

The article focuses on the historical resources of the China’s model. Understanding the model is one of necessary preconditions of an analysis of China’s dynamic rise and development in recent decades. First, the article analyses the concept of historical development of multiple civilisations and modernities. It then examines the characteristics of China’s old civilisation and the associated model. It ends by showing how the historical Silk Road lives on in an updated modernised global version.

The topic of this article is the convergence of the fundamental theoretical intuitions of two independent currents of Christian philosophy at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Italian Catholic spiritualism and the internally diversified current of the Russian religious philosophical Renaissance proved to be convergent in their ontological realism based on the metaphysics of cognition. This consonance undermines the stereotype about the total difference between the Russian Orthodox and the Western Catholic mentality. The article tries to show that (...) these two denominations both drew inspiration from the Patristic heritage and that, contrary to all appearances, Russian religious philosophy owes much to the Augustinian tradition. The paper reminds the discovery of this convergence made by Vladimir Ern, and discusses certain elements of the teachings of Vladimir Solovyev and Evgenii Troubetzkoy in comparison with the basic philosophical intuitions of the Italian philosopher Antonio Rosmini. (shrink)

Elekes proved that any infinite-fold cover of a σ-finite measure space by a sequence of measurable sets has a subsequence with the same property such that the set of indices of this subsequence has density zero. Applying this theorem he gave a new proof for the random-indestructibility of the density zero ideal. He asked about other variants of this theorem concerning I-almost everywhere infinite-fold covers of Polish spaces where I is a σ-ideal on the space and the set of indices (...) of the required subsequence should be in a fixed ideal ${{\mathcal{J}}}$ on ω. We introduce the notion of the ${{\mathcal{J}}}$ -covering property of a pair ${({\mathcal{A}}, I)}$ where ${{\mathcal{A}}}$ is a σ-algebra on a set X and ${{I \subseteq \mathcal{P}(X)}}$ is an ideal. We present some counterexamples, discuss the category case and the Fubini product of the null ideal ${\mathcal{N}}$ and the meager ideal ${\mathcal{M}}$ . We investigate connections between this property and forcing-indestructibility of ideals. We show that the family of all Borel ideals ${{\mathcal{J}}}$ on ω such that ${\mathcal{M}}$ has the ${{\mathcal{J}}}$ -covering property consists exactly of non weak Q-ideals. We also study the existence of smallest elements, with respect to Katětov–Blass order, in the family of those ideals ${\mathcal{J}}$ on ω such that ${\mathcal{N}}$ or ${\mathcal{M}}$ has the ${\mathcal{J}}$ -covering property. Furthermore, we prove a general result about the cases when the covering property “strongly” fails. (shrink)

This paper commemorates thepresentation of the honorary doctorate, in May2001 by the University of ód, toProfessor Andrzej Walicki. On this occasion,the Honorary Graduate delivered a lecturedevoted to his first philosophy teacher –Sergej Iosifovich Hessen, a prominent RussianNeo-Kantian philosopher and a liberal inmatters social and political. I try to analyzethe main features of Hessen''s philosophicalneo-Kantianism, in particular the inevitabilityof a choice between the absolute and therelative both in epistemology and in ethics inthe context of contemporary philosophy.

Citizenship is usually seen as a product of modern nation-states, or of other political entities which possess institutional infrastructures and political systems capable of producing a coherent framework that defines the relationship between that system and its members. In this paper, we show that an early system of modern citizenship was created in the absence of a formal state, notably by the cultural elite of a stateless nation. The Polish case illustrates that an elite may become a dominant class in (...) the given society only later, and institutionalize that early citizenship system within the framework of a newly founded state. As a result of the legacy of the emergence of citizenship predating the restoration of statehood, the contemporary Polish citizenship model is influenced by a strong and largely overlooked cultural component that emerged at the turn of the 19th century. This model uses the figure of the intelligentsia member as its ideal citizen. Despite the dramatic political and economic changes in the decades which have passed since its emergence, this cultural frame, which was institutionalized during the interwar period, still defines the key features of the Polish citizenship model. Consequently, we argue that the culturalization of citizenship is hardly a new phenomenon. It can be seen as a primary mechanism in the formation of civic polities within the imperial context. Moreover, it shows that such processes can have many ambiguous aspects as far as their Orientalizing forces of exclusion are concerned. (shrink)

The functions of new metaphors in early tantric Buddhism are analysed in the paper. Two models of religious practice are concerned. According to both of them, the goal of tantric practice is permanent modification of the practitioner’s cognitive activity. That modification can be understood as willingness to implement particular metaphors spontaneously into the process of perceptive data interpretation. Those metaphorical concepts are closely related to the conception of Buddha nature. Religious practice of Vajrayâna can be seen as striving for experiential (...) substantiation for the main of those metaphors (mind is mandala). Special act of visualization in ritual context is expected to be such substantiation. Six types of metaphors important in the soteriology of the early Vajrayâna can be distinguished. All of them are discussed in the paper. (shrink)

In his numerous books and articles, Leszek Kołakowski brought up a number of topics in the fields of the history of philosophy and contemporary philosophy. His work offers valuable insights into problems revolving around Karl Marx’s philosophy, social philosophy, and the philosophy of religion, to mention but a few. In all these areas of thought, the Polish philosopher centres his focus on the fundamental question of man. The present paper is aimed at discussing Leszek Kołakowski’s contribution to the philosophical debate (...) on this topic. The evolution of Kołakowski’s views is traced from the Marxist concept of man which, after a certain period, is discarded by the philosopher in favour of a religious concept, to be confronted again with a liberal theory. Kołakowski is not uncritical about any of the conceptions, which testifies to the profound complexity of every attempt to gain insights into the very essence of the human being which, irrespective of the doctrine or perspective taken for interpretation, escapes clear-cut definition. However, despite the lack of unambiguous definitions Kołakowski recognises that the sole point of reference in any attempts to gain an understanding of the human condition in culture is religion. (shrink)

The classic approach to science is dominated by the belief that science is a form of cognitive activity that focuses on constructing theories to describe and explain the phenomena and processes found in the world. Due to the fulfilment of the criteria of intersubjective communicability and controllability, theories are considered to be objective products of research activity that do not bear social responsibility for their applications. In this paper, the issue of social responsibility of science is addressed both from the (...) classic perspective and from the non-classic viewpoint represented by laboratory sciences, i.e. those sciences that are predominantly concerned with creating phenomena rather than discovering them. It is argued that whereas in the former case the problem of social responsibility of science does not provoke serious controversy, in the latter case such controversies do exist and, furthermore, they are justified. (shrink)

Celem artykułu jest zagadnienie medialnego wizerunku kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego (1901–1981) stworzonego na potrzeby kultury popularnej w trzech filmach fabularnych: _Prymas. Trzy lata z tysiąca _Teresy Kotlarczyk, _Wyszyński – zemsta czy przebaczenie _Tadeusza Syki oraz _Prorok _Michała Kondrata. Filmy, z uwagi na fakt pokazywania osoby powołanej do stanu duchownego, kapłana Kościoła katolickiego poświęcającego się działalności religijnej, spełniają kryteria kina o tematyce religijnej. Podjętym zagadnieniem badawczym stało się ustalenie, czy filmowe produkcje o kardynale Wyszyńskim są filmowymi hagiografiami beatyfikowanego Prymasa Tysiąclecia, konfesyjnym kinem (...) religijnym czy też jedynie nawiązują do jego biografii. (shrink)

W niniejszym tekście analizuję tezy stawiane przez polskich antyewolucyjnych kreacjonistów, które w ostatnich latach zostały wyrażone nie tylko w publikacjach naukowych, ale także w ramach różnych form przekazu treści wiary religijnej oraz w publicznie prowadzonych dyskusjach, stanowiących istotny aspekt omawianej dziedziny. Celem artykułu jest określenie głównych składowych antyewolucyjnego kreacjonizmu oraz uchwycenie mechanizmów myślenia, które prowadzą do wewnętrznej niespójności formułowanych koncepcji a także niezgodności z wiedzą przyrodniczą, filozoficzną i teologiczną. Pokazuję jak wiele aspektów antyewolucyjnego kreacjonizmu zostało włączonych do podręczników katechetycznych, opublikowanych (...) w ostatniej dekadzie w Polsce. Stanowczo za dużo jest tam treści zawierających podstawowe błędy i zredagowanych w taki sposób, który nie służy budowaniu relacji między nauką a wiarą religijną. Ewolucjonizm kojarzony jest głównie ze skrajnym naturalizmem, zaś kreacjonizm z fundamentalistyczną interpretacją biblijnych opisów stworzenia i odrzucaniem teorii ewolucji. Zbyt mało uwagi zwraca się na naukowe postacie ewolucjonizmu oraz wartościowe nurty kreacjonizmu. Wynika to między innymi z braku konsultacji treści na stylu nauk przyrodniczych i teologii z tymi reprezentantami Kościoła katolickiego, którzy akademicko zajmują się problematyką interdyscyplinarną. (shrink)

Ewolucjonizm–kreacjonizm. Otwarta debata / Evolutionism–Creationism: An Open Debate.

W książce Źródło i noc. Wprowadzenie do współczesnego absconditeizmu (Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM 2020) Miłosz Hołda wnikliwie przedstawia poruszaną problematykę i proponuje ciekawe rozwiązania. Stanowiąc ambitną próbę wypracowania oryginalnego stanowiska w ważnym obszarze myśli chrześcijańskiej, publikacja domaga się krytycznej refleksji i uwypuklenia istotnych problemów, co jest celem niniejszego tekstu. Chodzi zwłaszcza o dwie kwestie o kluczowym znaczeniu dla teizmu: (nie)działanie Boga w świecie oraz godzenie „Boga filozofii” z „Bogiem objawienia”. W pierwszym z wymienionych zagadnień podstawowym problemem jest (częściowo) niewłaściwe podejście do (...) przyrodniczego obrazu świata oraz do filozofii nauki i teologii nauki. W drugim obszarze głównym mankamentem analiz Hołdy jest rozbieżność między manifestowanym poparciem dla teizmu klasycznego a brakiem krytycznego spojrzenia na te jego elementy, które utrudniają, w niektórych zaś aspektach uniemożliwiają, wyrażenie istotnych treści judeochrześcijańskiego objawienia. Zawarte w artykule uwagi nie obalają w całości głównych tez stawianych przez Hołdę, lecz prowadzą do ich modyfikacji, dowartościowującej przyrodniczy obraz świata. (shrink)

The Ontological and Epistemological Assumptions of Montaigne’s ScepticismMontaigne is widely regarded as one of the most significant sceptics of the 16th century. His most important work, Essays, had a great impact on the thinkers of the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular on the philosophy of Descartes. The article presents Montaigne’s critique of senses and reason as sources of human knowledge. The elements of his scepticism that went beyond the sceptic arguments of ancient thinkers has been emphasized. The negative role (...) of his ontological variabilism in knowing things has been underlined. As a result of the total criticism of the possibilities of human cognition made by the author of the Essays, attention has been paid to the non-sceptical type of the question posed by him: “What do I know?” “Que sais-je?”. The answer to this question led him to fideism in cognition. At the end of the article, an attempt has been made to indicate Montaigne’s main epistemological and metaphysical assumptions that contributed to the problem of cognition. It has also been highlighted in what way the understanding of reason, method, and, above all, self became for Descartes, unlike Montaigne, the foundation of certain knowledge. (shrink)

Corruption is an actual threat to democracy as it impairs the citizens’ trust towards the state. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake any actions that would prevent it; actions that would promote the formation of ethical structure in all departments of administration, as well as would build an ethical awareness among local government employees and city councilors. Ethical behaviour is dependent on clear procedures, good regulations and their proper interpretation. The principal objective should be to increase the citizens’ trust towards (...) public administration and to improve administrative work. That is why one of the most obvious techniques (but not the only one) of raising ethical standards is to implement an adequate system of choice and selection of employees. In Poland, when the moral standard of a candidate for a post in public administration comes under close scrutiny, any doubts are quite often eliminated by the assumption that, if the candidate is patronized by a third party, its authority is a warrant of his or her adequate ethical standard. Of course, it’s a wrong point of view. The above-mentioned examples indicate that the rules of ethics should be introduced to public administration work because they guarantee that the quality of services will be good, they will neutralize corruption and, if followed, they will enable preparing public administration officers and local government representatives to assume responsibility for their actions. (shrink)

Local government is not free from dilemmas arising from ethical but illegal actions as well as legal, however, unethical ones. This breeds situations in which officials must decide whether to be loyal to the government authorities or citizens, whom they are obliged to serve. For instance, they must decide whether to accept the policy imposed by the district council making them change their clerical rules of conduct which, in their opinion, will be less favourably inclined to citizens. Consequently, they will (...) be obliged either to take or refrain from taking certain actions, which stems from the inner imperative. At the root of this dilemma frequently lies a discord between law and ethics. The choice to be made leads to a moral dilemma. What is associated with this matter indeed is the question of revealing the truth about unethical, illegal, immoral or unlawful behaviour in the government that occurs with the employer’s silent approval. The so-called whistleblowing is the means to achieve it. The process is based on informing people or organizations who have the power to influence actions of the criticized individuals or organizations. This creates situations in which officials can no longer take advantage of two values and are made to choose only one of them. (shrink)

Ownership, as a basic value of a legal state is the subject to special protection guaranteed by a basic law. However, in certain situations acting for the benefit of public interest is, according to a legislator, takes priority over private ownership. Thus, in cases when public interest is at stake limitation of ownership title to property can be permitted by regulations. Expropriation of private property for the sake of public good is the solution used for many years in Poland and (...) in other countries. Basic preconditions for expropriation are described in art. 21 section 2 of The Constitution of the Republic of Poland. Private ownership in art. 21 of Polish Constitution was defined in a very general context without defining the subject. Thus, all the ownership is the subject to state protection without specifying the principles of this protection, which are regulated by ordinary acts. Guaranteeing right to private ownership does not mean the right is inviolable. Constitution allows for property expropriation for the benefit of public purposes after a just compensation. However, it must be emphasized that regulations relating to the rules of property expropriation as a special form of depriving ownership right by means of authoritarian state act, which is the exception from general civil and legal principles of transferring ownership title, must be applied literally, excluding admissibility of extensive interpretation. Provisions of the constitution are defined in the regulations of the Real Estate Management Act from 21st August 1997. (shrink)

The fundamental rules which should be followed by Notary Public are: honesty, reliability, detachment and impartiality, as well as keeping the professional secret. As a crucial participant in creating and carrying into effect legal structures of free market, Notary Public performs public functions. Therefore, he or she is authorized to give an official character to declarations of persons being their clients. In view of the foregoing, the notary should secure such documents in trading abiding by the rules and regulations of (...) the governing law and ethics. With a view to a special role of the profession in question in economic trade, The National Notary Board passed a Notary Public Code of Professional Ethics, by virtue whereof a Notary shall with their attitude and actions give a good character to their profession and mind its dignity and honor. Any breach of the above – mentioned rules results in the Notary’s liability. Notary Public, as a person whose functions play a crucial role in legal trade and who is trusted by the parties, is responsible for correctness and precision of their activities. Their liability as clients’ confidant may result in civil, legal, disciplinary and tax liability. (shrink)