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I describe characteristic phenomena of quantum physics that suggest that reality appears to us in two domains: the open and well-known domain of empirical, material things—the realm of actuality—and a hidden and invisible domain of nonempirical, non-material forms—the realm of potentiality. The nonempirical forms are part of physical reality because they contain the empirical possibilities of the universe and can manifest themselves in the empirical world. Two classes of nonempirical states are discussed: the superposition states of microphysical entities, which are (...) nonempirical because observation destroys them, and the virtual states of material systems, which are nonempirical because they are empty. The non-empirical part to physical reality represents a predetermined and hidden order that exists before it is empirical, and the visible world is an emanation out of it. I discuss consequences for our understanding of human nature, the origin of life, and human values. Reality is an indivisible wholeness that is aware of its processes, like a Cosmic Spirit, and it reveals its awareness in the mindlike properties of elementary processes as well as in the human consciousness. Thus, one is led to G. W. F. Hegel's thesis that the Cosmic Spirit is thinking in us. (shrink)

Inhalt: L. Eley: Vorwort - K. Dusing: Endliche und absolute Subjektivitat - H. F. Fulda: Idee und vereinzeltes Subjekt in Hegels Enzyklopadie - U. Rameil: Die Phanomenologie des Geistes in Hegels Nurnberger Propadeutik - B. Tuschling: Hegels Philosophie des Geistes nach Erdmann (1827/28) - G. Schmidt: Die zweite Phanomenologie des Geistes als philosophiehistorische Kritik - M. J. Petry: Vernunft und Anschauung in Hegels Kantkritik - U. Claesges: Zum Problem der enzyklopadischen Phanomenologie - L. Siep: Leiblichkeit, Selbstgefuhl und Personalitat in Hegels (...) Philosophie des Geistes - B. Merker: Uber Gewohnheit - V. E. Dusing: Genesis des Selbstbewusstseins durch Anerkennung und Liebe - A. Peperzak: Selbstbewusstsein - Vernunft - Freiheit - Geist - J. Simon: Intersubjektivitat bei Kant und Hegel? - L. Eley: Was ist der systematische Ort des Kampfes des Anerkennens und der Unterwerfung unter einen Herrn in Hegels Theorie des Geistes der Enzyklopadie - Hegels Werke - Personenverzeichnis - Sachverzeichnis. (shrink)

Die Logik, einst Grundbestand der Philosophie, hat sich in unserem J ahrhundert zu einer selbstandigen Wissenschaft ent 1 wickelt. Sie wird zur Abgrenzung gegeniiber friiheren Gestalten "neue Logik" oder "moderne Logik" genannt; auch sind Be zeichnungen wie "theoretische Logik", "mathematische Logik", "symbolische Logik", "formale Logik", "Logistik" gebrauch 2 lich, urn die Eigenart der grundlegenden Methoden anzudeuten. Die genannten Benennungen werden in dieser Arbeit gleichbe rechtigt gebraucht. Mit 1. M. BOCHENSKI und A. MENNE kann man unter Logistik in weiterem Sinne "die (...) Lehre vom Logikkalkiil, seinen Voraus 3 setzungen und Anwendungen" verstehen. Die Absicht dieser Arbeit ist eine philosophische; sie fragt nach dem, was die Aussage als Aussage zum Element positiver Logik werden laBt. In Frage ist daher die Aussagen- und (ele mentare) Pradikatenlogik, die in formaler Hinsicht "durch den Vollstandigkeitssatz (Go DEL I930) und den Unentscheidbarkeits- 1 Texte zur Geschichte der modernen Logik: I.M. BOCHENSKI, Formale Logik, Freiburg-Miinchen I956, S. 3II-477. 2 s. z.B.: B. JUH6s, Elemente der neuen Logik, Wien I954. G. HASEN]AEGER, Einfuhrung in die Grundbegritfe und Probleme der modernen Logik, Freiburg-Miinchen I962. D. HILBERT und W. ACKERMANN, Grundzi~ge der theoretischm Logik, 3. Aufl., B- lin-Gi:ittingen-Heidelberg I949. H. SCHOLZ und G. HASEN]AEGER, Grundzuge der mathematischen Logik, Berlin 1961. H. HERMES, Einfuhrung in die mathematische Logik, Stuttgart 1963. R. CARNAP, Symbolische Logik, Wien 1954. P. LORENZEN, Formale Logik. I.M. BOCHENSKI, GrundrifJ der Logistik, aus dem Franzi:isischen iibers., neubearb. und erweitert von A. MENNE, 2. erweiterte Auf I., Paderborn 1962. (shrink)

Inhalt: Vorwort. Abendvortrag. Wolfgang JANKE: Besonnenheit. Der philosophiegeschichtliche Ort von Fichtes Spätphilosophie. Sektion I: Phasen der Spätphilosophie 1800-1812. Ives RADRIZZANI: Die Bestimmung des Menschen: der Wendepunkt zur Spätphilosophie. Daniel BREAZEALE: Die Neue Bearbeitung der Wissenschaftslehre : Letzte »frühere« oder erste »spätere« Wissenschaftslehre? Toshio HONDA: Vom »Tun« zum »Sehen«. Reinhard LOOCK: Das Bild des absoluten Seins beim frühen und späten Fichte. Karen GLOY: Fichtes Dialektiktypen. Sektion II: Grundfragen. Jürgen STOLZENBERG: Zum Theorem der Selbstvernichtung des absoluten Wissens in Fichtes Wissenschaftslehre von 1801. (...) Kunihiko NAGASAWA: Die Absolutheit des absoluten Wissen in der WL 1801. Helmut GIRNDT: Strukturprobleme der Wissenschaftslehre 1804. Das Denken des Absoluten in Asien und Europa. Eine kritische Reflexion auf Fichtes Diktum: »Alle Philosophie vor Kant hat das Absolute in das Sein gesetzt.« Hitoshi MINOBE: Das Absolute in der Wissenschaftslehre 1804. Peter Lothar OESTERREICH: Die Rede vom Absoluten in der Spätphilosophie Fichtes. Dominik SCHMIDIG: Von Wahrheit ergriffen... >Wissenschaftslehre< und Gefühl. Ludo de VOS: Wahrheit in der Wissenschaftslehre. Manuel JIMÉNEZ-REDONDO: Logos und Erscheinung beim späten Fichte. Diogo FERRER: Der Begriff der Existenz und der Gang der Wissenschaftslehre 1805. Christoph ASMUTH: Fichtes Theorie des Ich in der Königsberger Wissenschaftslehre von 1807. Günter ZÖLLER: Denken und Wollen beim späten Fichte. Michael GERTEN: Das Verhältnis von Wissen, Moralität und Liebe. Zum Philosophiebegriff des späten Fichte. F. SCOTT SCRIBNER: Die »Physicierung des Idealismus« im Tagebuch über den animalischen Magnetismus: Die letzte Wissenschaftslehre? oder Das Ende des Idealismus? (shrink)

Inhalt: Vorwort. Abendvortrag. Wolfgang JANKE: Besonnenheit. Der philosophiegeschichtliche Ort von Fichtes Spätphilosophie. Sektion I: Phasen der Spätphilosophie 1800-1812. Ives RADRIZZANI: Die Bestimmung des Menschen: der Wendepunkt zur Spätphilosophie. Daniel BREAZEALE: Die Neue Bearbeitung der Wissenschaftslehre : Letzte »frühere« oder erste »spätere« Wissenschaftslehre? Toshio HONDA: Vom »Tun« zum »Sehen«. Reinhard LOOCK: Das Bild des absoluten Seins beim frühen und späten Fichte. Karen GLOY: Fichtes Dialektiktypen. Sektion II: Grundfragen. Jürgen STOLZENBERG: Zum Theorem der Selbstvernichtung des absoluten Wissens in Fichtes Wissenschaftslehre von 1801. (...) Kunihiko NAGASAWA: Die Absolutheit des absoluten Wissen in der WL 1801. Helmut GIRNDT: Strukturprobleme der Wissenschaftslehre 1804. Das Denken des Absoluten in Asien und Europa. Eine kritische Reflexion auf Fichtes Diktum: »Alle Philosophie vor Kant hat das Absolute in das Sein gesetzt.« Hitoshi MINOBE: Das Absolute in der Wissenschaftslehre 1804. Peter Lothar OESTERREICH: Die Rede vom Absoluten in der Spätphilosophie Fichtes. Dominik SCHMIDIG: Von Wahrheit ergriffen... >Wissenschaftslehre< und Gefühl. Ludo de VOS: Wahrheit in der Wissenschaftslehre. Manuel JIMÉNEZ-REDONDO: Logos und Erscheinung beim späten Fichte. Diogo FERRER: Der Begriff der Existenz und der Gang der Wissenschaftslehre 1805. Christoph ASMUTH: Fichtes Theorie des Ich in der Königsberger Wissenschaftslehre von 1807. Günter ZÖLLER: Denken und Wollen beim späten Fichte. Michael GERTEN: Das Verhältnis von Wissen, Moralität und Liebe. Zum Philosophiebegriff des späten Fichte. F. SCOTT SCRIBNER: Die »Physicierung des Idealismus« im Tagebuch über den animalischen Magnetismus: Die letzte Wissenschaftslehre? oder Das Ende des Idealismus? (shrink)

H G WellsHerbert George Wells, an English writer, was born on 21st 1866 and died on 13 Aug 1946. He was renowned for his works of science fiction especially 'The Time Machine'. He is also referred as 'The Father of Science Fiction'.

The human genome project's lasting legacies are the emerging insights into human physiology and disease, and the ascendance of biology as the dominant science of the 21st century. Sequencing revealed that >90% of the human genome is not coding for proteins, as originally thought, but rather is overwhelmingly transcribed into non‐protein coding, or non‐coding, RNAs (ncRNAs). This discovery initially led to the hypothesis that most genomic DNA is “junk”, a term still championed by some geneticists and evolutionary biologists. In contrast, (...) molecular biologists and biochemists studying the vast number of transcripts produced from most of this genome “junk” often surmise that these ncRNAs have biological significance. What gives? This essay contrasts the two opposing, extant viewpoints, aiming to explain their bases, which arise from distinct reference frames of the underlying scientific disciplines. Finally, it aims to reconcile these divergent mindsets in hopes of stimulating synergy between scientific fields. (shrink)

How can we take history seriously as real and relevant? Despite the hazards of politically dangerous or misleading accounts of the past, we live our lives in a great network of cooperation with other actors; past, present, and future. We study and reflect on the past as a way of exercising a responsibility for shared action. In each of the chapters of Full History Smith poses a key question about history as a concern for conscious participants in the sharing of (...) action, starting with “What Is Historical Meaningfulness?” and ending with “How Can History Have an Aim?” Constructing new models of historical meaning while engaging critically with perspectives offered by Ranke, Dilthey, Rickert, Heidegger, Eliade, Sartre, Foucault, and Arendt, Smith develops a philosophical account of thinking about history that moves beyond postmodernist skepticism. Full History seeks to expand the cast of significant actors, establishing an inclusive version of the historical that recognizes large-scale cumulative actions but also encourages critical revision and expansion of any paradigm of shared action. (shrink)

Fergus Kelly: Thinking in Threes: The Triad in Early Irish Literature Brian Pullan: Charity and Usury: Jewish and Christian Lending in Renaissance and Early Modern Italy Noel Malcolm: The Crescent and the City of the Sun: Islam and the Renaissance Utopia of Tommaso Campanella H. R. Woudhuysen: The Foundations of Shakespeare's Text J. G. A. Pocock: The Re-Description of Enlightenment Andrew Hadfield: Michael Drayton and the Burden of History Eric Foner: Abraham Lincoln: The Great Emancipator? Gillian Beer: Revenants and Migrants: (...) Hardy, Butler, Woolf and Sebald Stephen Banfield: Scholarship and the Musical: Reclaiming Jerome Kern Brian Simpson: The Rule of Law in International Affairs Christopher Bayly: 'The Nation Within': British India at War 1939-47 John Vickers: Economics for Consumer Policy Gillian Feeley-Harnik: The Geography of Descent Susan Gathercole: Working Memory and Learning During the School Years Lothar Ledderose: Carving Stone Sutras before the World Ends: The Inscription of 1118 CE at Cloud Dwelling Monastery near Beijing. (shrink)

Hume's Reception in Early America: Expanded Edition brings together the original American responses to one of Britain's greatest men of letters, David Hume. Now available as a single volume paperback, this new edition includes updated further readings suggestions and dozens of additional primary sources gathered together in a completely new concluding section. From complete pamphlets and booklets, to poems, reviews, and letters, to extracts from newspapers, religious magazines and literary and political journals, this book's contents come from a wide variety (...) of sources published in colonial America and the early United States between 1758 and 1850. As well as classics by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, it contains scores of unknown and hard-to-locate items, many of which have not been reprinted since their original publication. These responses are divided into four parts covering Hume's Essays; his Philosophical Writings; his History of England; and his Character and Death. Each of those parts has a separate introductory essay, and every selection is introduced by a short headnote that sets the piece in its historical context and provides bibliographical references. Packed with new insights into Hume and American thought and culture, Hume's Reception in Early America reveals the relevance and impact of Hume on American political, philosophical, historical, religious, and aesthetic debates. (shrink)

Research has demonstrated that employee reactions to monitoring systems depend on both the characteristics of the monitoring system and how it is implemented. However, little is known about the role individual differences may play in this process. This study proposes that individuals have generalized attitudes toward organizational control and monitoring activities. We examined this argument by assessing the relationship between employees’ baseline attitudes toward a set of monitoring and control techniques that span the employment relationship. We further explore the effects (...) of employees’ generalized attitudes toward monitoring and their individual ethical orientations on their attitudinal reactions to an Internet monitoring system implemented in their workplace. Results of a longitudinal study indicate that as expected, prior beliefs and ethical orientation interact to affect employees’ reactions to monitoring systems. Implications for research and practice are discussed. (shrink)

The problems of this passage were concisely stated by M. Platnauer more than thirty years ago and his suggestions for their solution have been adopted and developed in A. S. F. Gow's magnum opus. Its authority—so the present writer suspects—is liable at this point to eclipse the meaning of the text.

The conceptual framework of behaviorism is reconstructed in a logical scheme rather than along chronological lines. The resulting reconstruction is faithful to the history of behaviorism and yet meets the contemporary challenges arising from cognitive science, psycholinguistics, and philosophy. In this reconstruction, the fundamental premise is that psychology is to be a natural science, and the major corollaries are that psychology is to be objective and empirical. To a great extent, the reconstruction of behaviorism is an elaboration of behaviorist views (...) of what it is for a science to be objective and empirical. The reconstruction examines and evaluates behaviorist positions on observation and the rejection of introspection, the behavioral data language, theory construction, stimulus-response psychology, the organization of behavior, complex processes, agency, and the interpretation of mentalistic language. The resulting reconstruction shows behaviorism to be a pragmatic psychological version of positivism based on a behavioral epistemology. (shrink)

Mathematical modeling is a convenient way for characterization of complex ecosystems. This approach was applied to study the dynamics of zooplankton in Lake Sevan (Armenia) at different stages of anthropogenic eutrophication with the use of a novel method called discrete modeling of dynamical systems with feedback (DMDS). Simulation demonstrated that the application of this method helps in characterization of inter- and intra-component relationships in a natural ecosystem. This method describes all possible pairwise inter-component relationships like “plus–plus,” “minus–minus,” “plus–minus,” “plus–zero,” “minus–zero,” (...) and “zero–zero” that occur in most ecosystems. Based on the results, a working hypothesis was formulated. It was found that the sensitivity to weak external influence in zooplanktons was the greatest during the mid period of eutrophication in Lake Sevan, whereas in the final stages of eutrophication, an outbreak in the biomass production of cyanobacteria was evident. To support this approach, a weak external disturbance in the form of magnetic storm was used to see its effect on species Daphnia longispina sevanica. A statistically significant correlation between the frequency of magnetic storms and the number of this species was revealed and an increase in the number of toxic cyanobacteria species as a consequence of eutrophication. This paper, for the first time, suggests a DMDS method, to diagnose impact of anthropogenic eutrophication on environment. (shrink)