En el artículo se caracteriza una clase de relaciones binarias para que éstas puedan representar las comparaciones de enunciados que un agente puede plantear y resolver de acuerdo con su mayor o menor grado de aproximación a la verdad. Con ello se espera poder analizar con mayor detalle el peso que puede terminar teniendo en su evaluación metodológica el grado de aproximación a la verdad de los modelos teórico-económicos. De todas formas, el propósito inmediato del artículo es el de ofrecer (...) una propuesta más general y, sobre todo, mucho más sencilla que las presentadas en otros dos trabajos anteriores del autor. Por otra parte, el concepto de aproximación a la verdad que se maneja es diferente del vinculado con la noción poperiana de verosimilitud.In this paper, we characterize a class of binary relations to represent the comparisons which an agent can make between statements according to their degree of approximation to the truth. This class of relations, we hope, can help to analyse how much can weight the degree of approximation of economic theoretical models in their methodological assesment. In any case, the immediate purpose of the paper is to offer a proposal easier and more general than two other worked up earlier by the author. On the other hand, our concept of approximation to the truth differs from that linked with the popperian notion of verosimilitude. (shrink)

Con este artículo se pretende simplificar la propuesta presentada en un trabajo anterior, prescindiendo como conectiva del símbolo barra de la probabilidad condicionada. Haciéndolo, se consigue reducir a la mitad el número de condiciones postuladas, percibiéndose con ello mejor el lugar central de la condición de superioridad por implicación. También se aborda qué información pueda proporcionar el grado de aproximación de los modelos teórico-económicos sobre lo que vaya a terminar sucediendo en las situaciones empíricas correspondientes, se indican dos formar de (...) ampliar el análisis para incrementarla, y se comenta la aplicabilidad práctica de las comparaciones estudiadas.The proposal about the approximation comparisons presented in an earlier essay may be simplified doing without the bar symbol of conditional probability. In this way, the number of the postulated conditions diminish in a half, and the key role of the superiority by implication property is better perceived. Attention is also paid to what information can be gathered from the approximation degree of economic theoretical models about what may finally happen in the corresponding empirical situations, and to the ways by which this information can be increased. Some comments about the applicability of approximation comparisons are added. (shrink)

Con este artículo se pretende simplificar la propuesta presentada en un trabajo anterior, prescindiendo como conectiva del símbolo barra de la probabilidad condicionada. Haciéndolo, se consigue reducir a la mitad el número de condiciones postuladas, percibiéndose con ello mejor el lugar central de la condición de superioridad por implicación. También se aborda qué información pueda proporcionar el grado de aproximación de los modelos teórico-económicos sobre lo que vaya a terminar sucediendo en las situaciones empíricas correspondientes, se indican dos formar de (...) ampliar el análisis para incrementarla, y se comenta la aplicabilidad práctica de las comparaciones estudiadas.The proposal about the approximation comparisons presented in an earlier essay may be simplified doing without the bar symbol of conditional probability. In this way, the number of the postulated conditions diminish in a half, and the key role of the superiority by implication property is better perceived. Attention is also paid to what information can be gathered from the approximation degree of economic theoretical models about what may finally happen in the corresponding empirical situations, and to the ways by which this information can be increased. Some comments about the applicability of approximation comparisons are added. (shrink)

El siguiente informe pericial se basa en la experiencia de investigación de los firmantes en relación a las exhumaciones de fosas comunes de la Guerra Civil y la postguerra, y al conocido como “movimiento para la recuperación de la memoria histórica” que están teniendo lugar en España desde el año 2000, que ha enfatizado sus demandas sobre la suerte de los desaparecidos y ha puesto en marcha un ciclo de exhumaciones de fosas comunes derivadas de la Guerra Civil y la (...) dictadura. En este peritaje se usan las exhumaciones del siglo XXI como indicadores de la persistencia en el tiempo de las políticas y culturas del miedo instaladas en la sociedad española durante la Guerra Civil y la dictadura, más allá de las profundas transformaciones políticas e institucionales acaecidas en el país tras la muerte de Francisco Franco. Fue presentado como parte de la documentación de la demanda de Fausto Canales contra España el 15 de septiembre de 2012 en el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. (shrink)

According to intellectualists, the will is a rational inclination towards apprehended goodness. This conception of the will makes its acts intelligible: they are explained by (i) the nature of the will as a rational inclination, and (ii) the judgement of the intellect that moves the will. From this it follows that it is impossible for an agent to will evil as such or for its own sake. In explaining wrongdoing intellectualists cite cognitive error or the disruptive influences of the passions; (...) these considerations, however, seem involuntary and at least partly exculpatory. The intellectualist needs an account that renders wrongful actions intelligible without undermining their status as responsible. I argue that Leibniz has the theoretical tools to provide at least part of an answer to this problem. In sum, an agent is directly responsible for her wrongdoing if the cognitive error or the disruptive influence of the passions that help explain this wrongdoing do not completely undermine her acting freely; an agent is indirectly responsible for her wrongdoing if she is directly responsible for previous actions which partly resulted in her wrongdoing, even if the presence of cognitive error or disruptive influence of the passions completely undermines her acting freely. (shrink)

Carlos Vaz Ferreira argues that the problem of freedom is conceptually distinct from the problem of causal determinism. The problem of freedom is ultimately a problem regarding the ontologically independent agency of a being, and the problem of determinism is a problem regarding explanations of events or acts in terms of the totality of their antecedent causal conditions. As Vaz Ferreira sees it, failing to keep these problems apart gives rise to merely apparent but unreal puzzles pertaining to the nature (...) of freedom and its relation to determinism. In this article, I present my interpretation of Vaz Ferreira’s distinctive ideas regarding the nature of freedom and its relation to casual determinism. (shrink)

Jorge Portilla argues that authentic philosophical inquiry plays a liberating function. This function is that of bringing more fully to consciousness aspects of identities or ways of being‐in‐the world that have been, up until then, tacit or opaque to the agent herself to facilitate her endorsement, rejection, or modification of these identities. For Portilla, this function facilitates greater self‐mastery by increasing the range of free variations of subjectivity available to the agent, and this increase in self‐mastery itself constitutes a kind (...) of liberation. The main goal of this article is to provide a substantive interpretation of the nature of liberation Portilla thinks is embedded in this central function of authentic philosophical inquiry. I argue that this type of liberation should be understood ultimately in terms of increases in human agency, so I label it “agential liberation.” For Portilla, agential liberation involves two central elements: (i) a type of agential flourishing central to human flourishing, and (ii) an increase in the reach of intentional action that I describe as an expansion in the arena of human agency. (shrink)

Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice. It often starts with asymptomatic and short episodes, which are difficult to detect without the assistance of automatic monitoring tools. The vast majority of methods proposed for this purpose are based on quantifying the irregular ventricular response during the arrhythmia. However, although AF totally alters the atrial activity reflected on the electrocardiogram, replacing stable P-waves by chaotic and time-variant fibrillatory waves, this information has still not been explored for automated (...) screening of AF. Hence, a pioneering AF detector based on quantifying the variability over time of the AA morphological pattern is here proposed. Results from two public reference databases have proven that the proposed method outperforms current state-of-the-art algorithms, reporting accuracy higher than 90%. A less false positive rate in the presence of other arrhythmias different from AF was also noticed. Finally, the combination of this algorithm with the classical analysis of RR series variability also yielded a promising trade-off between AF accuracy and detection delay. Indeed, this combination provided similar accuracy than RR-based methods, but with a significantly shorter delay of 10 beats. (shrink)

La gran influencia en Platón del pensamiento de Sócrates, el hecho de que a través de aquél nos llegue la mayor parte de la doctrina de éste, así como la ejemplaridad moral de la vida y muerte de Sócrates , a veces nos ocultan la relevancia específica de su filosofía. Aquí queremos atender a ella, haciendo hincapié en especial en el intelectualismo socrático. Vamos a considerar en este trabajo ese intelectualismo y la deriva con que se desplegó a través de (...) Platón hasta Aristóteles. Después, plantearemos alguna cuestión a este devenir del intelectualismo griego con objeto de extraer alguna consecuencia aprovechable hoy en día. The great influence of Sócrates 'thinking on Plato, the f a c t, that through the latter most of the former's doctrine is received, and the moral exemplarity of Sócrates' life and death hide the specific relevance of his philosophy at times. This paper addresses this relevance, emphasizing in particular Socratic i n t e l l e c t u a l i s m, and considers this Íntellectualism and its derivation throughout Plato's works until Aristotle's works. Finally, some useful conclusions for today are drawn from the development of Greek Íntellectualism hereby exposed. (shrink)

Talking of «Hegel and the postbegelianism».- In this work, the author defends the position taken by Polo regarding the latter's interpretation of Hegel. The author categorizes his thesis as belonging to the group of work and philosophic trajectory of Leonardo Polo.

El análisis de la noción de “espíritu de venganza” permite comparar la voluntad de poder nietzscheana con la libertad trascendental poliana con el fin de ampliar la metafísica con una antropología trascendental. La voluntad de poder supera el espíritu de venganza con el eterno retorno de lo mismo, pero está abocada al nihilismo. La libertad trascendental, por su referencia al futuro, supera el espíritu de venganza de mejor modo, pues se abre a la alteridad intersubjetiva.

According to Plutarch (Sert. 7.1–2) and Sallust (Hist. 1.83–4), a certain P. Calpurnius Lanarius killed L. Livius Salinator, a member of Sertorius’ staff in charge of military operations in the Pyrenees, in the early stages of the Sertorian War (82–72 b.c.). Through the analysis of the verb δολοφονέω in Plutarch's and St. Jerome's use of Sallust's Histories, this article seeks to demonstrate that Lanarius was an exile of the Sullan regime who treacherously assassinated his superior Salinator. The article puts forward (...) the suggestion—not hitherto considered—that Lanarius was one of those proscribed. (shrink)

The literature has recognised the fundamental role of teaching business ethics to students earning business administration degrees, but it is hard to find a methodology for teaching this topic successfully. We propose a new management tool—evidence-based administration—for the study of business ethics. The method developed on the basis of this management tool provides a practical vision to the students, motivates them, and favours the development of multiple facets of their education.

The literature has recognised the fundamental role of teaching business ethics to students earning business administration degrees, but it is hard to find a methodology for teaching this topic successfully. We propose a new management tool—evidence-based administration—for the study of business ethics. The method developed on the basis of this management tool provides a practical vision to the students, motivates them, and favours the development of multiple facets of their education.

Introduction: Loss of employment is an experience that is lived and interpreted differently depending on a series of individual variables, including the psychological resources available to the affected person, as well as their perception of their degree of employability. Losing one’s job can be one of the most painful and traumatic events a person has to withstand. Following a dismissal, the worker needs to overcome a period of emotional adaptation to the loss. But that period of grieving can also condition (...) the process of job search of the person, and be influenced by different variables, highlighting the age and work experience. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between intensity and type of affliction due to the loss of employment in older workers and their level of employability. Method: We carried out a descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 140 unemployed participants, from 19 to 65 years of age, users of job Orientation in the Public Employment Service of Andalusia (España). Of the total participants, 66 were unemployed and over 45 years of age. They all took the Labour Insertion Potential Assessment Test, and the Texas Inventory revised adapted to job loss Results: Significant differences are shown in the grieving process due to loss of employment between both groups, with the older unemployed living the process more intensely. In relation to the employability potential, differences are found between both groups in terms of availability, perceived difficulties and fears. Interrelationships between total grieving intensity and the importance that older jobseekers give to work are also indicated. Conclusion:Loss of employment and the psychological and health consequences of this situation are identified with those that arise in the grieving process. Older workers present a series of features that determine that their job loss grieving process is more intense and lasts longer than that of other younger workers, regardless of whether the job loss was recent or not. On the other hand, it is shown that the intensity of grieving is related to the decrease of certain variables that are part of the concept of employability. (shrink)

The literature has recognised the fundamental role of teaching business ethics to students earning business administration degrees, but it is hard to find a methodology for teaching this topic successfully. We propose a new management tool—evidence-based administration—for the study of business ethics. The method developed on the basis of this management tool provides a practical vision to the students, motivates them, and favours the development of multiple facets of their education.

Resumen: Este trabajo se propone revisar la tesis de la proliferación de alternativas, expuesta por Boaventura de Sousa Santos, a la luz de algunas críticas a la tesis de la proliferación de teorías, expuesta por Paul Feyerabend. Se defiende que, aunque no de modo explícito, hay una afinidad entre ambas tesis y, en consecuencia, las debilidades de la segunda afectan a la primera. No obstante, el objetivo básico consiste en mostrar cómo propuestas emergentes, como la ecología de los saberes, antes (...) que insistir en su carácter contraepistemológico, podrían beneficiarse de una discusión epistemológica amplia.: In this paper I review the thesis about the proliferation of alternatives by Boaventura de Sousa Santos, from some criticisms to the thesis of the proliferation of theories by Paul Feyerabend. I claim that, though not in explicit way, there is an affinity between them, therefore the weakness from the second one affects the first one. However, the point is to show how some emergent proposals, as the ecology of knowledges, could benefit from a full epistemological discussion, instead of insisting on its counter-epistemological nature. (shrink)

Popper acepta que es imposible realizar una falsación práctica definitiva, pero cree que esto no afecta a la posibilidad de una falsación en sentido lógico y, por tanto, no pone en cuestión el criterio de demarcación. Frente a esta convicción aquí se propone que la imposibilidad de efectuar una falsación definitiva modifica necesariamente la noción de demarcación de Popper.

¿Cuál es la mejor imagen para representar la actividad filosófica? García Morente analiza tres esculturas: Le penseur de Rodin, Il pensieroso de Miguel Ángel y la escultura de El doncel de Sigüenza que se encuentra en la catedral de esta ciudad. Esta última, afirma Morente, refleja mejor que ninguna otra la naturaleza de la filosofía. En este ensayo se rechaza esta opinión de Morente y se proponen otras dos representaciones de la actividad filosófica, en este caso pinturas, que simbolizan más (...) adecuadamente el acto de filosofar, entendido como un diálogo socrático inacabable. (shrink)