Proactively including the ethical and societal issues of new technologies could have a positive effect on their acceptance. These issues could be captured in terms of values. In the literature, the values stakeholders deem important for the development of technology have often been identified. However, the relative ranking of these values in relation to each other have not been studied often. The best worst method is proposed as a possible method to determine the weights of values, hence it is used (...) in an evaluative fashion. The applicability of the method is tested by applying it to the case of smart meters, one of the main components of the smart grid. The importance of values is examined for three dimensions of acceptance namely sociopolitical, market, and household acceptance. (shrink)

Standardisation is increasingly seen as a means to insert ethics in innovation processes. We examine the institutionalisation of responsible innovation in de jure standardisation as this is an important but unexplored research area. In de jure standardisation, stakeholders collaborate in committees to develop standards. We adopt the anticipation, inclusion, reflexivity, and responsiveness responsible innovation framework as our theoretical lens. Our study suggests that responsible standardisation processes should embody forms of these four dimensions. We investigate the institutionalisation of these dimensions and (...) identify 96 factors that can motivate, hinder, or facilitate responsible standardisation. Factors were found through in-depth interviews with managers of a standard developing organisation. These are subsequently validated/rejected using surveys completed by committee representatives. The results suggest that the social desirability of standards is not self-evident. This study could pave the way for future research on responsible standardisation processes, complementing research on legitimacy, responsible innovation, and standardisation. (shrink)

Among the many common criticisms of the Turing test, a valid criticism concerns its scope. Intelligence is a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon that will require testing using as many different formats as possible. The Turing test continues to be valuable as a source of evidence to support the inductive inference that a machine possesses a certain kind of intelligence and when interpreted as providing a behavioural test for a certain kind of intelligence. This paper raises the novel criticism that the (...) Turing test represents an example of Goodhart’s Law operating in the field of artificial intelligence. As one measure towards the goal of creating genuinely intelligent machines, the Turing test must not be confused with the goal itself. Moreover, the Turing test ought to be augmented such that through its use additional evidence could be secured to support the strong inference that a machine, were it to pass the Turing Test, could think like a human. (shrink)

For older workers, self-employment is an important alternative to waged employment. Drawing on social learning theory and social cognitive career theory we examine how attitudes toward one’s own aging, future time perspective (captured by perceived time left to live) and perceived support from referent individuals predict self-efficacy for entrepreneurship and outcome expectations, influencing self-employment interest. Findings from a sample of professional association members (n = 174, mean age 52.5 years), revealed that an open-ended time perspective relates positively to entrepreneurial self-efficacy, (...) while social support relates positively to outcome expectations. Consistent with social cognitive career theory, entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediated the relationship between future time perspective and interest in self-employment, and outcome expectations mediated the relationship between social support and interest in self-employment. This study extends current career and entrepreneurship theory in several ways. First, the inclusion of age-related psychosocial and sociocultural factors in the study model shed light on the intersection between older age, the contextual environment and development of self-employment interest. Second, the findings support earlier arguments that older entrepreneurship is a social process whereby the social context in which people work and live influences their interest in entrepreneurship, and that entrepreneurial behavior among older peop... (shrink)

Brain parts can scale independently of the whole brain, and an example is given to point out that the authors underestimate variation that can exist in brains of equal size.

As bridges or brains become bigger or smaller, the changes pose problems of design thatneed to be solved. Larger brains could have larger or more neurons, or both. With largerneurons, it becomes difficult to maintain conduction times over longer axons andelectrical cable properties over longer dendrites. With more neurons, it becomes difficultfor each neuron to maintain its proportion of connections with other neurons. Theseproblems are addressed by making brains more modular, thereby reducing the lengths ofmany connections, and by altering functions. (...) Smaller brains may not have enoughneurons for all circuits, and they may lose modules and functions. Mammals with moreneocortex tend to have more cortical areas and more columns and types of columnswithin the larger areas. (shrink)

Este trabalho compõe-se de algumas reflexões sobre o ensino de filosofia na educação básica brasileira. Especificamente, analisar-se-ão dois pontos relativos à atividade filosófica na educação básica, a saber: 1) o ensino de filosofia concebido como exercício de pensamento, de modo a reivindicar, a partir da prática filosófica, um filosofar na educação; 2) as contribuições que a filosofia pode oferecer para a formação do aluno do ensino médio, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao exercício da cidadania. Esses dois pontos serão analisados (...) na perspectiva de reforçar a importância da filosofia como componente curricular obrigatório e como instrumento imprescindível para que sejam alcançados os objetivos do ensino médio, última etapa da educação básica, entendida esta como instrumento que prepara o indivíduo para exercer o seu papel de cidadão. (shrink)

la82 12.00 Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir a inserçáo de John Locke na filosofia do realismo científico no que diz respeito ao debate realismo/empirismo. Para atingir este objetivo apresentarei a hipótese de Maurice Mande lbaum de que, com relaçáo ao problema da explicaçáo científica, Locke parece estar alinhado com os realistas. Para discutir esta hipótese, procurarei oferecer uma caracterizaçáo de empirismo que seja apropriada para o debate realismo/empirismo – caracterizaçáo (...) esta que buscarei na filosofia de Bas van Fraassen. Contudo, por meio desta análise, náo pretendo forçar o leitor à conclusáo de que Locke náo é um empirista; pois, por mais que a conclusáo deste artigo seja a de que Locke, com respeito ao problema da explicaçáo científica , náo é um empirista, náo se segue disto que Locke, com respeito a outros problemas filosóficos , náo o seja. (shrink)

la82 12.00 Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir a inserçáo de John Locke na filosofia do realismo científico no que diz respeito ao debate realismo/empirismo. Para atingir este objetivo apresentarei a hipótese de Maurice Mande lbaum de que, com relaçáo ao problema da explicaçáo científica, Locke parece estar alinhado com os realistas. Para discutir esta hipótese, procurarei oferecer uma caracterizaçáo de empirismo que seja apropriada para o debate realismo/empirismo – caracterizaçáo (...) esta que buscarei na filosofia de Bas van Fraassen. Contudo, por meio desta análise, náo pretendo forçar o leitor à conclusáo de que Locke náo é um empirista; pois, por mais que a conclusáo deste artigo seja a de que Locke, com respeito ao problema da explicaçáo científica , náo é um empirista, náo se segue disto que Locke, com respeito a outros problemas filosóficos , náo o seja. (shrink)

Presents Vedamta Dindimah Duly Translated With A Commentary By The Author - An Easy Manual On Advaita And Ascribed By Some To Sankara - Proclaims The Truth Of Vedanta In Clear Terms. 8 Small Chapters - Including Pre-View, Foreword - Introduction - Preface - Erc.

This paper uses the knowledge account of assertion (KAA) in defense of epistemological contextualism. Part 1 explores the main problem afflicting contextualism, what I call the "Generality Objection." Part 2 presents and defends both KAA and a powerful new positive argument that it provides for contextualism. Part 3 uses KAA to answer the Generality Objection, and also casts other shadows over the prospects for anti-contextualism.

The Knowledge Norm or Knowledge Account of Assertion (KAA) has received added support recently from data on prompting assertion (Turri 2010) and from a refinement suggesting that assertions ought to express knowledge (Turri 2011). This paper adds another argument from parenthetical positioning, and then argues that KAA’s unified explanation of some of the earliest data (from Moorean conjunctions) adduced in its favor recommends KAA over its rivals.

The knowledge account of assertion (KAA) is the view that assertion is governed by the norm that the speaker should know what s/he asserts. It is not the purpose of this article to examine all the criticisms nor to try to give a full defence of KAA, but only to defend it against the charge of being normatively incorrect. It has been objected that assertion is governed by other norms than knowledge, or by no norm at all. It seems to (...) me, however, that a number of these criticisms are based on a number of misunderstandings of the notion of a norm and of the way it can regulated a given practice. Once we spell out in what sense knowledge can play a normative role in this context, the KAA appears much more plausible. (shrink)

Two important philosophical questions about assertion concern its nature and normativity. This article defends the optimism about the constitutive norm account of assertion and sets out a constitutivity thesis that is much more modest than that proposed by Timothy Williamson. It starts by looking at the extant objections to Williamson’s Knowledge Account of Assertion and argues that they fail to hit their target in virtue of imposing implausible conditions on engaging in norm-constituted activities. Second, it makes a similar proposal and (...) shows how it does better than the competition. It suggests that Knowledge Norm of Assertion is not constitutive of the speech act of assertion in the same way in which rules of games are constitutive, and thus KAA comes out as too strong. The final section embarks on a rescue mission on behalf of KAA; it puts forth a weaker, functionalist constitutivity thesis. On this view, KNA is etiologically constitutively associated with the speech act of assertion, in virtue of its function of generating knowledge in hearers. (shrink)

The circumstances of later Stuart monarchy provide the context of John Locke's politics in its simplest sense. This chapter surveys the politics of memory, the politics of religion, partisanship and the public sphere, British and Irish contexts, and European events. Some of these remained constant throughout Locke's life, but specific works were stimulated by particular events as well. The politics of memory were dwarfed by the politics of religion. One of the major reasons why later Stuart England was so obsessed (...) with the memory of its earlier troubles was the continuing problem of imposing religious uniformity on a population divided by faith. The chapter explores the milieu in which Locke's political writings might have been, and then actually were, published. The context of Locke's political thought involves not just political events, but also the political culture of partisanship, print, and the "public sphere". (shrink)

The Knowledge Account of Assertion (KAA) says that knowledge is the norm of assertion: you may assert a proposition only if you know that it’s true. The primary support for KAA is an explanatory inference from a broad range of linguistic data. The more data that KAA well explains, the stronger the case for it, and the more difficult it is for the competition to keep pace. In this paper we critically assess a purported new linguistic datum, which, it has (...) been argued, KAA well explains. We argue that KAA does not well explain it. (shrink)

Capítulo de livro publicado em "Uma introdução à filosofia do direito" Itamar Luís Gelain (Org.) .- Ijuí: Ed. Unijuí, 2015. - 368 p. - (Coleção direito, política e cidadania; 37). . ISBN 978-85-419-0 I 75-8.

The article is devoted to the decolonization of Ukrainian culture as an important factor of nation-building in the European perspective. At the same time, decolonization is a current trend in Western academic thought, which is embodied in social activism, in particular, in the wok movement and the culture of abolition. Postcolonial studies has become an intellectual battleground. These studies draw a new front line in the culture wars. Rethinking Western culture in light of its imperial expansionist past defines the goal (...) of decolonization. However, the tendency towards the politicization of vouk and the culture of cancellation. carries the risks of undermining the basic values of Western culture - freedom of thought and the rule of law, while the decolonization of Ukrainian culture has a different purpose. Unlike cultural decolonization in Western countries, cultural decolonization in Ukraine is aimed at legitimizing modern European values (Lisbon Agreement, 2007) by overcoming the «Russian-oriented» (Eurasian) tradition of thinking.Identifying the authentic contents of Ukrainian culture and refuting its imperial-Soviet interpretations is one of the main tasks of the decolonization of Ukrainian culture. The article offers a comparative analysis of Ukrainian and Western versions of cultural decolonization in order to avoid uncritical borrowings and ignoring the peculiarities of the Ukrainian context. The successful decolonization of Ukrainian culture requires the development of its 1) concept, 2) methods of theoretical substantiation, and 3) methods of practical implementation. The article states that the decolonization of Ukrainian culture becomes possible if its research strategies are deprived of colonial influences, which reveal indications of the imperial and Soviet scientific paradigm of social and humanitarian knowledge. The key concepts of the research are referring to the works of Nigel Giggar (2023), Douglas Murray (2022), Linda Martín Alcoff (2023), Jonh Darwin (2009), Kwasi Kwarteng (2013), Yaroslav Hrytsak (2022), Serhii Plokhii (2021, 2023), Timothy D. Snyder (2017, 2918) and others. (shrink)

John N. Williams (1994) and Matthew Weiner (2005) invoke predictions in order to undermine the normative relevance of knowledge for assertions; in particular, Weiner argues, predictions are important counterexamples to the Knowledge Account of Assertion (KAA). I argue here that they are not true counterexamples at all, a point that can be agreed upon even by those who reject KAA.

Many philosophers are building a solid case in favour of the knowledge account of assertion (KAA). According to KAA, if one asserts that P one represents oneself as knowing that P. KAA has recently received support from linguistic data about prompting challenges, parenthetical positioning and predictions. In this article, I add another argument to this rapidly growing list: an argument from what I will call ‘reinforcing parenthesis’.

John Turri has recently provided two problem cases for the knowledge account of assertion (KAA) to argue for the express knowledge account of assertion (EKAA). We defend KAA by explaining away the intuitions about the problem cases and by showing that our explanation is theoretically superior to EKAA.