Background: Nurses are the largest professional group in healthcare and those who make more decisions. In 2014, the Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe launched the “Guide on the decision-making process regarding medical treatment in end-of-life situations”, aiming at improving decision-making processes and empowering professionals in making end-of-life decisions. The Guide does not mention nurses explicitly. Objectives: To analyze the ethical principles most valued by nurses working in palliative care when making end-of-life decisions and investigate if they are (...) consistent with the framework and recommendations of the Guide; to identify what disputed/controversial issues are more frequent in these nurses’ current end-of-life care practices. Design: Qualitative secondary analysis. Participants/context: Three qualitative datasets including 32 interviews from previous studies with nurses working in palliative care in Portugal. Ethical consideration: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Research Lab of the Instituto de Bioética. Ethical procedures are thoroughly described. Findings: All participant nurses referred to autonomy as an ethical principle paramount in end-of-life decision-making. They were commonly involved in end-of-life decision-making. Palliative sedation and communication were the most mentioned disputed/controversial issues. Discussion: Autonomy was highly valued in end-of-life care and decision-making. Nurses expressed major concerns in assessing patients’ preferences, wishes, and promoting advance care planning. Nurses working in palliative care in Portugal were highly involved in end-of-life decision-making. These processes embraced a collective, inclusive approach. Palliative sedation was the most mentioned disputed issue, which is aligned with previous findings. Communication also emerged as a sensitive ethical issue; it is surprising, however, that only three nurses referred to it. Conclusion: While the Guide does not explicitly mention nurses in its content, this study shows that nurses working in palliative care in Portugal are involved in these processes. Further research is needed on nurses’ involvement and practices in end-of-life decision-making. (shrink)

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio está dirigido a exponer particularidades éticas del trabajo anatomopatológico a la luz de la realidad histórico social. Se emplean métodos teóricos y empíricos y a partir del análisis documental se opera con referentes en los enfoques contemporáneos. El estudio de aspectos generales referidos a la moral y a la ética permitió acceder a definiciones, bases legales y evolución histórica, a la vez que se profundiza en su repercusión en el sector salud y se desarrollan (...) las peculiaridades del trabajo anatomopatológico desde sus manifestaciones en la actividad asistencial, docente e investigativa. Se concluye que los principios éticos generales de la conducta profesional y médica son aplicables al trabajo anatomopatológico en todas sus esferas; al igual que los de la bioética. ABSTRACT The objective of the present study is directed to exhibit ethical peculiarities of the anatomical-pathological work in view of the historical-social reality. Theoretical and empirical methods are used and from the documentary analysis it occurs with modality in the contemporary approaches. The study of general aspects referred to the morality and to the ethics allowed to gain access to definitions, legal bases and historical evolution, simultaneously that deepens in its aftereffect in the sector health and the peculiarities of the anatomical-pathological work develop from its declarations in the welfare, teaching and investigative activity. One concludes that the general ethical beginning of the professional and medical conduct is applicable to the anatomical-pathological work in all its spheres; as those of the bioethics. (shrink)

RESUMEN Se fundamenta la concepción teórica general de la educación axiológica en el contexto del sistema de enseñanza de postgrado para la formación de educadores ambientales. Se aplicaron los métodos del nivel teórico analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, histórico-lógico y ascensión de lo abstracto a lo concreto, con la intención de sistematizar información proveniente de la bibliografía consultada y de la experiencia profesional de los autores. Se defiende la idea de considerar la existencia de una dimensión ambiental de valores universales, en lugar de (...) hacer referencia a valores estrictamente ambientales. Se enfatiza en la importancia que, para la educación, adquiere la estimulación de la actividad valorativa del sujeto, a partir de una noción precisa del sistema de virtudes y fortalezas del carácter. Se identifican cinco valores básicos a desarrollar en el educador ambiental, para asegurar, desde el punto de vista axiológico, su desempeño en la preparación de diferentes sectores sociales y consolidar la necesaria contribución de los mismos a la sostenibilidad ecológica. ABSTRACT In this paper a general theoretical conception of axiological education is systematized in the context of the postgraduate educational system in the training of environmental educators. Methods of the theoretic level to systematize information obtained from the bibliography and from the vocational experience of the author. The category value is analyzed aimed at using it unilaterally from the environmental perspective and it is concluded that it is much more objective, from the theoretical point of view, to assume the existence of an environmental dimension of universal values ​​rather than of strictly environmental values. It emphasizes on the importance of the stimulation of the person’s valuating activity for education, from a precise notion of the system of virtues and character strengths. Five basic values are identified ​​ to be developed in an environmental educator to ensure, from the axiological point of view, his performance in the preparation of different social sectors to strengthen their necessary contribution to ecological sustainability. (shrink)

Resumen En este trabajo se estudia la percepción de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios sevillanos, sin conocimientos especializados sobre la variación geográfica y social del español, hacia las variedades andaluza, canaria y castellana. Los resultados revelan la presencia significativa de juicios negativos hacia su propia modalidad de habla, tanto en lo relativo a la pronunciación como a su asociación con un estatus social bajo. No obstante, se produjo un incremento de consideraciones positivas cuando se les pidió la valoración de los (...) habitantes de su región, los andaluces. La variedad castellana, que se identificó como la forma de hablar más prestigiosa, recibió las valoraciones más positivas: fue considerada una pronunciación clara y sus hablantes se asociaron a una posición social elevada. En tercer lugar, las creencias sobre la variedad canaria reforzaron algunos tópicos como la dulzura del acento. (shrink)

El presente artículo versa sobre la relación entre el sistema que el filósofo mexicanoJosé Vasconcelos llama monismo estético y su teoría del conocimiento, donde primalo que denomina “conocimiento emocional”. Se ubica, además, al pensamientovasconceliano en el contexto del pensamiento latinoamericano de principios delsiglo xx y la reacción antipositivista de la época.

La cuestión de la creación artística ha sido motivo de reflexiones desde hace siglos: si es un fin en sí misma o si es medio de lograr otros fines, políticos e ideológicos. El presente trabajo se encamina a estudiar cuáles son las ideas al respecto planteadas en el marxismo y cuál ha sido el origen teórico del realismo socialista, considerado como un añadido posterior, ajeno a las concepciones de Marx.

On the basis of the new edition of the Derveni papyrus, and of the numerous recent discussions, the paper sets out a detailed interpretation of cols. XIII–XVI. Two important recent suggestions are rejected in the course of this interpretation: the paper argues that the word aidoion in col. XIII.4 should be understood as ‘phallus’, and should not be taken as ‘venerable’, and, consequently, that the Orphic poem the Derveni author comments upon did not speak about Phanes. As a result, the (...) more general hermeneutical claim of Brisson, that the Derveni author manipulates the text on three levels, is also criticized – instead of this three-tier exegesis, a more literal two-tier scheme is defended. (shrink)

In this work we will take up again the contributions of the feminist philosophy of science around androcentrism, with special emphasis on biology and biomedical sciences. We will propose that such contributions can be ordered according to three different senses of androcentrism, and that important tensions appear between these senses. Following the path traced by Longino, contextual critical empiricism, we will defend that the rational reconstruction of theories can help us to specify where patriarchal decision vectors crouch in scientific practice. (...) To this end, we will present an alternative analysis to Longino’s and use it as an input to discuss the idea of type brains in the framework of the neuroendocrinology of behaviour. (shrink)

In this work we will take up again the contributions of the feminist philosophy of science around androcentrism, with special emphasis on biology and biomedical sciences. We will propose that such contributions can be ordered according to three different senses of androcentrism, and that important tensions appear between these senses. Following the path traced by Longino, contextual critical empiricism, we will defend that the rational reconstruction of theories can help us to specify where patriarchal decision vectors crouch in scientific practice. (...) To this end, we will present an alternative analysis to Longino’s and use it as an input to discuss the idea of type brains in the framework of the neuroendocrinology of behaviour. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Becoming Human: Matter and Meaning in an Antiblack World by Zakiyyah Iman JacksonBernabé S. Mendoza (bio)Zakiyyah Iman Jackson, Becoming Human: Matter and Meaning in an Antiblack World New York: By New York University Press, 2020, 320 pp. ISBN 978-1-4798-9004-0the radical work of black feminism is to upend Western dualistic ways of thinking that structure our understanding of what it means to be human. In Becoming Human: Matter and (...) Meaning in an Antiblack World, Zakiyyah Iman Jackson troubles the dominant dualistic distinction of the human and the animal. Jackson argues that antiblackness undergirds Enlightenment discourses on the human-animal divide such that blackness cannot be extricated from the very concept of the animal because both “are not only interdependent representations but also entangled concepts” (28). Central to Jackson’s argument on the animalization of blackness is the notion of “ontologized plasticity,” which posits the being of black(ened) people as infinitely malleable and mutable matter and further points to the fluidification of form and “fleshly existence.” Far from seeing the human as a category that has “ontological integrity,” as scholars in the fields of animal studies, new materialisms, and posthumanism presuppose, Jackson instead seeks to redefine the concept of the human through the theorization of blackness (16). She points out that such theorization has been, for such scholars, a lacuna and the “space of the unthought,” which thus marks her intervention in these fields. [End Page 211]The author offers a sustained engagement with the knowledge claims of science and philosophy, reading them through and against the intellectual contributions of black feminist writers and artists. She draws from such luminaries as Toni Morrison, Nalo Hopkinson, Octavia Butler, Audre Lorde, and the artist Wangechi Mutu to show the ways in which they reject an enclosed notion of the human that is defined only by keeping the racialized other at bay and in a degraded animalized and liquified state. As such, she showcases how black feminist visual and literary culture “theorizes and philosophizes” and reveals the faulty, antiblack premises upon which science and philosophy establish their claims of knowledge on the human.Offering a materialist theory of black ontology and temporality, Jackson poses three main arguments on the racialization of the human-animal distinction. The first is the aforementioned notion of ontologized and black(ened) plasticity that speaks to the constant modulation and manipulation of black matter as it relates to gender, sexuality, and sexual reproduction. Reading US slavery as an experimental playground for testing the limits of the human, Jackson argues that “black female f lesh... functions as the limit case of ‘the human’ and is its matrix-figure” (4). She defines plasticity as a “praxis that seeks to define the essence of a black(ened) thing as infinitely mutable in antiblack, often paradoxical sexuating terms as a means of hierarchically delineating sex/gender, reproduction, and states of being more generally” (11). There is, in other words, an inversion that takes place in that it is only through opposition and the imposed instability and illegibility of blackness—of black matter and the black mater(nal) situated as “chaos by design”—that such categories as “woman,” “mother,” and “female body” can themselves take hold and become intelligible forms (11). Jackson engages with the work of Hortense Spillers and Sylvia Wynter in order to argue that “Man,” as the object of analysis within liberal humanism, “produces an untenable dichotomy—‘the human’ versus ‘the animal,’ whereby the black(ened) female is posited as the abyss dividing organic life into ‘human’ or ‘animal’ based on wholly unsound metaphysical premises” (12). This claim on the centrality of the black female in the plasticization of blackness is given support in chapter 2, which focuses on Nalo Hopkinson’s speculative novel Brown Girl in the Ring, where plasticity gives way to opacity.In this chapter, Jackson explores the ways in which the black female body, as that which is opaque and nonrepresentable within the “dominant grammar of representation,” shatters what she argues is Heidegger’s metaphysical and hierarchical ordering of human, animal, and world. In exploring “how our received conceptions of being hinges on our im/perception of black mater... (shrink)

Background The expressions of a “wish to hasten death” or “wish to die” raise ethical concerns and challenges. These expressions are related to ethical principles intertwined within the field of medical ethics, particularly in end-of-life care. Although some reviews were conducted about this topic, none of them provides an in-depth analysis of the meanings behind the “wish to hasten death/die” based specifically on the ethical principles of autonomy, dignity, and vulnerability. The aim of this review is to understand if and (...) how the meanings behind the “wish to hasten death/die” relate to and are interpreted in light of ethical principles in palliative care. Methods We conducted a meta-ethnographic review according to the PRISMA guidelines and aligned with Noblit and Hare’s framework. Searches were performed in three databases, Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, with no time restrictions. Original qualitative studies exploring the meanings given by patients, family caregivers and healthcare professionals in any context of palliative and end-of-life care were included. A narrative synthesis was undertaken. PROSPERO registration CRD42023360330. Results Out of 893 retrieved articles, 26 were included in the analysis, accounting for the meanings of a total of 2,398 participants. Several factors and meanings associated with the “wish to hasten death” and/or “wish to die” were identified and are mainly of a psychosocial and spiritual nature. The ethical principles of autonomy and dignity were the ones mostly associated with the “wish to hasten death”. Ethical principles were essentially inferred from the content of included articles, although not explicitly stated as bioethical principles. Conclusions This meta-ethnographic review shows a reduced number of qualitative studies on the “wish to hasten death” and/or “wish to die” explicitly stating ethical principles. This suggests a lack of bioethical reflection and reasoning in the empirical end-of-life literature and a lack of embedded ethics in clinical practice. There is a need for healthcare professionals to address these topics compassionately and ethically, taking into account the unique perspectives of patients and family members. More qualitative studies on the meanings behind a wish to hasten death, their ethical contours, ethical reasoning, and implications for clinical practice are needed. (shrink)

Climate change is a threat to food system stability, with small islands particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events. In Puerto Rico, a diminished agricultural sector and resulting food import dependence have been implicated in reduced diet quality, rural impoverishment, and periodic food insecurity during natural disasters. In contrast, smallholder farmers in Puerto Rico serve as cultural emblems of self-sufficient food production, providing fresh foods to local communities in an informal economy and leveraging traditional knowledge systems to manage varying ecological and (...) climatic constraints. The current mixed methods study sought to document this expertise and employed a questionnaire and narrative interviewing in a purposeful sample of 30 smallholder farmers after Hurricane María to identify experiences in post-disaster food access and agricultural recovery and reveal underlying socioecological knowledge that may contribute to a more climate resilient food system in Puerto Rico. Although the hurricane resulted in significant damages, farmers contributed to post-disaster food access by sharing a variety of surviving fruits, vegetables, and root crops among community members. Practices such as crop diversification, seed banking, and soil conservation were identified as climate resilient farm management strategies, and smallholder farmer networks were discussed as a promising solution to amass resources and bolster agricultural productivity. These recommendations were shared in a narrative highlighting socioecological identity, self-sufficiency, community and cultural heritage, and collaborative agency as integral to agricultural resilience. Efforts to promote climate resilience in Puerto Rico must leverage smallholder farmers’ socioecological expertise to reclaim a more equitable, sustainable, and community-owned food system. (shrink)

El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar si el problema de la adopción supone un obstáculo real para la revisión de la lógica. En este marco, defendemos una posición antiexcepcionalista de la lógica y examinamos la posibilidad de modificar las prácticas inferenciales a raíz de una modificación en la teoría lógica. Aun cediendo el punto central del problema, argumentamos que no solo puede salvaguardarse la posibilidad de modificar racionalmente nuestra teoría lógica, sino también la de razonar deductivamente siguiendo nuevos patrones (...) inferenciales. Es decir, consideramos que el dilema kripkeano alcanza únicamente para rechazar la posibilidad de adoptar ciertos principios lógicos, así como de razonar de acuerdo a ellos según una noción específica de “adopción”, pero no anula la posibilidad de adquirirlos mediante otros mecanismos a los que llamamos “adquisición por inmersión” y “adquisición por decodificación”. (shrink)

Scanlon (2008) has argued that his theory of permissibility (STP) has more explanatory power than the Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE). I believe this claim is wrong. Borrowing Michael Walzer’s method of inquiry, I will evaluate the explanatory virtue of these accounts by their understanding of actual moral intuitions originated in historical cases. Practically, I will evaluate these accounts as they explain cases of hostage crises. The main question in this context is: is it permissible that nation-states act with military (...) force in order to liberate hostages, even if those actions put the lives of the hostages at risk? The first part of this paper has an operative reconstruction of the relevant theories. In the second section, two cases of hostage crises will be considered: the Moscow theater hostage crisis of 2002, and the Jaque Operation, which occurred in Colombia in 2008. Additionally, it will be shown that DDE explains these cases better than STP. Finally, this paper offers a critical analysis of Scanlon’s account of the explanatory power of both STP and DDE. (shrink)

Los libros plúmbeos del Sacromonte forman un audaz intento de resistencia intelectual e intervención en el pensamiento cristiano por parte de la comunidad morisca granadina. Tomando elementos tanto de la proliferación pseudoprofética en la España del XVI como de la visión islámica de la historia de las religiones, se crean unos textos que aunque islámicos en su mensaje final, pueden ser aceptables tanto para cristianos como para musulmanes, especialmente a partir de las traducciones realizadas de los textos árabes. Este intento (...) cristalizaría con esa "Verdad del Evangelio" anunciada en el Sacromonte, que se materializa en el Evangelio de Bernabé, cuyas similitudes con los libros plúmbeos son numerosas, y que presenta lo que desde el punto de vista del Islam podría ser un relato de la vida y mensaje de Jesús antes de las alteraciones efectuadas por el cristianismo. (shrink)

El presente trabajo versa sobre cómo se construye una cierta identidad y, por tanto, un cierto tipo de sujeto, a partir de los sistemas normativos propios de la adivinación en la santería cubana. Este análisis se realiza a partir de las experiencias en el trabajo de campo del autor durante cinco años en una “casa de santo” en Remedios, Villa Clara y del estudio exhaustivo de las llamadas “letras” de Ifá. La adivinación en esta religión no solo resulta un acto (...) predictivo, sino una manera de conformar un tipo de personalidad, a partir de un conjunto de reglas y recomendaciones individualizadas para cada creyente. (shrink)

El presente artículo versa sobre cómo el espiritismo kardeciano puede ser la contraparte religiosa del positivismo; surgidos ambos del mismo clima epocal evidencian, aunque a prima facie pueda parecer paradójico, un discurso, metodología, ideales sociales y concepciones similares. Esta tesis se sustenta a partir del análisis conceptual de la obra de Kardec, en específico, de El libro de los espíritus, su texto de aspiraciones más filosóficas. En particular la denominada ley natural kardeciana se acerca mucho a las ideas comtianas, aunque (...) quizás hayan sido desarrolladas de manera independiente, a partir de la influencia común de Saint Simons y otros autores. (shrink)

El presente trabajo versa sobre cómo se construye una cierta identidad y, por tanto un cierto tipo de sujeto, a partir de los sistemas normativos propios de la adivinación en la santería cubana. Este análisis se realiza a partir de las experiencias en el trabajo de campo del autor durante cinco años en una “casa de santo” en Remedios, Villa Clara y del estudio exhaustivo de las llamadas “letras” de Ifá. La adivinación en esta religión no solo resulta un acto (...) predictivo, sino una manera de conformar un tipo de personalidad, a partir de un conjunto de reglas y recomendaciones individualizadas para cada creyente. (shrink)

The rhetorical view suggests that the goal of factual ar- gumentation in legal proceedings is to persuade the fact-finder about the facts under litigation. However, R does not capture our social expecta- tions: we want fact-finders to know the facts justifying their decisions, and persuasion does not necessarily lead to knowledge. I want to present an epistemic theory of argumenta- tion honoring our expectations. Un- der my account, factual argumenta- tion aims to transmit knowledge to the fact-finder.