It has been suggested that due to AI-technology-generated gadgets, a digital unconscious enables the probable annulment of the Freudian unconscious. The purpose of this article is to delve into Freudian topography as a way to demonstrate that this foreclosure of the unconscious was somewhat present in Freud as of 1920. In addition, regardless of solid attempts at the extinction of the unconscious by contemporary demands, I will focus on how the capitalist discourse and AI-generated technology propose a different form of (...) social bond. Finally, the conceptualization of pain (_Schmerz_) is important for ascribing a different modality to the Freudian unconscious than in recent dissertations, but most importantly, it is a significant element for analytical experience to function properly where it must not be aligned with suffering. An era without an unconscious may foretell a time where enjoyment, as a form of subjectivity, is effaced. (shrink)

Resumen:El texto está dirigido al estudiante especializado que desee no solo aprender distintos sistemas lógicos, sino que, también, quiera acercarse a las bases epistemológicas y ontológicas que conforman la naturaleza de la disciplina, esto es, en principio, a la filosofía de la lógica. Pero, esto hay que aclararlo, pues en el prefacio de la obra el autor anuncia que: “En este texto abrazaremos la ambigüedad, introduciendo a los estudiantes en la lógica filosófica en ambos sentidos” (XVI). ¿Cuál ambigüedad de sentidos (...) es esa? Se trata de la ambigüedad que se escondería en el término mismo philosophical logic, pues podría ser entendido en los siguientes sentidos: referido a una investigación de los conceptos, alcances y propiedades y bases teóricas y filosóficas centrales de la lógica, o bien como el desarrollo técnico de determinados sistemas lógicos, en sus métodos y operatorias. En otras palabras, como filosofía de la lógica o como lógica sin más. (shrink)

Epistemic Utility Theory is often identified with the project of *axiology-first epistemology*—the project of vindicating norms of epistemic rationality purely in terms of epistemic value. One of the central goals of axiology-first epistemology is to provide a justification of the central norm of Bayesian epistemology, Probabilism. The first part of this paper presents a new challenge to axiology first epistemology: I argue that in order to justify Probabilism in purely axiological terms, proponents of axiology first epistemology need to justify a (...) claim about epistemic value—what I label ‘Downwards Propriety’—much stronger than any they have offered justification. The second part of this paper offers an argument that this challenge cannot be met: that there is no hope for providing a purely axiological justification of Downwards Propriety, at least given widely accepted assumptions about epistemic value. (shrink)

On a view implicitly endorsed by many, a concept is epistemically better than another if and because it does a better job at ‘carving at the joints', or if the property corresponding to it is ‘more natural' than the one corresponding to another. This chapter offers an argument against this seemingly plausible thought, starting from three key observations about the way we use and evaluate concepts from en epistemic perspective: that we look for concepts that play a role in explanations (...) of things that cry out for explanation; that we evaluate not only ‘empirical' concepts, but also mathematical and perhaps moral concepts from an epistemic perspective; and that there is much more complexity to the concept/property relation than the natural thought seems to presuppose. These observations, it is argued, rule out giving a theory of conceptual evaluation that is a corollary of a metaphysical ranking of the relevant properties. -/- conceptual ethics, explanation, naturalness, epistemic value, concept/property, semantic internalism. (shrink)

Many think that expressivists have a special problem with negation. I disagree. For if there is a problem with negation, I argue, it is a problem shared by those who accept some plausible claims about the nature of intentionality. Whether there is any special problem for expressivists turns, I will argue, on whether facts about what truth-conditions beliefs have can explain facts about basic inferential relations among those beliefs. And I will suggest that the answer to this last question is, (...) on most plausible attempts at solving the problem of intentionality, ‘no’. (shrink)

This book provides both an introduction to the philosophy of scientific modeling and a contribution to the discussion and clarification of two recent philosophical conceptions of models: artifactualism and fictionalism. These can be viewed as different stances concerning the standard representationalist account of scientific models. By better understanding these two alternative views, readers will gain a deeper insight into what a model is as well as how models function in different sciences. Fictionalism has been a traditional epistemological stance related to (...) antirealist construals of laws and theories, such as instrumentalism and inferentialism. By contrast, the more recent fictional view of models holds that scientific models must be conceived of as the same kind of entities as literary characters and places. This approach is essentially an answer to the ontological question concerning the nature of models, which in principle is not incompatible with a representationalist account of the function of models. The artifactual view of models is an approach according to which scientific models are epistemic artifacts, whose main function is not to represent the phenomena but rather to provide epistemic access to them. It can be conceived of as a non-representationalist and pragmatic account of modeling, which does not intend to focus on the ontology of models but rather on the ways they are built and used for different purposes. The different essays address questions such as the artifactual view of idealization, the use of information theory to elucidate the concepts of abstraction and idealization, the deidealization of models, the nature of scientific fictions, the structural account of representation and the ontological status of structures, the role of surrogative reasoning with models, and the use of models for explaining and predicting physical phenomena. (shrink)

La modernización del agro chileno ha generado nuevos patrones de asentamiento y movilidad de la población tanto en ámbitos locales y regionales, como a nivel nacional. El tradicional modelo de desarrollo urbano-metropolitano, ha sido sustituido por un modelo de desarrollo agropolitano, el cual ya no se sustenta en el crecimiento y metropolización del país, sino en el crecimiento de un amplio abanico de ciudades agrarias. En este artículo se analiza la dinámica demográfica de estas ciudades agrarias. Proponemos el concepto de (...) agrópolis, el cual lo definimos como aquellos espacios en los que la actividad económica predominante está vinculada directamente al agro, ya sea como actividad primaria (agricultura), como actividad secundaria (agroindustria) o terciaria (comercio y servicios orientados a la agricultura y/o la agroindustria). Este concepto de agrópolis nos permite superar los vacíos de la dicotomía rural-urbana, proponiendo una oposición conceptual más amplia y compleja, entre lo que serían las agrópolis y las metrópolis. (shrink)

El debate sobre la relación entre migración y desarrollo ha estado hegemonizado por la visión que los países receptores y organismos internacionales tienen de ella. En la última década se ha consolidado el análisis de la migración internacional desde el enfoque de la seguridad nacional de los países receptores. En estos años ha tomado fuerza las posiciones políticas conservadoras que sustentan la criminalización de la migración indocumentada, y que impulsan diversas políticas de control inmigratorio. Frente a esta mirada, se plantea (...) pasar del enfoque del llamado “management of migration”, a uno de la así llamada “gobernanza de la migración”, que busca incluir los derechos e intereses de los migrantes en el centro del debate. Lo que nos interesa mostrar en este trabajo, es que la perspectiva hegemónica ha llevado a invisibilizar tanto las condiciones económicas y demográficas de los países de destino que sustentan y dan espacio a la inmigración, así como el aporte de estos inmigrantes a la dinámica de la economía y de la reproducción de estas sociedades. Nos interesa mostrar estimaciones sobre el aporte de los inmigrantes latinoamericanos a la dinámica económica y social de los Estados Unidos y España, principales destino de este flujo migratorio. Para ello, nos sustentaremos en el análisis de datos cuantitativos e información proveniente de estadísticas oficiales de ambos países y la elaboración de un modelo de análisis que busca ofrecer una visión comprehensiva del papel de la migración internacional en la reproducción social, demográfica y económica en las sociedades avanzadas. (shrink)

BackgroundMoral distress (MD) is the psychological damage caused when people are forced to witness or carry out actions which go against their fundamental moral values. The main objective was to evaluate the prevalence and predictive factors associated with MD among health professionals during the pandemic and to determine its causes.MethodsA regional, observational and cross-sectional study in a sample of 566 professionals from the Public Health Service of Andalusia (68.7% female; 66.9% physicians) who completed the MMD-HP-SPA scale to determine the level (...) of MD (0-432 points). Five dimensions were used: i) Health care; ii) Therapeutic obstinacy-futility, iii) Interpersonal relations of the Healthcare Team, iv) External pressure; v) Covering up of medical malpractice.ResultsThe mean level of MD was 127.3 (SD=66.7; 95% CI 121.8-132.8), being higher in female (135 vs. 110.3; p<0.01), in nursing professionals (137.8 vs. 122; p<0.01) and in the community setting (136.2 vs. 118.3; p<0.001), with these variables showing statistical significance in the multiple linear regression model (p<0.001; r2=0.052). With similar results, the multiple logistic regression model showed being female was a higher risk factor (OR=2.27; 95% CI 1.5-3.4; p<0.001). 70% of the sources of MD belonged to the dimension "Health Care" and the cause "Having to attend to more patients than I can safely attend to" obtained the highest average value (Mean=9.8; SD=4.9).ConclusionsFemale, nursing professionals, and those from the community setting presented a higher risk of MD. The healthcare model needs to implement an ethical approach to public health issues to alleviate MD among its professionals. (shrink)

Epistemic rationality is typically taken to be immodest at least in this sense: a rational epistemic state should always take itself to be doing at least as well, epistemically and by its own light, than any alternative epistemic state. If epistemic states are probability functions and their alternatives are other probability functions defined over the same collection of proposition, we can capture the relevant sense of immodesty by claiming that epistemic utility functions are (strictly) proper. In this paper I examine (...) what happens if we allow for the alternatives to an epistemic state to include probability functions with different domains. I first prove an impossibility result: on minimal assumptions, I show that there is no way of vindicating strong immodesty principles to the effect that any probability function should take itself to be doing at least as well than any alternative probability function, regardless of its domain. I then consider alternative, weaker generalizations of the traditional immodesty principle and prove some characterization results for some classes of epistemic utility functions satisfying each of the relevant principles. (shrink)

Intellectual progress involves forming a more accurate picture of the world. But it also figuring out which concepts to use for theorizing about the world. Bayesian epistemology has had much to say about the former aspect of our cognitive lives, but little if at all about the latter. I outline a framework for formulating questions about conceptual change in a broadly Bayesian framework. By enriching the resources of Epistemic Utility Theory with a more expansive conception of epistemic value, I offer (...) a picture of our cognitive economy on which adopting new conceptual tools can sometimes be epistemically rational. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to analyze Leibniz and Newton’s conception of space, and to point out where their agreements and disagreements lie with respect to its mode of existence. I shall offer a definite characterization of Leibniz and Newton’s conceptions of space. I will show that, according to their own concepts of substance, both Newtonian and Leibnizian spaces are not substantiva!. The reason of that consists in the fact that space is not capable of action. Moreover, there is (...) a sense in which space is relational, because their parts are individuated only by means of their mutual relations. (shrink)

This paper provides a philosophical critique of the principles that govern extraterritorial punishment under international law. It advocates an interest-based theory of punishment that accounts for states' right to punish offences committed on their territory or against their sovereignty, security or important governmental functions. Yet, it criticizes the states' well-established right to punish crimes committed extraterritorially on grounds of the nationality of the offender or that of the victim. Indeed, it shows that the arguments on the basis of which these (...) jurisdictional bases are commonly defended either beg the fundamental question they are meant to answer or are simply committed to much broader rules than those currently in force. The last section of this paper examines whether competing justifications for legal punishment based on other grounds have more promise in terms of being able to better explain how the international law currently regulates extraterritorial punishment. It suggests that even refined consequentialist and deontological theories ultimately do not fare as well as the argument advocated here in accounting for certain core intuitions regarding the practice of legal punishment. (shrink)

In this paper I contend that standard quantum theory has a minimal interpretation, on which all physicists agree. That interpretation is sufficient for every application of quantum theory and it has been confirmed by a countless number of experiments. However, it provides neither an overall picture of the quantum world nor an intended ontology for quantum theory. For those reasons, several full interpretations have been proposed in order to complete the minimal interpretation. I then argue that those interpretations –which are (...) empirically equivalent, but mutually incompatible- are metaphysical ventures that cannot be confirmed by any conceivable experience. Moreover, I claim that the program of finding the ontology for quantum theory rests on the false assumption that there is a unique ontology compatible with each physical theory. I conclude that there is no direct path either from the formalism of quantum theory to its intended ontology, or from determinate metaphysical assumptions to the quantum formalism. (shrink)

There seem to be good reasons to think that there must be body representations or some kind of body content required for riding a bike or grabbing a cup of coffee. However, when I ride a bike or grab a cup of coffee, am I just representing the bike and the cup? Or am I actually also representing my body and bodily movements? The thesis of this paper is that the body not only figures in the content that guides everyday (...) activities but that it must. How is this possible? Exactly what elements of the subject’s body can be said to figure in this content? I will proceed in three steps: in the first, I bring together the conceptual resources that seem to be required; in the second, I discuss a couple of proposals about how to link the notion of affordance and the topic of bodily representations, arguing that they are misguided; finally, I propose a view according to which the body’s physical and spatial properties are an unavoidable part of the content that guides everyday activities. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThis article provides a normative appraisal of the law of military occupation by looking into occupation courts and their legitimacy. It focuses on two cornerstones of the current regulation of war: the principle of equality of belligerents, that is, the potential relevance ofjus ad bellumconsiderations on thein bellorights of occupants, and the normative force of the traditional distinction between states and non-state armed groups, specially in conflicts not of an international character. Against the currently predominant neoclassical position in just war (...) theory, it argues in favor of the moral equality of just and unjust occupants. Against the orthodox position in international law, it advocates the symmetrical treatment of states and non-state actors fighting internal armed conflicts, at least in terms of the rights they may claim on the territories under their control. It concludes by appraising the way in which this moral landscape should be translated into legal norms. (shrink)

En este trabajo hago una comparación sistemática entre las dos teorías de la confirmación más populares en la actualidad: el método hipotético-deductivo y el bayesianismo. En primer lugar, enumero los cinco problemas fundamentales de la teoría hipotético-deductivista. Estos son el problema de las hipótesis estadísticas, el del grado de confirmación, el de la conjunción irrelevante, el del holismo epistemológico y el de las hipótesis alternativas. Luego, hago una presentación general de la epistemología bayesiana y muestro de qué manera estos problemas (...) resultan tratables en el marco bayesiano. Finalmente, concluyo que los tres primeros admiten una solución satisfactoria, sobre la base de algunos supuestos razonables. Los dos últimos, en cambio, todavía son problemas abiertos para la teoría bayesiana de la confirmación. Bayesians often affirm they have produced the best available theory of confirmation. In particular, they claim to have superseded the venerable hypothetico-deductive method. In this paper I intend to assess that claim by making a systematic comparison between both theories of confirmation. I begin by listing the main problems of hypothetico-deductive confirmation. I then show that this conception is incompatible with Hempel's conditions of adequacy for qualitative confirmation. I expound the Bayesian theory of confirmation with some detail in order to show that this theory is able to solve three out of the five fundamental problems of hypothetico-deductive confirmation. largue that the remaining two problems are still open questions for the Bayesians. (shrink)

Resumen: En el artículo identifico tensiones y desafíos en el uso del método biográfico en la investigación social. A partir de su utilización en estudios sobre sobre desigualdades, vulnerabilidades y soportes en jóvenes, examino aspectos teóricos, técnicos y epistemológicos. Los modos de vincular el relato y su contexto sitúan una tensión que va más allá de método biográfico y remiten a un problema central de las ciencias sociales: la tensión individuo sociedad o la relación entre lo micro y lo macro. (...) A partir de la revisión del propio proceso de investigación, destaco la importancia del encuadre teórico de la investigación, la exigencia de transparentar los procedimientos de procesamiento de la evidencia empírica y el requerimiento de poner en diálogo la teoría y los relatos en el análisis.: The article identifies tensions and challenges in the use of biographical method in social research. From its use in studies on inequalities, vulnerabilities and supports in young people, it examines theoretical, technical and epistemological issues. I argue that the ways of linking the story and its context place a tension that goes beyond the uses of the biographical method and refers to a central problem of the social sciences: the tension between the individual and society or the relationship between the micro and the macro level. From the review of the research process itself, it is important to emphasize the importance of the theoretical framework of research, the requirement of transparency in the procedures for the processing of empirical evidence and the requirement to put theory and narratives in dialogue analysis. (shrink)

Este artículo releva los criterios y estándares de calidad para la acreditación ins- titucional del subsistema universitario, ley 21.091. Se interroga ¿Cómo se entiende la dimensión de la docencia y el proceso formativo desde los criterios y estándares de calidad para la acreditación institucional? el objetivo es analizar las caracte- rísticas que se manifiestan de forma explícita e implícita sobre esta dimensión. La metodología es un estudio documental a partir de fuentes directas e indirectas. Las conclusiones expresan la necesidad de (...) desagregar los elementos concernientes a los criterios 1, 2, 3 y 4 de la Dimensión Docencia y Resultados del Proceso Formativo. (shrink)

El surgimiento de la psicología, la psiquiatría o la psicopatología responden a una funcionalidad ajenas a la curación, la asistencia o el conocimiento de la enfermedad mental. Semejantes disciplinas configuran, generan y enarbolan una subjetividad atravesada por la normalidad. Ejecutan una reproducción de una normatividad excluyente cuya finalidad es la de mantener un control sobre el ámbito social y sobre los individuos a nivel microfísico. Analizando nuestra relación con la locura podremos observar cómo el nacimiento de los discursos médicos relacionados (...) con la psique, no responden a una evolución del conocimiento que desemboque en el desvelamiento de la verdadera naturaleza de la locura o, en el abandono de su carácter místico. Su surgimiento responde a una serie de condiciones históricas que determinan el discurso y la experiencia que se tiene en cada formación histórica. (shrink)

PORTUGUESE: Neste artigo, apresentaremos uma visão particular do desenvolvimento de teorias científicas que denominamos (inspirados em Ortega y Gasset) "perspectivismo". Discutiremos como, através desse enfoque, é possível compatibilizar diversas descrições aparentemente distintas e incompatíveis de uma suposta realidade que se investiga. Fazemos isso distinguindo entre a "realidade" (R) e a "descrição empírica da realidade" (Re). Aceitando que podemos ter diversas descrições empíricas de uma mesma realidade, discutimos o caso particular em que esse esquema é utilizado nos debates atuais acerca da (...) ontologia da física quântica, em especial da mecânica quântica não relativista. Como se sabe, essa teoria é compatível com distintas ontologias (ou metafísicas), em particular, pode ser vista como comprometida com uma ontologia de indivíduos, mas também com uma ontologia de não indivíduos. Ambas as alternativas são plausíveis e merecem ser desenvolvidas. Propomos que o perspectivismo aqui apresentado é neutro com relação à escolha de uma metafísica (ontologia), bem como aos debates entre realistas e antirrealistas em filosofia da ciência. Concluímos que passar do pluralismo aceito pelo perspectivista ao realismo ou antirrealismo envolve comprometimento com teses mais robustas acerca da relação entre realidade e descrição da realidade. ENGLISH: In this article we present a particular view of the development of scientific theories which (following Ortega y Gasset), we term "perspectivism". Making use of this view, we discuss how we can accommodate distinct and apparently incompatible descriptions of a supposed reality under investigation. We distinguish between a "reality" (R) and its "empirical description", (Re). Acknowledging that we can have diverse empirical descriptions of the same reality, we discuss the particular case in which the view is applied to current debates on the ontology of quantum physics, especially of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. As it is well known, this theory is compatible with treating quantum objects either as individuals or as non-individuals. Both ontologies are possible and deserve to be developed. We propose that the perspectivism developed here is neutral not only with respect to the choice of an ontology, but also concerning the debates among realists and anti-realists in the philosophy of science. We conclude that to go beyond the pluralism accepted by perspectivism, and to adopt realism or anti-realism, involves commitment to strong theses about the relation between reality and its descriptions. (shrink)

En la primera parte de este artículo, respondemos a los comentarios críticos de Michel Paty sobre nuestro trabajo "Einstein y el efecto Compton". Si bien nuestra intención no fue evaluar la respuesta de Einstein a la evidencia experimental de la hipótesis cuántica de la luz más allá del año 1923, en la segunda parte del artículo evaluamos dos importantes experimentos completados en 1924: los realizados por Bothe y Geiger en Alemania y los de Compton y Simon en los Estados Unidos. (...) Discutimos por qué ambos experimentos proporcionaron pruebas adicionales que respaldaron los puntos de vista de Einstein sobre la teoría cuántica de la radiación. Sin embargo, afirmamos que aun después de conocer estos resultados, Einstein nunca expresó un juicio categórico sobre la realidad de los cuantos de luz tal como el que formuló De Broglie a principios de 1923, con el que comparamos el punto de vista de Einstein. In the first part of this paper we reply to Michel Paty's critical remarks on our paper "Einstein and the Compton effect". We state that we did not evaluate Einstein's response to the experimental evidence about the light quantum hypothesis beyond 1923. Nevertheless, in the second part we analyze two important experiments completed in 1924: those performed by Bothe and Geiger in Germany and by Compton and Simon in the United States. We point out that both experiments provided additional evidence that supported Einstein's views about the quantum theory of radiation. Nonetheless, we contend that even after becoming aware of these results, Einstein never expressed a categorical judgment about the reality of light quanta, such as the one stated by De Broglie as early as 1923, with which we compared Einstein's position. (shrink)

This paper analyses the ancient atomism from a modern point of view. It focuses its attention on the essential properties of clasical atoms. First, it considers the principles of the atomist ontology and the concept of void. Then, it studies the concept of atom and its fundamental properties: shape, size, weight, and motion. It discusses three significant problems of the clasical atomism: i) the theoretical character to the atoms and their resemblances and differences with respect to the macroscopical bodies; ii) (...) the atomist explanation and its limits; and iii) the visual representation of the atoms. Finally, it outlines some reasons which indicate a radical change and the very dissolution of the classical concept of particle in the field of the contemporary physical science. (shrink)

En los orígenes de la psicología humanista, diversos autores claves -entre ellos, Rogers- destacaron la importancia que la congruencia o autenticidad tiene para la salud integral de las personas. Tomando esta referencia como punto de partida, el autor examina lo que considera un momento crítico en la historia, teñido de escepticismo y cinismo, y sus manifestaciones en la vida actual. Finalmente, propone un modelo de autodesarrollo que considera tres niveles en cada ser humano: el nivel animal, el propiamente humano y (...) el divino. (shrink)

En este trabajo me interesará abordar la cuestión de la enseñanza de la filosofía como un problema filosófico intentando superar la contraposición “producción-reproducción”, que condena a la didáctica filosófica a no ser más que un conjunto de técnicas facilitadoras de la comprensión de algunos contenidos filosóficos. Para ello será necesario volver sobre la estructura pedagógica que sostiene aquella contraposición, retomar algunas preguntas fundacionales (¿por qué filosofar?, ¿qué significa enseñar filosofía?) y, a partir de su reconceptualización, evaluar el lugar y la (...) función que debemos atribuir a una metodología de la enseñanza filosófica. (shrink)