Limited distribution phenomena related to negation and negative polarity are usually thought of in terms of affectivity where affective is understood as negative or downward entailing. In this paper I propose an analysis of affective contexts as nonveridical and treat negative polarity as a manifestation of the more general phenomenon of sensitivity to (non)veridicality (which is, I argue, what affective dependencies boil down to). Empirical support for this analysis will be provided by a detailed examination of affective dependencies in Greek, (...) but the distribution of any will also be shown to follow from (non)veridicality. (shrink)

This unique volume explores what ethics has to offer the practicing physician, nurse, and allied health care worker. The authors introduce the basic vocabulary of ethics and present and discuss the most commonly used ethical theories, using case studies to illustrate how ethics work within the context of health care. Newcomers to the field will learn what ethics is all about and how it relates to the pragmatic concerns of the health care professional. Those who already have a working knowledge (...) of the field will find a new approach to ethical theory--personalism--which the authors believe can make the practical use of ethics more effective and reliable. (shrink)

Cet article traite de la variante moderne, notamment pragmatique, du problème kantien de la dépendance de l’ontologie de la raison et des schèmes. Il est suggéré que la distinction entre la dépendance et l’indépendance schématique dans la métaphysique transcendantale est elle-même contextuelle, pas absolue, et que cette contextualité est un « fait transcendantal » concernant nos activités constitutives du monde ancrées dans la pratique.

Self‑sufficiency of the Good and dependency of Being? From Republic to Sophist. Even thought Parmenides doesn’t use αὐτάρκης and any noun derived from this root, the Being is conceived by him as self‑sufficient. Plato, for its part, never uses this term concerning the intelligible reality ; however, in the Sophist, he allusively challenges Parmenides self‑sufficiency of Being and outlines an ontology that is conflicting with it. On the other hand self‑sufficiency is explicitly ascribed by Plato to the human good, to (...) the divine world, and also to the virtuous man. This paper aims to demonstrate that these facets of self‑sufficiency are consistent with the supremacy of the idea of the Good in the Republic, which can be understood as a structural kind of self‑sufficiency. (shrink)

Self‑sufficiency of the Good and dependency of Being? From Republic to Sophist. Even thought Parmenides doesn’t use αὐτάρκης and any noun derived from this root, the Being is conceived by him as self‑sufficient (v. 8,33). Plato, for its part, never uses this term concerning the intelligible reality ; however, in the Sophist, he allusively challenges Parmenides self‑sufficiency of Being and outlines an ontology that is conflicting with it. On the other hand self‑sufficiency is explicitly ascribed by Plato to the human (...) good (Philebus, 20d, 67a), to the divine world (Timaeus, 33d), and also to the virtuous man (Republic, 387d). This paper aims to demonstrate that these facets (theological or anthropological) of self‑sufficiency are consistent with the supremacy of the idea of the Good in the Republic, which can be understood as a structural kind of self‑sufficiency. (shrink)

Self‑sufficiency of the Good and dependency of Being? From Republic to Sophist. Even thought Parmenides doesn’t use αὐτάρκης and any noun derived from this root, the Being is conceived by him as self‑sufficient (v. 8,33). Plato, for its part, never uses this term concerning the intelligible reality ; however, in the Sophist, he allusively challenges Parmenides self‑sufficiency of Being and outlines an ontology that is conflicting with it. On the other hand self‑sufficiency is explicitly ascribed by Plato to the human (...) good (Philebus, 20d, 67a), to the divine world (Timaeus, 33d), and also to the virtuous man (Republic, 387d). This paper aims to demonstrate that these facets (theological or anthropological) of self‑sufficiency are consistent with the supremacy of the idea of the Good in the Republic, which can be understood as a structural kind of self‑sufficiency. (shrink)

A partir de trois positions paradigmatiques du discours bioéthique, il est démontré dans quelle mesure ces positions sont dépendantes de leurs propres concepts porteurs. Ce faisant, aucun point de vue ne doit être exclu du discours bioéthique pour la seule raison qu’il implique un fondement métaphysique. En outre, au niveau philosophico-moral, chaque position doit être jugée d’abord de façon théoriquement immanente pour voir si elle développe ses critères de manière cohérente, à partir des concepts porteurs établis rationnellement. Puis, différents aspects (...) peuvent entrer en dialogue permettant l’apparition de potentielles unilatéralités. Ce n’est que dans un deuxième temps qu’il s’agit d’interpréter du point de vue juridico- éthique et d’entreprendre une correction philosophico-morale selon les critères éthiques si dans le cadre d’un examen juridico-éthique il n’est pas possible d’empêcher le danger de l’instrumentalisation de façon satisfaisante. Ensuite, la tâche consiste à traduire en langue publique les potentiels religieux de l’interprétation censés occulter les aspects laïques. Une éthique du droit devrait certainement refléter ses résultats grâce aux intuitions philosophico-morales pertinentes afin de pouvoir questionner l’approche orientée en priorité vers les intérêts. (shrink)

Les décennies qui vont de la Première Guerre mondiale jusqu’à la fin de la Seconde Guerre ont été marquées par le développement de l’État-providence en Grande-Bretagne et en France, mais ces deux États-providence étaient fort différents. D’après Pedersen, en France, le principe de base était que les familles, et non les individus, possédaient des droits sociaux ; on définissait la justice distributive en termes d’égalisation des revenus entre familles, plutôt qu’entre les classes sociales, et...

Avec le(s) don(s) de soi dans le soin, l’article postule l’idée d’un complexe de dépendance(s) par lequel différentes formes de honte cohabitent entremêlées. Le cas clinique d’un homme d’une soixantaine d’années, diabétique, père par procréation médicalement assistée, doublement transplanté puis hémodialysé chronique, est à l’origine de ses réflexions à ce sujet. Au sein de la relation soignant-soigné, transféro-contre-transférentielle, l’article discute de notre anthropophagie, ce désir à ne faire qu’un avec un autre. Enfin, il interroge les enjeux inter et transgénérationnels (...) de ces dons au sein du corps familial sur lequel prend appui tout corps soignant. (shrink)

Les décennies qui vont de la Première Guerre mondiale jusqu'à la fin de la Seconde Guerre ont été marquées par le développement de l'État-providence en Grande-Bretagne et en France, mais ces deux États-providence étaient fort différents. D'après Pedersen, en France, le principe de base était que les familles, et non les individus, possédaient des droits sociaux ; on définissait la justice distributive en termes d'égalisation des revenus entre familles, plutôt qu'entre les classes sociales.

Les décennies qui vont de la Première Guerre mondiale jusqu’à la fin de la Seconde Guerre ont été marquées par le développement de l’État-providence en Grande-Bretagne et en France, mais ces deux États-providence étaient fort différents. D’après Pedersen, en France, le principe de base était que les familles, et non les individus, possédaient des droits sociaux ; on définissait la justice distributive en termes d’égalisation des revenus entre familles, plutôt qu’entre les classes sociales, et...

À travers une série d’entretiens avec une quarantaine de joueurs intensifs de jeux en ligne massivement multijoueurs , nous analysons pourquoi World of Warcraft est si attractif. On peut formuler l’hypothèse que cela tient à la structure même du jeu, à la fascination et au plaisir que celui-ci procure et aux importants intérêts commerciaux qu’en retirent les entreprises exploitantes.Through a series of interviews with about forty game players devoting more than fifteen hours a week to MMO , we analyse the (...) reasons for the attraction exerted by World of Warcraft. We put forward the hypothesis that the attraction stems from the structure of the game itself, the fascination and pleasure derived from it and the substantial commercial benefits for the companies operating the game. (shrink)

À contre-courant de l’idée répandue selon laquelle ses travaux auraient simplement mené dans une impasse théorique, cet article propose de montrer l’influence considérable (mais sous-estimée) de Rosa Luxemburg sur la pensée économique. L’étude contemporaine des chaînes globales de valeur a été impulsée par Luxemburg. Dans un premier temps, cet article s’appuie sur l’analyse de l’intégration de la périphérie dans le capitalisme exposée dans L’Accumulation du capital. Luxemburg se singularise par une analyse pionnière du « développement du sous-développement ». Dans un (...) deuxième temps, nous montrons que des auteurs désireux de comprendre le sous-développement persistant des pays du sud global, même après la décolonisation, ont puisé dans les écrits de Luxemburg. Enfin, l’article montre que l’imbrication polarisante entre pays du centre et pays de la périphérie, mise en lumière par Luxemburg, représente le point de départ conceptuel de l’analyse contemporaine des flux de marchandises internationaux, qui se déroulent à la fois en deçà et au-delà de l’échelle de l’État-nation. (shrink)

Ontological dependence is a relation—or, more accurately, a family of relations—between entities or beings. For there are various ways in which one being may be said to depend upon one or more other beings, in a sense of “depend” that is distinctly metaphysical in character and that may be contrasted, thus, with various causal senses of this word. More specifically, a being may be said to depend, in such a sense, upon one or more other beings for its existence or (...) for its identity. Some varieties of ontological dependence may be analyzed in modal terms—that is, in terms of distinctly metaphysical notions of possibility and necessity—while others seem to demand an analysis in terms of the notion of essence. The latter varieties of ontological dependence may accordingly be called species of essential dependence. Notions of ontological dependence are frequently called upon by metaphysicians in their proposed analyses of other metaphysically important notions, such as the notion of substance. (shrink)

Linguistic expressions frequently make reference to the situation in which they are uttered. In fact, there are expressions whose whole point of use is to relate to their context of utterance. It is such expressions that this article is primarily about. However, rather than presenting the richness of pertinent phenomena (cf. Anderson & Keenan 1985), it concentrates on the theoretical tools provided by the (standard) two-dimensional analysis of context dependence, essentially originating with Kaplan (1989)--with a little help from Stalnaker (1978) (...) and Lewis (1979a, 1980), and various predecessors including Kamp (1971) and Vlach (1973). The current article overlaps in content with the account in Zimmermann (1991), which is however much broader (and at times deeper).. (shrink)

I argue that dependence is neither necessary nor sufficient for relative fundamentality. I then introduce the notion of 'likeness in nature' and provide an account of relative fundamentality in terms of it and the notion of dependence. Finally, I discuss some puzzles that arise in Aristotle's Categories, to which the theory developed is applied.

Metaphysical orthodoxy maintains that the relation of ontological dependence is irreflexive, asymmetric, and transitive. The goal of this paper is to challenge that orthodoxy by arguing that ontological dependence should be understood as non- symmetric, rather than asymmetric. If we give up the asymmetry of dependence, interesting things follow for what we can say about metaphysical explanation— particularly for the prospects of explanatory holism.

The aim of this paper is to show that response-dependence is not a metaphysically significant notion unless applied directly to properties. Therefore, a distinction between response-dependent concepts and response-dependent properties must be kept clear. While a notion of response-dependent concepts can in some cases be useful, it is quite different from a metaphysically notion of response-dependent properties. Some common accounts of response-dependence are described, and then it is shown how response-dependence can be applied to concepts without implications for properties. Two (...) arguments for the claim that response-dependence for concepts implies response-dependence for properties are then considered and rejected. (shrink)

The purpose of the book is to clarify the notion of existential dependence and cognate notions, such as supervenience and the notion of an internal relation. I defend the view that such notions are best understood in terms of the concept of metaphysical grounding, i.e. the concept of one fact obtaining in virtue of other facts, where ‘in virtue of’ has a distinctively metaphysical meaning.

Intellectual Dependability is the first research monograph devoted to addressing the question of what it is to be an intellectually dependable person--the sort of person on whom one's fellow inquirers can depend in their pursuit of epistemic goods. While neglected in recent scholarship, this question is an important one for both epistemology--how we should conceptualize the ideal inquirer--and education--how we can enable developing learners to grow toward this ideal. The book defends a virtue theory according to which being an intellectually (...) dependable person is distinctively a matter of possessing a suite of neglected virtues called "the virtues of intellectual dependability" that are themselves distinctively concerned with promoting epistemic goods in others' inquiries. After defending the existence and educational significance of these virtues as a group, the book turns toward the project of identifying and conceptualizing several specific instances of these virtues in detail. Virtues discussed include intellectual benevolence, intellectual transparency, communicative clarity, audience sensitivity, and epistemic guidance. In each case, an interdisciplinary treatment of the nature of the virtue and its relationship to other virtues, vices, and personality features is offered, drawing especially on relevant research in Philosophy and Psychology. The book concludes with a chapter devoted to identifying distinctive ways these virtues of intellectual dependability are manifested when it is inquiring communities, rather than individuals, that occupy the position of intellectual dependence. By directing attention to the ideal of intellectual dependability, the book marks a novel turn of scholarly interest explicitly toward a neglected dimension of the ideal inquirer that will inform both epistemological theorizing and educational practice. (shrink)

In this paper I argue for the incompatibility of three claims, each of them quite attractive to a theist. First, the doctrine of deep dependence: the universe depends for its existence, in a non-causal way, on God. Second, the doctrine of true transcendence: the universe is wholly distinct from God; God is separate and apart from the universe in respect of mereology, modes, and mentality. Third, the doctrine of robust creaturely freedom: some creature performs some act such that he could (...) have done other than he in fact did. After laying out the claims, I show that their conjunction has its adherents—most clearly, the medieval Jewish philosopher, Maimonides. I then argue in detail that the claims are in fact incompatible. I conclude with a discussion of which of the claims is best jettisoned, drawing in part on the work of the Absolute Idealist, Mary Calkins. (shrink)

This essay provides an opinionated survey of some recent developments in the literature on ontological dependence. Some of the most popular definitions of ontological dependence are formulated in modal terms; others in non-modal terms (e.g., in terms of the explanatory connective, ‘because’, or in terms of a non-modal conception of essence); some (viz., the existential construals of ontological dependence) emphasise requirements that must be met in order for an entity to exist; others (viz., the essentialist construals) focus on conditions that (...) must be satisfied in order for an entity to be the very entity it is at each time at which it exists; some are rigid, in the sense that they concern a relation between particular entities; others are generic, in the sense that they involve only a relation between an entity and some entities or other, which bear certain characteristics. I identify three potential measures of success with respect to which these different definitions of ontological dependence can be evaluated and consider the question of how well they in fact meet these desiderata. I end by noting that certain challenges face even the most promising essentialist construals of ontological dependence. (shrink)

The paper rst lays out a non-congurational approach to scope ambiguities in which scope dependencies are treated as dependencies between evaluation indices of variables. The notions of dependent and domain variables are dened naturally in this framework. These concepts are then used to account for the distribution and interpretation of determiner reduplication in Hungarian, a phenomenon that has not received much attention so far.1 1. Introduction This paper contributes to the study of the semantics of indenites in natural language by (...) introducing on the scene a new type of indenite, called dependent. We meet it in Hungarian, where one may reduplicate certain determiners, as illustrated in [1]-[3]. (shrink)