Este artículo analiza el rol de la escuela chilena en la comunidad andina y las demandas locales por un sistema educativo permanente. Dentro de este contexto, se realiza una discusión en torno al Estado, la construcción de la nación y la utilización de la escuela como instrumento disciplinador de la sociedad. Asimismo, se analiza la experiencia histórica de la escuela en el sur peruano, como parte de un proceso que antecede a la instauración del modelo educativo nacional chileno, relevando (...) la praxis política que las propias comunidades asumen en torno diversos petitorios por la presencia de profesores y de establecimientos educacionales en los sectores cordilleranos andinos. (shrink)

Huayñusi es una danza-ritual relacionada con la siembra de papas (Solanum tuberosum), tiene un sentido simbólico que se expresa al bailar percutando los pies contra el suelo. Se ejecuta por parejas y en grupo. El objetivo del estudio fue mostrar que esta danza-rito es una estrategia simbólica orientada a neutralizar la amenaza de organismos biológicos externos que se cierne sobre los cultivos. El registro etnográfico que proviene de comunidades andinas de Tacna (Perú) referente a las prácticas agrícolas y rituales, hacen (...) concluir que Huayñusi responde a la necesidad simbólica de garantizar el desarrollo de la semilla. (shrink)

En América Latina, las teologías han estado atentas a lo socio-económico, las identidades, la espiritualidad. Hoy también se considera el genero, la ecología, el diálogo entre culturas y entre religiones. Nos preguntamos ¿cómo ocurre la salvación en Cristo? Se retoman reflexiones andinas de Vicenta Mamani, Domingo Llanque, Víctor Bascope. La cosmovisión indígena y mestiza plantea, por ejemplo, cómo creer en el Dios de la Vida y no creer en ídolos del mercado. Subrayo que las culturas sean tratadas, no como esencias, (...) sino más bien como procesos históricos en medio de los cuales la comunidad cree y ama. En cuanto a lo intercultural, no es un tema de moda, sino más bien un polílogo entre comunidades humanas. Esto ocurre en contextos asimétricos; por eso la propuesta de liberación busca la correlación entre pueblos. En la teología latinoamericana, luego de los pasos dados en la inculturación, se ha comenzado a ver el desafío intercultural. (shrink)

La celebración de fiestas en honor a los santos patronos de las comunidades andinas es una de las manifestaciones de religiosidad más extendidas desde Colonia. Másallá de entenderla como una manifestación en continuidad directa con las prácticas cúlticas del Tawantinsuyo o la ritualidad católica española, consideramos que esta festividad es un fenómeno emergente que debe ser analizado en su especificidad. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la figura del santo y su eficacia simbólico-ritual en la fiesta patronal andina (...) desarrollada durante el periodo colonial (XVI-XVII). A partir del análisis de una serie de crónicas coloniales, intentaremos mostrar que las especificidades rituales de la fiesta y de la operación del santo como símbolo icónico dominante permiten comprender su eficacia simbólica, así como también la co-existencia de diversas interpretaciones y escenificaciones rituales que darían cuenta de la agencialidad ritual de la comunidad. The celebration of festivities in honor of the patron saints of the Andean communities is one of the most widespread manifestations of religiosity from the Colony. Beyond understood as a manifestation in direct continuity with the cultic practices of the Catholic ritual Tawantinsuyo or Spanish, we believe that this festival is an emerging phenomenon that must be analyzed in its specificity. The aim of this paper is to analyze the figure of the saint and their efficacy in symbolic ritual Andean fiesta developed during the colonial period (XVI-XVII). From the analysis of a series of colonial chronicles, try to show that the specific rituals of celebration and operation saint as provide insight dominant iconic symbol symbolic effectiveness, as well as the co-existence of different interpretations and stagings rituals give account of agency community ritual. (shrink)

El derecho internacional surgió para regular las relaciones entre Estados, dejando por fuera a otro tipo de organizaciones, comunidades y personas. Con el paso del tiempo, se fue ampliando la posibilidad de hacer parte en esos escenarios restringidos cuando surgieron las organizaciones internacionales que son creadas por los Estaos, que tienen la capacidad de participar en las relaciones internacionales de manera limitada. Posteriormente el derecho internacional ha dejado participar con ciertas restricciones, a las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales - ONG y a (...) las personas. Los pueblos indígenas, a pesar de contar con más de 300 millones de personas alrededor del mundo y de contribuir con la diversidad cultural y la protección de la biodiversidad, han sido ignorados y excluidos de los escenarios internacionales. Sin embargo después de un largo y lento proceso de reivindicación han logrado hacer sentir su voz y hoy en día han empezado a ser considerados en algunos de estos escenarios internacionales. En este documento se presentará un breve recuento de algunos de esos espacios en el ámbito de los organismos internacionales, en donde se han desarrollado temas relativos al medio ambiento en los cuales tienen interés los pueblos indígenas. *El mismo se encuentra dividido en dos partes, la primera corresponde a los organismos internacionales universales que involucran la Organización de Naciones Unidad ONU y sus diferentes órganos y organismos especializados en temáticas ambientales. ** Además hace referencia a las declaraciones y los principales convenios internacionales sobre medio ambiente y conocimiento tradicional, adicionalmente se incluyen las organizaciones y acuerdos conexos que corresponden a la Organización Mundial del Comercio y a los tratados de libre comercio. La segunda parte corresponde a los escenarios de protección del medio ambiente a nivel regional que son relevantes para los pueblos indígenas, entre ellos, la Organización de Estados Americanos OEA, el Bando Interamericano de Desarrollo BID, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud OPS, la Comunidad Andina de Naciones CAN y se incluyen adicionalmente los tratados y declaraciones importantes en la materia. El objetivo al realizar este documento es ofrecer un panorama sobre las funciones de estos organismos y mencionar la manera como puede darse la participación de los pueblos indígenas en los mismos, mediante una obra de divulgación que sirva como material de consulta para líderes, autoridades de pueblos y organizaciones indígenas, funcionarios de organizaciones internacionales y sociales que apoyan a los pueblos indígenas. (shrink)

Este artículo parte de mi propio archivo de investigación para revisar ‒desde una perspectiva etnográfica‒ experiencias en y con archivos estatales locales y memorias mapuches vinculadas con políticas de forestación implementados durante el siglo XX en El Hoyo ‒Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42°, Chubut, Patagonia Argentina‒. Me interesa discutir no tanto el contenido referencial de los documentos, sino ciertos lenguajes del archivo que considero que son pistas claves para comprender cómo operan lógicas de poder y entramados de funcionamiento de (...) las instituciones locales; aunque también donde observar subjetividades y tiempos de desacuerdos y desbordes respecto a lo que ha sido y/o sigue siendo instituido. Me refiero, particularmente, al lenguaje temporal y los tempos de dos archivos estatales provinciales. Me detengo a analizar ese lenguaje del archivo como clave que expresa el campo de fuerzas que, en cada momento, constituyó a los mismos; y reviso su devenir en articulación con memorias de comunidades mapuches de la región que fueron a recuperar sus espacios territoriales. (shrink)

Este artículo parte de mi propio archivo de investigación para revisar ‒desde una perspectiva etnográfica‒ experiencias en y con archivos estatales locales y memorias mapuches vinculadas con políticas de forestación implementados durante el siglo XX en El Hoyo ‒Comarca Andina del Paralelo 42°, Chubut, Patagonia Argentina‒. Me interesa discutir no tanto el contenido referencial de los documentos, sino ciertos lenguajes del archivo que considero que son pistas claves para comprender cómo operan lógicas de poder y entramados de funcionamiento de (...) las instituciones locales; aunque también donde observar subjetividades y tiempos de desacuerdos y desbordes respecto a lo que ha sido y/o sigue siendo instituido. Me refiero, particularmente, al lenguaje temporal y los tempos de dos archivos estatales provinciales. Me detengo a analizar ese lenguaje del archivo como clave que expresa el campo de fuerzas que, en cada momento, constituyó a los mismos; y reviso su devenir en articulación con memorias de comunidades mapuches de la región que fueron a recuperar sus espacios territoriales. (shrink)

If societies, like institutions, are built to endure, then the bond that exists between generations must be considered. Constructing a framework to establish a philosophy of future generations, Tiziana Andina explores the factors that make it possible for a society to reproduce over time. Andina's study of the diachronic structure of societies considers the never-ending passage of generations, as each new generation comes to form a part of the new social fabric and political model. Her model draws on (...) the anthropologies offered by classical political philosophies such as Hobbes and Macchiavelli and the philosophies of power as discussed by Nietzsche. She confronts the ethics and function of this fundamental relationship, examines the role of transgenerationality in the formation and endurance of Western democracies and recognizes an often overlooked problem: each new generation must form part of social and political arrangements designed for them by the generations that came before. (shrink)

In this volume edited by Tiziana Andina and the contributors addresses some of the most compelling philosophical questions today, offering an exhaustive companion to Western philosophy through the past fifty years that bridges the Analytical Continental divide.

The concepts of embodiment and medium lie at the core of Arthur Danto's philosophy. As Danto underlines in Connections to the World, one speaks of embodiment when describing a state in which two objects with different properties constitute a single object, as the mind and body together constitute the human being. Humans are basically entes rapresentantes as their representative ability, their ability to process thoughts and incorporate them in language and, ultimately, their willingness to produce and enjoy art, are key (...) elements to their nature. The chapter explores, drawing on Danto's account of embodiment, how some of the properties that are attributed to a representation depend on how it is embodied. Danto deals with the visual arts in a particular way, although he always believed that his philosophy of art was essentialist and universally applicable to any form of art. (shrink)

The notion of transgenerational community is usually based on two diachronic interactions. The first interaction consists of present generations taking up the legacy (not only economic, but also institutional, artistic, cultural, and so forth) of past generations and giving it continuity, exercising a form of active agency. The second interaction occurs when present generations pass on their legacy to future generations. This is supposed to expand the boundaries of the community in a transgenerational sense (both backward- and forward-looking). In this (...) article we argue that the transgenerational community can be grounded on a different ontological insight: future generations play the role of fictional actors for present generations, i.e., present generations entertain a present-time interaction with future generations, insofar as future generations are functional for the realization of transgenerational actions. This lays the foundations for more solid community-based bonds of intergenerational justice. (shrink)

The Domain of Social Ontology -- Theories -- State and Justice -- A Cross-Section of Power.

Netley Hospital played a crucial role in caring for the wounded during the nineteenth century and twentieth century, becoming one of the busiest military hospitals of the time. Simultaneously, Florence Nightingale delved into the concept of health and developed the theoretical basis of nursing. This research aims to describe the experiences related to nursing and patient care described in The Netley British Red Cross Magazine during the First World War. The analysis displays different nurses' roles and the influence of environmental (...) factors in the delivery of the soldiers' care. There are indications that Nightingale's ideas would have infiltrated the nursing practices and other aspects of the soldiers' recovery at Netley. The history of the Netley Red Cross Hospital shows the theoretical and practical advancement of nursing care towards a holistic approach. (shrink)

A study of the philosophy of art that addresses the question of definition presented by both continental and analytic thinkers.

As it is well known an historical comprehension of the time in which people live and philosophers work is something essential in order to outline a theory that could grasps something of the world. The history of the relationship between art and philosophy is almost as old as philosophy itself. Among the first to take up the topic was Plato who posed the question in the most classical of ways—that is, by facing the problem of definition. The question of definition (...) is nowadays deeply debated by philosophy of art and ontology. The paper address the problem of the definition suggesting a proposal which synthesizes ontology, epistemology and theory of perception. (shrink)

'What is art?' is one of the classic questions that philosophy has addressed over the ages, from the ancients to today. A discussion of the primary literature of the field introduces a series of considerations used to shift the problem of definition onto new plane, one that is able to respond to the challenges of the performing and participatory arts, which more than any other form of art present particularly unconventional ontologies.

It is more difficult to feel emotions for future generations than for those who currently exist, and this seems to be one of the reasons why we struggle to care for the future. According to a number of authors, who have recently focused on the psychological flaws that prevent us from dealing with transgenerational issues, the main problem is “future discounting”. Challenging this common view, we argue that the main reason we struggle to care about future generations lies in two (...) features of our daily emotions: the «identified victim effect» and the decrease in empathy for people who are different from us. These traits give rise to two puzzles we call the problem of the indeterminateness of future persons and the problem of dissimilarity. After having analyzed these problems of our moral psychology, we show how they allow us to account for some differences in affectivity towards a number of entities that do not currently exist, such as future generations, past generations and fictional characters. Bearing in mind the real limits of our emotions when dealing with future people, we sketch an alternative proposal on how to develop emotions to provide citizens of liberal democracies with a motivation to act in favor of future generations. (shrink)

This issue starts from a conviction that globalization is inevitable, and in this process, we journey together. Globalization for East Asia once meant Westernization, or less geographically specific, universal modernization. However, it became apparent that globalization cannot be simply defined in terms of assimilation and univocality, as insoluble disputes and radical differences in all aspects of life still occur and reoccur. Nonetheless, dialogue and interaction have been happening more frequently on a larger scale, even if sometimes concurrently appearing in the (...) form of miscommunication. Scientists question if the flap of a butterfly’s wings in Brazil can set off a tornado in Texas while poets contemplate whether one falling leaf of a Chinese parasol informs the change of seasons in the whole world. From Turin to Wuhan, when our living conditions have never been more effectively integrated than they are now, it requires us not only to think more correlatively, but also to understand locality in a larger context from a holistic perspective. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThe Imperative of Responsibility, by the German philosopher Hans Jonas, is a work that aspires to a re-foundation of ethics based on an analysis of the contemporary world as well as on a prediction about the fate of globalized humanity. Through a discussion of the fundamental concepts of Jonas’ work, the essay shows that the central themes of his research, which are still very relevant today, should be addressed by moving from the ethical level to that of ontology and social (...) ontology in particular. To this end, the paper offers a definition of transgenerational action that aims to replace Jonas’ use of prevision. The transgenerational action is here considered as a particular type of social action: that which enables societies to exist over time. Finally, the essay proposes an essential taxonomy of transgenerational actions, showing how working on this notion might lead to a consciously utopian and positive social model. (shrink)

Why should one take action to move toward a greener world if doing so will cause the birth of a totally different group of future people? This chapter starts from the metaphysical evidence that many collective climate actions imply a change in the identity of future generations, as opposed to a counterfactual laissez-faire attitude. The climatic fallout from the non-identity paradox introduced by Derek Parfit is examined to determine if and how a principle of transgenerational responsibility can be defended against (...) this metaphysical complexity. The paradox is divided into a moral argument, based on the person-affecting view of harm, and a metaphysical premise, treating non-identity as a result of variations in timing and pair combination of a person’s conception. Three strategies to circumvent the moral argument are explored: non-consequentialist accounts of harm, moral thresholds, and impersonal ethics. However, it is argued that all three strategies fall short or come with too high a cost. The metaphysical premise is then examined through the introduction of transgenerational actions in relation to the climate crisis. A principle of transgenerational responsibility applicable to climate change mitigation is inferred from the hypothetical consent to be obtained from those who will continue transgenerational actions in the future. (shrink)

Wang Guangyi, one of the stars of the new wave of Chinese art, has artistically addressed major philosophical trends in Western philosophy while drawing on Taoism, Marxism and Maoism. By bringing together a team of experts in the philosophy of art to discuss his work, The Philosophy and Art of Wang Guangyi presents the first philosophical exploration of Wang's art, his thought and his analysis of Chinese society. -/- From his use of words in images to his reference to the (...) classics of Western painting, contributors set Wang's work against key questions in contemporary art. As well as answering what makes the language of pop art successful, they examine whether art and its history have come to an end, as Hegel posited, and if it is possible or even necessary to rework a new narrative for the history of contemporary art. The Philosophy and Art of Wang Guangyi marks an important contribution to understanding the background, work and ideas of a 21st-century political artist outside the West. (shrink)

It is known how much of the work that Arthur Danto has dedicated to the philosophy of art has concerned the concept of representation and, specifically, the concept of artistic representation. The basic thesis that Danto developed starting from The Artworld (1965) consists in the idea that art should be considered as a particular type of representation, as opposed to what Plato had suggested, who considered it as a form of mimesis of reality. The article will show how this Dantian (...) thesis, which is based on the notion of artistic representation exhibited by Friedrich Nietzsche in the Birth of Tragedy, firstly hides a partial misunderstanding of Nietzsche's theses, and secondly reveals a philosophical error equal to and contrary to that made by Plato. We will also show how art is often a form of mimesis and how different types of mimesis are in fact compatible with artistic representation. Finally, we will show how mimesis and representation offer different forms of knowledge that belong to the art of all times. (shrink)