Children’s sociocultural experiences in their day-to-day lives markedly play a key role in learning about the world. This study investigated parent–child teaching during early childhood as it naturally occurs in the home setting. Thirty-nine families’ naturalistic interactions in the home setting were observed; 1033 teaching sequences were identified based on detailed transcriptions of verbal and non-verbal behavior. Within these sequences, three domains of learning (knowledge, skills, and dispositions) and subtopics were identified and analyzed in relation to gender, child birth order, (...) context, teaching strategies, and learner response. Findings show knowledge, skills, and dispositions were taught equally, marked by the most prominent subtopics taught within each domain, including cognitive (skill), game rule (knowledge), and social rule (disposition). Further, mothers and fathers were found to teach their children equally, however, fathers taught knowledge more than mothers, whereas mothers taught dispositions more than fathers. Differences between domains of learning and subtopics also existed between mother’s and father’s teaching based on child birth order and gender. This study also assessed the contrast between teaching knowledge, skills, and dispositions by context, parent teaching strategies, and child learner response. Results support the notion that family interactions in the home setting set a stage for children’s rich informal learning experiences. Vygotskian sociocultural conceptions underpin this research and findings are discussed using this central theoretical lens. (shrink)

In questo lavoro si esplora la possibilità che l’inserzione dello sfruttamento umano all’interno del processo lavorativo e la conseguente apparizione sociale dell’uomo-merce abbiano lasciato tracce nell’opera di Dante. Si rintracciano così in una selezione di passi i problemi che questo processo impone alla nascente concezione dell’identità individuale e all’assunzione in una cornice ideologica ancora sacralizzata della distinzione fra ambito pubblico e ambito privato, che caratterizzerà il capitalismo fino a poche decadi fa.

Este trabajo trata de ilustrar el paralelismo existente –no obstante ciertas diferencias de enfoque y de conceptualización– entre el pensamiento wittgensteineano de principios de los años 30 y la teoría del conocimiento de C.I. Lewis. El punto de comparación es la noción de experiencia en tanto que trato epistémico con los objetos. Según la lectura sugerida, nuestra vida epistémica se desarrolla –bajo el denominador común de nuestra conciencia de pertinencias conceptuales– como un dinámico juego entre certezas (vitales) y tentativas de (...) conocimiento (racional). Ciertamente, habría que añadir que, debido a su dependencia contextual, estos factores se caracterizan tanto por su provisionalidad como por su naturaleza intercambiable. (shrink)

La nozione di ‘fenomenotecnica’, introdotta da Gaston Bachelard negli anni 30, gode di forte interesse tra gli storici delle scienze, che la usano per insistere sulla mediazione tecnico-sociale dei fatti scientifici. In filosofia, sul fondo dell’attuale trionfale ritorno a un nuovo realismo epistemologico, l’idea di fenomenotecnica è stata relegata tra i relitti del ‘costruttivismo’. L’articolo difende una lettura diversa della ‘fenomenotecnica’: al di là del ruolo che Bachelard gli attribuiva nella costruzione dei fatti scientifici, il concetto permette di ripensare la (...) connessione intrinseca tra esperienza e tecnicità. I fenomeni non sono semplicemente dati; bisogna renderli visibili, tramite specifiche tecniche dell’apparire. Una tale premessa porta non solo a ripensare il ruolo che si attribuisce alla dimensione tecnica nell’estetica, ma anche alla ‘aisthesis’ in seno alle operazioni tecniche. (shrink)

These two volumes consist of a critical edition and English translation of the two earliest known Armenian sets of scholia on the Heavenly Hierarchy of Dionysius the Areopagite. Composed in the monastic schools of Erznka in the late thirteenth century, these scholia provide significant insight into how the Heavenly Hierarchy in particular, and Armenian translations of Greek texts in general, were understood by Armenian scholars in the Middle Ages. This editio princeps of the scholia represents a rare critical edition of (...) a native Armenian composition from the medieval period. In addition to the text and translation, these volumes include a textual commentary as well as a critical collation and English translation of a number of scholia from the Armenian version of the Greek scholia on the Heavenly Hierarchy. (shrink)

Il saggio analizza il modo in cui l'uso dell'sms favorisce una modalitÀ di pseudo-attivazione del pensiero che ha ricadute sulle rappresentazioni di sé, dell'altro e delle relazioni tra sé e l'altro. In quanto «tecnologia del sé», il telefonino orienta e modifica il pensiero in una direzione narcisistica e autocentrata per cui gran parte delle comunicazioni ha una ricaduta autoreferenziale e la persona con cui ci si relaziona č ridotta a oggetto-Sé con funzione speculare di conferma dell'immagine che il soggetto ha (...) di se stesso. Il risultato č la creazione di pseudo-pensieri e una mentalizzazione di superficie che porta spesso a un'identificazione fusionale con l'altro, non riconosciuto come effettivamente altro da sé. Si realizzano quelle «identificazioni solide» di cui parla Recalcati che si connettono all'abolizione dell'inconscio da lui riscontrata nella nostra epoca. (shrink)

A filosofia alemã do século XIX posterior a Hegel está bastante estudada em três direções. A primeira, que surge da luta entre hegelianos de esquerda e direita, acaba por conduzir ao materialismo e ao marxismo; a segunda, que se expressa na vertente irracionalista e anti-sistemática, passa por Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard e Nietzsche; a terceira é constituída pelo neo-kantismo e suas derivações, cuja versão oficial teria suas raízes fincadas pelo famoso discurso inaugural de Zeller e pelo livro de Otto Liebmann, que deram (...) o impulso ao movimento “Zurück zu Kant”. Em tal visão de conjunto, o grande ausente é um movimento contínuo, ainda quando irregular e multifacetado, que terminará conduzindo à filosofia contemporânea. Este movimento tem em Trendelenburg uma figura chave. É com suas “Investigações Lógicas” que se inicia a reformulação das relações entre filosofia e ciência e, neste sentido, o verdadeiro retorno a Kant. O fato de sua obra principal ter exatamente o mesmo nome que a coleção de ensaios temáticos de Frege, a obra de ruptura de Husserl e as dissertações de doutorado de Cohen, Dilthey e Brentano significa algo mais que curiosas coincidências. “Zurück zu Kant” (Adolf Trendelenburg the overcoming of idealism and the roots of contemporary philosophy)Considering history of philosophy as a whole, the two main traditions of thought from the 20th century (analytic and phenomenological-hermeneutic) can be regarded as being variants of one same fundamental turn. This systematic relation is connected to a common historical root. To highlight it implies to review the ideas that are deeply in the basis of the historiography of the German thought in the 19th century. Beyond names, problems and theses that may appear to have at first sight no relationship whatsoever, we can notice a continuous unitary development that has not yet received all the attention it deserves. In this movement, Adolf Trendelenburg stands out, once the beginners of both the abovementioned traditions and of neokantianism (Frege, Brentano, Dilthey and Cohen) received a decisive impulse from his reflections. (shrink)

Central sensitization refers to the increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system after repeated or sustained peripheral nociceptor activation. It is hypothesized to play a key role in the development of chronic pain. A hallmark of central sensitization is an increased sensitivity to noxious mechanical stimuli extending beyond the injured location, known as secondary hyperalgesia. For its ability to modulate the transmission and the processing of nociceptive inputs, attention could constitute a promising target to prevent central sensitization (...) and the development of chronic pain. It was recently shown that the experimental induction of central sensitization at both forearms of healthy volunteers using bilateral high-frequency electrocutaneous stimulation (HFS), can be modulated by encouraging participants to selectively focus their attention to one arm, to the detriment of the other arm, resulting in a greater secondary hyperalgesia on the attended arm as compared to the unattended one. Given the potential value of the question being addressed, we conducted a preregistered replication study in a well-powered independent sample to assess the robustness of the effect, i.e., the modulatory role of spatial attention on the induction of central sensitization. This hypothesis was tested using a double-blind, within-subject design. Sixty-seven healthy volunteers performed a task that required focusing attention toward one forearm to discriminate innocuous vibrotactile stimuli while HFS was applied on both forearms simultaneously. Our results showed a significant increase in mechanical sensitivity directly and 20 min after HFS. However, in contrast to the previous study, we did not find a significant difference in the development of secondary hyperalgesia between the attended vs. unattended arms. Our results question whether spatial selective attention affects the development of secondary hyperalgesia. Alternatively, the non-replication could be because the bottom-up capture of attention caused by the HFS-mediated sensation was too strong in comparison to the top-down modulation exerted by the attentional task. In other words, the task was not engaging enough and the HFS pulses, including those on the unattended arm, were too salient to allow a selective focus on one arm and modulate nociceptive processing. (shrink)

While the normative debate on European integration has addressed the importance of the construction of truly democratic institutions as well as the establishment of social rights at EU level, the role of progressive social movements has not been much debated. Building upon theorization and research in social movement studies, I argue that progressive social movements are indeed already contributing to the construction of European public spheres. Not one liberal (or bourgeois), public sphere but the proliferation of subaltern counterpublics could allow (...) for the participation of the excluded, giving them the possibility to make their political voice heard. Through different paths of Europeanization (in particular, domestication, externalization and transnationalization), progressive social movements have played an important role in the creation of a critical public sphere as, by contesting European institutions, they have contributed to make them (more) accountable, but have also developed collective identities at EU level and, with them, European public spheres. A main challenge is now to connect an emancipatory critical public to public institutions. (shrink)

The paper dealt with the control on political corruption in Italy, in particular with the reasons why most of the control mechanisms did not work for a long time, allowingfor the development of"tangentopoli". First of all, we briefly discussed the reasons why the controls ''from below"--that is, from citizens or electors--did not function in Italy: the pervasive occupation of the administration and the civil society by the political parties, as well as "secret" agreements between political parties in order to avoid (...) political scandals were discussed.The paper continued by analyzing two types of institutional control: the administrative controls and the judiciary controls. In the second part, we presented some main characteristics of the Italian public administration that hampered internal controls, the informal control of parties over the bureaucrats through clientelism and complicity in corruption being one among them. In the third part, we focused on the peculiar characteristics of a magistracy that enjoyed of a very high degree of format autonomy from the political power, but was "pushed" towards politics for reasons as different as complicity in corruption and the need to "substitute" for the weak policy making capacity of political parties. In the fourth part, we reviewed some reform bills to deal with the control of political corruption. (shrink)

Existe una evolución en la crítica fregueana al psicologismo, siendo de particular relevancia las diferencias que existen entre la posición de 1884 y la de 1893, momento a partir del cual la misma comienza a fundarse en una revisión de la teoría psicologista de la subjetividad.

These two volumes consist of a critical edition and English translation of the two earliest known Armenian sets of scholia on the Heavenly Hierarchy of Dionysius the Areopagite. Composed in the monastic schools of Erznka in the late thirteenth century, these scholia provide significant insight into how the Heavenly Hierarchy in particular, and Armenian translations of Greek texts in general, were understood by Armenian scholars in the Middle Ages. This editio princeps of the scholia represents a rare critical edition of (...) a native Armenian composition from the medieval period. In addition to the text and translation, these volumes include a textual commentary as well as a critical collation and English translation of a number of scholia from the Armenian version of the Greek scholia on the Heavenly Hierarchy. (shrink)

Frege’s account, according to which the problem of how thoughts are apprehended should be a part of psychology, has led scholars to the idea that every consideration regarding subjectivity is absent in this author. From the latter follows a certain way of conceiving the relation between Frege and Husserl which establishes an absolute chasm between both authors regarding the topic mentioned. In the present contribution an extremely different view is defended, namely, that Frege plays an intermediate role between 19th century (...) Platonism and husserlian phenomenology. The main focus of the argument is the commitment between naturalism and idealism which characterizes Platonism before Frege and the beginning of its overcoming carried out by him. (shrink)

This book is the first of its kind to provide a comprehensive overview of happiness in Economics. Although it is comparatively unusual to put happiness and economics together, the association appears increasingly exciting and fruitful. A number of studies have been produced following Richard Easterlins and Tibor Scitovskys pioneering works throughout the 1970s. The essays collected in this book provide an authoritative and comprehensive assessment both theoretical, applied and partly experimental of the whole field moving from the so-called paradoxes of (...) happiness in Economics. The book breaks new ground, particularly on the more recent directions of research on happiness, well-being, interpersonal relations and reciprocity. The meaning of happiness is thoroughly explored and the tension between a hedonic-subjective idea of happiness and a eudaimonic-objective one is discussed. This volume opens with Richard Easterlins own assessment of the main issues. Other authors include Robert H. Frank, Robert Sugden, Bruno S. Frey, Alois Stutzer, Richard Layard, Martha C. Nussbaum, Matt Matravers, Bernard M.S, van Praag, Oded Stark, You Q. Wang, Ruut Veenhoven, Charlotte Phelps, Stefano Zamagni, and Luigi Pasinetti. (shrink)

Existe en Frege no solo una concepción intencional de la conciencia, sino también uma concepción motivacional de su causalidad, esto es, Frege concibe la idea de una causalidade específica, diferente de la científico-natural, y que tiene como presupuesto la existência de estados intencionales. En tal sentido, existe un interesante punto de contacto entre Frege y Husserl.

Sobre la base de la relación con los conceptos de existencia y realidad, el artículo analiza la teoría de los contenidosde- juicio de Anton Marty en tanto irrealia y truth-makers. Partiendo de su debate con el ‘psicologismo’ y el ‘a-psicologismo’, mostramos la originalidad y la tensión de su posición, que intenta de articular el contenido- de-juicio con la inmanencia del acto intencional y la trascendencia de la objetividad, a partir de los conceptos de co-percepción e intencionalidad.

Este ensayo intenta persuadir a su lector a adoptar una manera específica de acercarse a la filosofía de Wittgenstein y superar, así, la tradicional bisegmentación de la misma. La propuesta consiste en releer la obra wittgensteineana desde los textos provenientes de los años 1929 a 1933/35 como centro de atención y punto de partida, a fin de poder visualizar la continuidad orgánica del pensamiento en cuestión. Se muestra que sólo el mensaje epistemológico de aquellos “textos transitorios” revela la paulatina modificación (...) de la idea de contextualidad en tanto que única vía hacia la perspicuidad epistémico-conceptual, meta declarada del propio Wittgenstein.Palabras llave: Perspicuidad; contextualidad; epistemología wittgensteineana; continuidad de la filosofía wittgensteineana.This essay seeks to persuade its reader to adopt a specific manner of approaching Wittgensteinian philosophy, overcoming in this way the bi-segmentation traditionally applied to it. What is suggested is a re-reading of Wittgenstein’s work, focussing on, and taking as a starting point, the texts which date from the period 1929-1933/35, in order to visualize the organic continuity of the thought in question. It is shown that only the epistemological message of those “transitional texts” reveals the gradual modification of the idea of contextuality, this being the sole approach towards epistemic-conceptual perspicuity, the professed goal of Wittgenstein himself.Palabras llave: Perspicuity; contextuality; Wittgensteinian epistemology; continuity of Wittgensteinian philosophy. (shrink)

Partiendo de dos complejos nocionales pertenecientes a la filosofía de Ludwig Wittgenstein -el de espacio lógico y el de ver aspectos-, se muestra que en ambos acercamientos se insinúa la disponibilidad de certezas cimentadoras del diálogo humano con el entorno, que la visión de aspectos se subordina a los espacios lógicos involucrados, y que el resultante mecanismo de normas epistémicas vale para toda diversificación -gramatical o cultural- de cosmovisiones. De este modo se re- vela un conjunto de factores epistémico-conceptuales los (...) cuales determinan las relaciones tanto intra como interculturales y posibilitan la coexistencia armónica de diferentes visiones del mundo. (shrink)

Este trabajo trata de probar la incompatibilidad entre el principio de verificación neopositivista, y las ideas de Wittgenstein acerca del método de verificación como criterio de significatividad. Se muestra que el concepto wittgensteineano de verificación apunta a un saber moverse en un espacio lógico que, en virtud de su multiplicidad, resulta ser pertinente para una proposición dentro de un contexto determinado. Así, un "método de verificación" es -para Wittgenstein- una manera de localizar un camino para ver conexiones pertinentes, y no (...) una estrategia deductiva que se supone garantice, en su último paso, un contacto decisivo con la realidad.Palabras llave: Verificación; método; espacio lógico; multiplicidad; Wittgenstein; Neopositivismo.This essay attempts to prove the incompatibility between the neopositivist verification principle and Wittgenstein’s ideas concerning the method of verification as a criterion of significance. It is shown that the Wittgensteinian concept of verification points to an ability to move in a logical space which, by virtue of its multiplicity, turns out to be pertinent for a proposition within a certain context. Thus, a "method of verification" is -according to Wittgenstein- a way of locating a path to see pertinent connections, and not a deductive strategy which is supposed to guarantee, in its last phase, a decisive contact with reality.Palabras llave: Verification; method; logical space; multiplicity; Wittgenstein; Neopositivism. (shrink)

Este ensayo se enfrenta a la conocida tendencia del siglo XX de declarar la “muerte de la epistemología”. A tal fin se presenta una relectura de los textos wittgensteineanos de principios de los años 30, evidenciando la epistemología paraláctica que éstos encaminan. Posibles objeciones se contestan mediante un diálogo ficticio con un imaginario epistemólogo tradicional. Se concluye que la lección de Wittgenstein consiste en hacernos experimentar tanto la fragilidad de nuestras certezas y saberes como su riqueza, dentro de un espacio (...) vital constituido simultáneamente por la experiencia humana y el mundo .Palabras clave: “Muerte de la epistemología”, epistemología paraláctica, certezas y saberes, espacio vital, Wittgenstein.This essay confronts the well-known 20th century tendency of declaring the “death of epistemology.” A summarized re-reading of Wittgenstein’s texts from the early 1930s is presented, illustrating the parallactic epistemology to which those texts point. Possible objections are answered by means of a fictitious dialogue with an imaginary traditional epistemologist. The conclusion is that Wittgenstein’s lesson consists of making us experience the fragility as well as the richness of our certainties and knowledge within a vital space simultaneously constituted by human experience and the world .Key words: “Death of epistemology,” parallactic epistemology, certainties and knowledge, vital space, Wittgenstein. (shrink)

Las "investigaciones gramaticales" de Wittgenstein presentan un muy peculiar aporte a la discusión acerca de la vivencia y la conceptualización del tiempo. Partiendo de una diferenciación entre las manifestaciones conceptuales de dos maneras esencialmente distintas de registrar la realidad empírica (el lenguaje de la "experiencia inmediata" y el lenguaje "físico"), las concernientes consideraciones wittgensteineanas desembocan en la idea de que también disponemos de dos vías de registro temporal y, en consecuencia, de dos modos de relacionar tiempo y memoria. El presente (...) artículo trata de aclarar esta curiosa concepción, la cual apunta a un desdoblamiento de la temporalidad en lo que Wittgenstein llama "tiempo-memoria" y "tiempo-información", conectados gracias a una doble dimensionalidad del "instante presente". (shrink)

Moral philosophers agree that welfare matters. But they disagree about what it is, or how much it matters. In this vital new work, Wayne Sumner presents an original theory of welfare, investigating its nature and discussing its importance. He considers and rejects all notable theories of welfare, both objective and subjective, including hedonism and theories founded on desire or preference. His own theory connects welfare closely with happiness or life satisfaction. Reacting against the value pluralism that currently dominates moral philosophy, (...) he advances welfare as the only basic ethical value. He concludes by discussing the implications of this thesis for ethical and political theory. Written in clear, non-technical language, and including a definitive survey of other work in this area, Sumner's book is essential reading for moral philosophers, political theorists, and welfare economists. (shrink)

Conmemoraciones mediáticas del pasado reciente en Argentina.

Can deconstruction be accomplished not through the close reading of just one discourse, but through its combination with another? This paper aims at exploring this second way of performing deconstruction through a particular case study: Marxism and psychoanalysis. In the body of the essay, the history of Freudo-Marxism is divided into two parts, depending on which psychoanalyst stands as point of reference: Freud or Lacan. We proceed by studying the four main strategies by virtue of which a genuine combination between (...) Marxism and psychoanalysis has been historically attempted: separation (Reich), domination (Marcuse), contradiction (Althusser) and, finally, deconstruction (Laclau). (shrink)

Dans ce travail, nous tentons de démontrer que l’interrogation merleau-pontienne sur l’art s’ordonne selon trois mouvements spéculatifs distincts et successifs. Dans les années quarante, l’élaboration d’une phénoménologie de la perception conduit Merleau-Ponty à aborder l’art à partir de l’oeuvre d’art et du sujet percevant qui la reçoit, c’est-à-dire du spectateur. Au début des années cinquante, cette phénoménologie de l’oeuvre d’art et de la perception esthétique fait place à une philosophie de l’expression. Le point de départ du questionnement artistique change : (...) il est, non plus le sens exprimé, mais l’acte expressif ou créateur. La signification de l’oeuvre d’art se voit dès lors ressaisie à partir du sens d’être de l’artiste : l’oeuvre est une réponse aux manques perceptifs de l’artiste. À la fin des années cinquante, le cheminement merleau-pontien connaît un tournant ontologique. Merleau-Ponty en vient à régresser en-deçà de l’artiste, vers l’Être même, lequel s’impose finalement comme le créateur véritable. La dernière philosophie de l’art merleau-pontienne prend dès lors les allures d’une traditionnelle philosophie de l’inspiration.In this work, we undertake to demonstrate that the merleau-pontian inquiry into art orders itself according to three distinct and successive speculative movements. In the 1940s, the elaboration of a phenomenology of perception led Merleau-Ponty to approach art starting from the work of art and the perceiving subject who receives it, the spectator. From the beginning of the 1950s, this phenomenology of the work of art and aesthetic perception gave way to a philosophy of expression. The point of departure for artistic questioning changes: it is no longer the meaning expressed, but the expressive or creative act. The signification of the work of art sees itself from this moment understood starting from the meaning of being for the artist: the work is a response to perceptive omissions of the artist. At the end of the 1950s, the merleau-pontian progress of thought experiences an ontological turning. Merleau-Ponty wants to regress below the artist, toward Being itself, which imposes itself finally as the true creator. The last merleau-pontian philosophy of art takes from this moment the aspects of a traditional philosophy of inspiration.In questo lavoro cerchiamo di mostrare come l’interrogazione merleau-pontiana attorno all’arte si dispieghi secondo tre movimenti speculativi distinti e successivi. Negli anni Quaranta l’elaborazione di una fenomenologia della percezione porta Merleau-Ponty a esaminare l’arte a partire dall’opera e dal soggetto percipiente che la fruisce, ossia dallo spettatore. All’inizio degli anni Cinquanta, tale fenomenologia dell’opera d’arte e della percezione estetica cede il passo a una filosofia dell’espressione. Il punto di partenza dell’interrogazione artistica cambia: non è più il senso espresso, ma l’atto espressivo o creativo. Il significato dell’opera d’arte è quindi ricompreso a partire dal senso d’essere dell’artista: l’opera è una risposta alle lacune percettive dell’artista. Alla fine degli anni Cinquanta assistiamo a una svolta ontologica nell’itinerario merleau-pontiano. La ricerca di Merleau-Ponty ci conduce al di qua dell’artista, verso l’Essere stesso, che s’impone infine come l’autentico creatore. L’ultima filosofia dell’arte merleau-pontiana assume i contorni di una tradizionale filosofia dell’ispirazione. (shrink)