Over the last few years, a new methodology to address the P versus NP problem has been developed, based on searching for borderlines between the nonefficiency of computing models and the presumed efficiency. These borderlines can be seen as frontiers of efficiency, which are crucial in this methodology. “Translating,” in some sense, an efficient solution in a presumably efficient model to an efficient solution in a nonefficient model would give an affirmative answer to problem P versus NP. In the framework (...) of Membrane Computing, the key of this approach is to detect the syntactic or semantic ingredients that are needed to pass from a nonefficient class of membrane systems to a presumably efficient one. This paper deals with tissue P systems with communication rules of type symport/antiport allowing the evolution of the objects triggering the rules. In previous works, frontiers of efficiency were found in these kinds of membrane systems both with division rules and with separation rules. However, since they were not optimal, it is interesting to refine these frontiers. In this work, optimal frontiers of the efficiency are obtained in terms of the total number of objects involved in the communication rules used for that kind of membrane systems. These optimizations could be easier to translate, if possible, to efficient solutions in a nonefficient model. (shrink)

We deal with situations incongruent with our automatic response tendencies much better right after having done so on a previous trial than after having reacted to a congruent trial. The nature of the mechanisms responsible for these sequential congruency effects is currently a hot topic of debate. According to the conflict monitoring model these effects depend on the adjustment of control triggered by the detection of conflict on the preceding situation. We tested whether these conflict monitoring processes can operate implicitly (...) in an implicit learning procedure, modulating the expression of knowledge of which participants are not aware. We reanalyze recently published data, and present an experiment with a probabilistic sequence learning procedure, both showing consistent effects of implicit sequence learning. Despite being implicit, the expression of learning was reduced or completely eliminated right after trials incongruent with the learned sequence, thus showing that sequential congruency effects can be obtained even when the source of congruency itself remains implicit. (shrink)

While the study of implicit learning is nothing new, the field as a whole has come to embody — over the last decade or so — ongoing questioning about three of the most fundamental debates in the cognitive sciences: The nature of consciousness, the nature of mental representation (in particular the difficult issue of abstraction), and the role of experience in shaping the cognitive system. Our main goal in this chapter is to offer a framework that attempts to integrate current (...) thinking about these three issues in a way that specifically links consciousness with adaptation and learning. Our assumptions about this relationship are rooted in further assumptions about the nature of processing and of representation in cognitive systems. When considered together, we believe that these assumptions offer a new perspective on the relationships between conscious and unconscious processing and on the function of consciousness in cognitive systems. (shrink)

Comparing the relative sensitivity of direct and indirect measures of learning is proposed as the best way to provide evidence for unconscious learning when both conceptual and operative definitions of awareness are lacking. This approach was first proposed by Reingold & Merikle (1988) in the context of subliminal perception. In this paper, we apply it to a choice reaction time task in which the material is generated based on a probabilistic finite-state grammar (Cleeremans, 1993). We show (1) that participants progressively (...) learn about the statistical structure of the stimulus material over training with the choice reaction time task, and (2) that they can use some of this knowledge to predict the location of the next stimulus in a subsequent “generation” task. However, detailed partial correlational analyses of the correspondence between performance during the reaction time task and the statistical structure of the training material showed that large effects remained even when controlling for explicit knowledge as assessed by the generation task. Hence we conclude (1) that at least some of the knowledge expressed through reaction time performance can not be characterized as conscious, and (2) that even when associations are found at a global level of analysis, dissociations can still be obtained when more detailed analyses are conducted. Finally, we also show that participants are limited in the depth of the contingencies they can learn about, and that these limitations are shared by the Simple Recurrent Network model of Cleeremans & McClelland (1991). (shrink)

"Attention and Implicit Learning "provides a comprehensive overview of the research conducted in this area. The book is conceived as a multidisciplinary forum of discussion on the question of whether implicit learning may be depicted as a process that runs independently of attention. The volume also deals with the complementary question of whether implicit learning affects the dynamics of attention, and it addresses these questions from perspectives that range from functional to neuroscientific and computational approaches. The view of implicit learning (...) that arises from these pages is not that of a mysterious faculty, but rather that of an elementary ability of the cognitive systems to extract the structure of their environment as it appears directly through experience, and regardless of any intention to do so. Implicit learning, thus, is taken to be a process that may shape not only our behavior, but also our representations of the world, our attentional functions, and even our conscious experience. (Series B). (shrink)

Norman et al. reported that participants exposed in succession to two artificial grammars could be able to learn implicitly about them, and could apply their knowledge strategically to select which string corresponds to one of these two grammars. In this commentary, I identify an artifact that could account for the learning obtained not only in this study, but also in some previous studies using the same procedures. I claim that more methodological control is needed before jumping to conclusions on the (...) kind of strategic control that could be achieved unconsciously. (shrink)

Dienes & Perner's target article is not a satisfactory theory of implicit knowledge because in endorsing the representational theory of knowledge, the authors also inadvertently accept that only explicit knowledge can be causally efficacious, and hence that implicit knowledge is an inert category. This conflation between causal efficacy, knowledge, and explicitness is made clear through the authors' strategy, which consists of attributing any observable effect to the existence of representations that are as minimally explicit as needed to account for behavior. (...) In contrast, we believe that causally efficacious and fully implicit knowledge exists, and is best embodied in frameworks that depart radically from classical assumptions. (shrink)

Jackson and Jackson (1995) argue that most current tests used to assess awareness of sequential material are flawed because of their emphasis on accuracy. They propose to distinguish two forms of sequence knowledge: Serial knowledge, that is, knowledge about the specific sequence that stimuli follow, which involves information about the statistical relationship between many sequence elements, and statistical knowledge, or knowledge about the probability of different transitions between adjacent sequence elements. Further, they suggest a new method to analyze generation performance, (...) which involves considering the correlation between subjects' responses and the distribution of transition probabilities, regardless of the accuracy of generation performance. In this comment, we first suggest that the distinction between serial and statistical knowledge is unwarranted except in one case which is not addressed by Jackson and Jackson. We propose instead that all sequence knowledge is essentially statistical in nature. Second, we suggest that using probabilistic instead of deterministic sequences is a better way to approach the assessment of explicit knowledge, and illustrate this contention with empirical and simulated examples based on previous and current research (Cleeremans, 1993; Cleeremans and McClelland, 1991; Jimenez, Mendez and Cleeremans. (shrink)

Resumen: Esta exposición intenta comprender las formas culturales de comunicación y fijación mnémica en una narración específica que Davi Kopenawa, chamán Yanomami, expone al antropólogo Bruce Albert, en virtud de los modos de existencia amazónicos, refiriéndose en particular a la intensidad de los espíritus selváticos y a la experiencia chamánica con los mundos espirituales. En el contexto de una extensión vegetal dispersa y sobresaliente, afirmamos una sociabilidad cotidiana en el marco de una “ética respetuosa o amorosa” entre todas las formas (...) de vida, expresada estéticamente en formas significantes y transportadoras de emociones desarrolladas por la cosmología amazónica. Para ello utilizamos las nociones que Aby Warburg emplea en su estudio de la cultura de las imágenes, en tanto curso por el que estas pueden entenderse como organismos vivientes susceptibles a transformación, preservando su propia biología en la trasmisión codificada de la memoria.: This exhibition tries to understand the cultural forms of communication and mnemic fixation in a specific narrative that Davi Kopenawa, Yanomami shaman, exposes to the anthropologist Bruce Albert, by virtue of Amazonian modes of existence, especially referring to the intensity of jungle spirits and experience Shamanic with spiritual worlds. In the context of a dispersed and outstanding plant extension, we affirm a daily sociability within the framework of a “respectful or loving ethic” among all life forms, aesthetically expressed in significant and transporting forms of emotions developed by Amazonian cosmology. For this we use the notions that Aby Warburg uses in his study of the culture of images, as a course by which they can be understood as living organisms susceptible to transformation, preserving their own biology in the coded transmission of memory. (shrink)

By assuming that conscious states are the only constructs entitled to bear a cognitive status, while denying this status both to the learning processes and to their nonconscious outcomes, the SOC view leaves consciousness alone as the single tool to explain itself. This does not endow consciousness with any self-organizing properties, but rather, draws a deliberately shallow outline of cognition.

Electronic Mail: [email protected] Abstract Stability of activation, while it may be necessary for information to become available to consciousness, is not sufficient to produce phenomenal experience. We suggest that consciousness involves access to information and that access makes information symbolic. From this perspective, implicit representations exist, and are best thought of as sub-symbolic. Crucially, such representations can be causally efficacious in the absence of consciousness.

El criterio estético / Eugenio Trías / - Presente y futuro del arte / José Jiménez / - Hacia una estética de las nuevas tecnologías / José Luis Molinuevo / - La diferencia estética en al fuente y otras distracciones de Mr. Mutt / Simón Marchán Fiz / - El estatuto de la crítica de arte / Román de la Calle / - De la tabula rasa al negro infinito. Arte y absoluto / Fernando R. de la Flor / (...) - El tiempo suspendido. Fotografía y narración / Alberto Martín Expósito / - Diálogo de libros / Fernando R. Lafuente / - Experiencias morales en literatura / María Teresa López de la Vieja / - La experiencia de la poesía o el lirismo en su historicidad / - Sobre la inutilidad de la poesía / César Antonio Molina. (shrink)

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de comparar las características de la conducta prosocial en adolescentes con dificultades para aprender y sus pares sin este antecedente. Estuvo integrado por 44 adolescentes, distribuidos en dos grupos. Se emplearon la entrevista semiestructurada, los cuestionarios de Conducta Prosocial, Conducta Antisocial y de Aislamiento y Soledad a los adolescentes. El procesamiento de los datos se realizó a través del SPSS v.15 en español específicamente la prueba U de Mann Withney. Se apreciaron diferencias (...) entre los grupos en cuanto a la influencia familiar. El comportamiento prosocial en ambos grupos no mostró diferencias significativas. La conducta antisocial aportó diferencias significativas con respecto a las dimensiones aislamiento y retraimiento/ansiedad sobre la dimensión de agresividad. Los indicadores de aislamiento y soledad resultaron más elevados en los adolescentes con dificultades para aprender. ABSTRACT The objective of the study was comparing the characteristics of prosocial behavior in adolescents with Difficulties to Learn and their couples without this antecedent. It was integrated by 44 adolescents. They were used the interview, the questionnaires of Prosocial Behavior, Antisocial Behavior and of Isolation and solitude to the adolescents. El prosecution of the data was carried out through the SPSS v.15 in Spanish, specifically the test U of Mann Withney. Differences were appreciated among the groups as for the family influence. The prosocial behavior in both groups didn't show significant differences. The antisocial behavior contributed significant differences with regard to the dimensions isolation and reserve/anxiety over the dimension of aggressiveness. The isolation indicators and solitude were higher in the adolescents with Difficulties to Learn. (shrink)

From an early age, exposure to a spoken language has allowed us to implicitly capture the structure underlying the succession of speech sounds in that language and to segment it into meaningful units. Statistical learning, the ability to pick up patterns in the sensory environment without intention or reinforcement, is thus assumed to play a central role in the acquisition of the rule-governed aspects of language, including the discovery of word boundaries in the continuous acoustic stream. Although extensive evidence has (...) been gathered from artificial languages experiments showing that children and adults are able to track the regularities embedded in the auditory input, as the probability of one syllable to follow another syllable in the speech stream, the developmental trajectory of this ability remains controversial. In this work, we have collected Event-Related Potentials while 5-year-old children and young adults were exposed to a speech stream made of the repetition of eight three-syllable nonsense words presenting different levels of predictability to mimic closely what occurs in natural languages and to get new insights into the changes that the mechanisms underlying auditory statistical learning might undergo through the development. The participants performed the aSL task first under implicit and, subsequently, under explicit conditions to further analyze if children take advantage of previous knowledge of the to-be-learned regularities to enhance SL, as observed with the adult participants. These findings would also contribute to extend our knowledge of the mechanisms available to assist SL at each developmental stage. Although behavioral signs of learning, even under explicit conditions, were only observed for the adult participants, ERP data showed evidence of online segmentation in the brain in both groups, as indexed by modulations in the N100 and N400 components. A detailed analysis of the neural data suggests, however, that adults and children rely on different mechanisms to assist the extraction of word-like units from the continuous speech stream, hence supporting the view that SL with auditory linguistic materials changes through development. (shrink)

An l-hemi-implicative semilattice is an algebra \\) such that \\) is a semilattice with a greatest element 1 and satisfies: for every \, \ implies \ and \. An l-hemi-implicative semilattice is commutative if if it satisfies that \ for every \. It is shown that the class of l-hemi-implicative semilattices is a variety. These algebras provide a general framework for the study of different algebras of interest in algebraic logic. In any l-hemi-implicative semilattice it is possible to define an (...) derived operation by \ \wedge \). Endowing \\) with the binary operation \ the algebra \\) results an l-hemi-implicative semilattice, which also satisfies the identity \. In this article, we characterize the commutative l-hemi-implicative semilattices. We also provide many new examples of l-hemi-implicative semilattice on any semillatice with greatest element. Finally, we characterize congruences on the classes of l-hemi-implicative semilattices introduced earlier and we characterize the principal congruences of l-hemi-implicative semilattices. (shrink)

This study draws upon the behavioral agency model and the concept of socioemotional wealth to investigate how family firms’ employee pension underfunding decisions differ from those of non-family firms. We explore how these differences are influenced by financial distress, generational stage, and whether the firm is eponymous. We test our hypotheses using data from 452 US firms over an eleven-year period. Our results suggest that family firms are less likely to underfund pensions, but this effect is attenuated in later generational (...) ownership stages and in non-eponymous firms. (shrink)

RESUMEN La problemática del muy bajo peso al nacer ha sido abordada desde hace varios años, sin embargo, las investigaciones están enfocadas desde diferentes perspectivas y contextos, no siempre se ha considerado su repercusión a corto y a largo plazo, así como la interacción de los diferentes factores que se relacionan con este riesgo biológico. Por ello en esta revisión bibliográfica se realiza una valoración de estudios ejecutados a nivel internacional y en Cuba dedicados al desarrollo neuropsicológico de niños con (...) muy bajo peso al nacer. Se concluye que el muy bajo peso al nacer repercute en el desarrollo neuropsicológicos desde edades tempranas, hasta la adolescencia; por ello es necesario una visión integradora que tenga en cuenta el riesgo biológico, las particularidades individuales y el contexto social en que se desenvuelve el niño desde los primeros momentos, lo que posibilitará, perfeccionar la atención a corto y largo plazo al grupo de riesgo. ABSTRACT The problems of very low birth weight have been dealt with for many years, however, research on the matter is approached from different perspectives and contexts, not always have its short and long term repercussions being considered as well as the interaction of different factors related to this biological risk. Therefore, this bibliographical review makes an assessment of international and Cuban studies devoted to very low birth weight children’s neuropsychological development. It was reached the conclusion that very low birth weight affects neuropsychological development from early ages to adolescence; for that reason, it is necessary to have an integrated approach of the problem that takes into account the biologicals risk, individual characteristics and the social context in which the child develops from the beginning, which will make the improvement of short and long term care to this risk group possible. (shrink)

Attention is often dichotomized into controlled vs. automatic processing, where controlled processing is slow, flexible, and intentional, and automatic processing is fast, inflexible, and unintentional. In contrast to this strict dichotomy, there is mounting evidence for context-specific processes that are engaged rapidly yet are also flexible. In the present study we extend this idea to the domain of implicit learning to examine whether flexibility in automatic processes can be implemented through the reliance on contextual features. Across three experiments we show (...) that participants can learn implicitly two complementary sequences that are associated with distinct contexts, and that transfer of learning when the two contexts are randomly intermixed depends on the distinctiveness of the two contexts. Our results point to the role of context-specific processes in the acquisition and expression of implicit sequence knowledge, and also suggest that episodic details can be represented in sequence knowledge. (shrink)

Este artículo revisa los problemas relacionados con la distinción actual entre Ética pública y Ética privada; una distinción basada en una tesis reduccionista, según la cual los políticos y empleados públicos son los únicos sujetos agentes en los asuntos de Ética pública. El autor destaca especialmente que la noción actual de Ética Pública cae en el error de aislar en el espacio privado, cuestiones relacionadas con la Ética pública. Un concepto tan limitado, es un gran error que ha servido para (...) ocultar del foco de la Ética Pública una gran cantidad de asuntos vitales que van más allá del campo de interrelación público-privado. Los partidos políticos, los sindicatos, los contribuyentes, los contratistas, los medios de comunicación, las personas subsidiadas, los ciudadanos en general; todos ellos tienen un papel muy importante en la esfera pública, y por lo tanto son agentes en temas de Ética Pública. Por estas razones, el autor refuta la visión estrecha del concepto actual de Ética Pública y cree imprescindible repensarlo, objetiva y subjetivamente. Por otra parte, este estudio examina el nuevo panorama de los "códigos de ética" en España, con una mirada crítica cuando son sólo normas legales acompañadas de sanciones y no verdaderos “códigos de ética”. Estos principios, llamados "principios éticos", deberían ser deberes que los funcionarios públicos poseen por sí mismos y no por imposición. Por el contrario, en el caso que examinamos, esos principios son claramente deberes establecidos en la Constitución Española de 1978 y representan las obligaciones más primarias, superlativas y básicas de un empleado público. En un estado de duda moral, los códigos podrían ser útiles para proporcionar consejo, dando una regla para resolver el dilema ético. El autor reconoce que, en determinadas circunstancias, en tales casos, los códigos de ética pueden ayudar a los servidores públicos como guía en sus decisiones. Sin embargo, la obligación de respetar y garantizar el respeto de los mandatos constitucionales y la prohibición de la discriminación contra las personas por motivos de raza, sexo, religión.., u otras circunstancias, no plantean cuestiones morales. Por esa razón, el autor considera que el Estatuto Básico del Empleado Público en España comete un error al establecer como un principio ético, el deber de cumplir con la Constitución; el más alto deber legal que uno puede imaginar en el caso de los servidores públicos. (shrink)

Este artículo revisa los problemas relacionados con la distinción actual entre Ética pública y Ética privada; una distinción basada en una tesis reduccionista, según la cual los políticos y empleados públicos son los únicos sujetos agentes en los asuntos de Ética pública. El autor destaca especialmente que la noción actual de Ética Pública cae en el error de aislar en el espacio privado, cuestiones relacionadas con la Ética pública. Un concepto tan limitado, es un gran error que ha servido para (...) ocultar del foco de la Ética Pública una gran cantidad de asuntos vitales que van más allá del campo de interrelación público-privado. Los partidos políticos, los sindicatos, los contribuyentes, los contratistas, los medios de comunicación, las personas subsidiadas, los ciudadanos en general; todos ellos tienen un papel muy importante en la esfera pública, y por lo tanto son agentes en temas de Ética Pública. Por estas razones, el autor refuta la visión estrecha del concepto actual de Ética Pública y cree imprescindible repensarlo, objetiva y subjetivamente. Por otra parte, este estudio examina el nuevo panorama de los "códigos de ética" en España, con una mirada crítica cuando son sólo normas legales acompañadas de sanciones y no verdaderos “códigos de ética”. Estos principios, llamados "principios éticos", deberían ser deberes que los funcionarios públicos poseen por sí mismos y no por imposición. Por el contrario, en el caso que examinamos, esos principios son claramente deberes establecidos en la Constitución Española de 1978 y representan las obligaciones más primarias, superlativas y básicas de un empleado público. En un estado de duda moral, los códigos podrían ser útiles para proporcionar consejo, dando una regla para resolver el dilema ético. El autor reconoce que, en determinadas circunstancias, en tales casos, los códigos de ética pueden ayudar a los servidores públicos como guía en sus decisiones. Sin embargo, la obligación de respetar y garantizar el respeto de los mandatos constitucionales y la prohibición de la discriminación contra las personas por motivos de raza, sexo, religión.., u otras circunstancias, no plantean cuestiones morales. Por esa razón, el autor considera que el Estatuto Básico del Empleado Público en España comete un error al establecer como un principio ético, el deber de cumplir con la Constitución; el más alto deber legal que uno puede imaginar en el caso de los servidores públicos. (shrink)

Este artículo revisa los problemas relacionados con la distinción actual entre Ética pública y Ética privada; una distinción basada en una tesis reduccionista, según la cual los políticos y empleados públicos son los únicos sujetos agentes en los asuntos de Ética pública. El autor destaca especialmente que la noción actual de Ética Pública cae en el error de aislar en el espacio privado, cuestiones relacionadas con la Ética pública. Un concepto tan limitado, es un gran error que ha servido para (...) ocultar del foco de la Ética Pública una gran cantidad de asuntos vitales que van más allá del campo de interrelación público-privado. Los partidos políticos, los sindicatos, los contribuyentes, los contratistas, los medios de comunicación, las personas subsidiadas, los ciudadanos en general; todos ellos tienen un papel muy importante en la esfera pública, y por lo tanto son agentes en temas de Ética Pública. Por estas razones, el autor refuta la visión estrecha del concepto actual de Ética Pública y cree imprescindible repensarlo, objetiva y subjetivamente. Por otra parte, este estudio examina el nuevo panorama de los "códigos de ética" en España, con una mirada crítica cuando son sólo normas legales acompañadas de sanciones y no verdaderos “códigos de ética”. Estos principios, llamados "principios éticos", deberían ser deberes que los funcionarios públicos poseen por sí mismos y no por imposición. Por el contrario, en el caso que examinamos, esos principios son claramente deberes establecidos en la Constitución Española de 1978 y representan las obligaciones más primarias, superlativas y básicas de un empleado público. En un estado de duda moral, los códigos podrían ser útiles para proporcionar consejo, dando una regla para resolver el dilema ético. El autor reconoce que, en determinadas circunstancias, en tales casos, los códigos de ética pueden ayudar a los servidores públicos como guía en sus decisiones. Sin embargo, la obligación de respetar y garantizar el respeto de los mandatos constitucionales y la prohibición de la discriminación contra las personas por motivos de raza, sexo, religión.., u otras circunstancias, no plantean cuestiones morales. Por esa razón, el autor considera que el Estatuto Básico del Empleado Público en España comete un error al establecer como un principio ético, el deber de cumplir con la Constitución; el más alto deber legal que uno puede imaginar en el caso de los servidores públicos. (shrink)

Este artículo revisa los problemas relacionados con la distinción actual entre Ética pública y Ética privada; una distinción basada en una tesis reduccionista, según la cual los políticos y empleados públicos son los únicos sujetos agentes en los asuntos de Ética pública. El autor destaca especialmente que la noción actual de Ética Pública cae en el error de aislar en el espacio privado, cuestiones relacionadas con la Ética pública. Un concepto tan limitado, es un gran error que ha servido para (...) ocultar del foco de la Ética Pública una gran cantidad de asuntos vitales que van más allá del campo de interrelación público-privado. Los partidos políticos, los sindicatos, los contribuyentes, los contratistas, los medios de comunicación, las personas subsidiadas, los ciudadanos en general; todos ellos tienen un papel muy importante en la esfera pública, y por lo tanto son agentes en temas de Ética Pública. Por estas razones, el autor refuta la visión estrecha del concepto actual de Ética Pública y cree imprescindible repensarlo, objetiva y subjetivamente. Por otra parte, este estudio examina el nuevo panorama de los "códigos de ética" en España, con una mirada crítica cuando son sólo normas legales acompañadas de sanciones y no verdaderos “códigos de ética”. Estos principios, llamados "principios éticos", deberían ser deberes que los funcionarios públicos poseen por sí mismos y no por imposición. Por el contrario, en el caso que examinamos, esos principios son claramente deberes establecidos en la Constitución Española de 1978 y representan las obligaciones más primarias, superlativas y básicas de un empleado público. En un estado de duda moral, los códigos podrían ser útiles para proporcionar consejo, dando una regla para resolver el dilema ético. El autor reconoce que, en determinadas circunstancias, en tales casos, los códigos de ética pueden ayudar a los servidores públicos como guía en sus decisiones. Sin embargo, la obligación de respetar y garantizar el respeto de los mandatos constitucionales y la prohibición de la discriminación contra las personas por motivos de raza, sexo, religión.., u otras circunstancias, no plantean cuestiones morales. Por esa razón, el autor considera que el Estatuto Básico del Empleado Público en España comete un error al establecer como un principio ético, el deber de cumplir con la Constitución; el más alto deber legal que uno puede imaginar en el caso de los servidores públicos. (shrink)

The aim of our research is to analyze how different religions influence business ethics. We develop an index of practices in the field of business ethics, made up of 19 items containing practices related to workers, consumers, products, human rights, management of ethical conflicts, and crime prevention. Also, we consider a wide range of religion affiliations. To undertake this research, we use a panel data sample composed of 11,956 firm‐year observations from 18 countries. Drawing on stakeholder theory, we posit some (...) hypotheses based on the religions considered. The results obtained show that a higher percentage of religious adherents in the country where a company does business usually involve the implementation of more ethical practices in the corporate field. These findings are obtained for Christian, Islamic, Jewish, and Hindu religions. In contrast, this does not stand for Buddhist and folk religions. Also, countries where there is no predominant religion do not show a confluence between religion and ethical corporate practices. (shrink)