El siguiente trabajo se enmarca en una investigación acerca de las fuentes históricofilosóficas que dan cuenta de los fundamentos de la tendencia de la filosofía a interpretarse a sí misma como una ciencia. Hemos tomado algunos de los diálogos socráticos de Platón para pesquisar cómo opera esto ahí, cuál es su motivación última y cuál su sentido. El supuesto básico es que cabe, en algún sentido, pensar la actividad filosófica como un “saber del saber”. El hilo conductor lo constituye el (...) examen de ciertos pasajes ejemplares en donde aparece la llamada “analogía del arte”, a través de la cual se ponen al descubierto ciertos caracteres esenciales del saber. Finalmente se concluye que la motivación de un “saber referido al saber” no puede ser “epistemológica” sino fundada en la preocupación por alcanzar una vida de excelencia. (shrink)

SÍNTESE - É de todos conhecida a influência exercida por Aristóteles no desenvolvimento do pensamento político medieval. Procura-se aqui fazer uma análise histórica, filológica e filosófica do momento anterior a 1265 - data da tradução da Política - para mostrar como aquele momento influenciou a maneira como a obra foi recebida no Ocidente.

El artículo procura mostrar, en primerlugar, la tipologia de la utilización de textosfilosóficos a partir de la segunda mitad dei s. XIII,concentrándose en el uso de un mismo locus conobjetivos teóricos diferentes. Luego reconstruyesintéticamente la tradición dei microcosmos en lahistoria dei pensamiento clássico. Analiza luegoel locus dei hombre microcosmos en sus dosdimensiones: como adunatio, porque reune ysintetiza algo de la natureza de toda la realidadmaterial y espiritual, y como horizonte entre ellos.Luego muestra cómo el microcosmos es utilizadocon fines radicalmente opuestos (...) por Egidio en elDe ecclesiastica potestate cano reunión y síntesisde todo lo real, y por Dante en la Monarchia,como lugar a partir dei cual lo real puede serdiferenciado en mundo material y espiritual. (shrink)

Três autores medievais são aquiexaminados a respeito da questão da normalidadee da exceção em teoria politica. Tomás de Aquinoescreveu sua obra voltada apenas para os casosde normalidade institucional. Egídio Romanopergunta-se sobre a caducidade da ordem institucionalo surgimento do poder politico originário noestado de exceção. Guilherme de Ockham trata dacaducidade da ordem legal e do retomo à ordemdo direito natural.

O tema da predestinação dos homens, uns, para a salvação eterna, outros, para a condenação, constitui, aparentemente, apenas uma questão teológica. Examinando com maior profundidade dois casos em que este tema foi causa de polêmicas, dentro do mundo cristão, percebesse que, por trás das questões dogmáticas, havia um conteúdo político não manifesto que poderia abalar a ordem vigente.

Alberto Magno foi o primeiro grande comentador de Aristóteles entre os cristãos. Em seu Prólogo à Ética a Nicômaco, defronta-se ele com a divisão da philosophia moralis em individual, econômica e política. Seus antecessores, porém, não faziam união entre os três ramos, enquanto Alberto, usando praticamente os mesmos argumentos e reinterpretando-os a seu modo, consegue recuperar a unidade da ética.

A teoria política medieval possui uma singularidade, pois trata de “dois poderes” distintos – reino e o sacerdócio –, sendo necessário definir como se dão as relações entre eles. Durante o debate entre Bonifácio VIII e Filipe, o Belo, foi importante a obra de João Quidort. Ele criticou a teoria da plenitude do poder, atribuída pelos curialistas ao papa, e procurou mostrar a diferença entre os modos de causalidade que explicam cada um dos dois poderes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Teoria política medieval. (...) Dois poderes. Plenitude do poder. João Quidort. Egídio Romano. ABSTRACT The medieval political theory has a singularity, for it deals with two distinct powers – kingdom and priesthood –, and it is necessary to define how the relations between these powers are given. During the debate between Boniface VIII and Philip, the Fair, the works of John Quidort was important. He criticized the theory of plentitude of power, which was held by the curialists to the pope, and aimed to show the difference between the manners of causality that explained each of the two powers. KEY WORDS – Medieval political theory. Two power. Plentitude of power. John Quidort. Giles of Rom. (shrink)

The paper deals with the interpretation made by Marsilio de Padua of the Aristotelian definition of law. In the first place, the author analyzes the definition of Aristotle to determine why Aristotle says that it is coercive. Since Marsilio works on the translation of Roberto Grosseteste, in second place the author analyzes that translation. He then carefully examines the steps taken by Marsilio to offer his own definition of coercive lex. The paper concludes by showing the transition from the Aristotelian (...) conception of the law, derived from a unitary rational principle, towards the Marsilian conception of the law, built from the empirical principle of the multiplicity of citizens. (shrink)

The Defensor pacis offers the possibility of solving the contradiction between formal law and material law. Marsilius of Padua proposes a reconciliation between harmonisation of law as formal positive rule and law as a material norm. If that antinomy admits conciliation, the Defensor pacis can be said to reconcile successfully two heterogeneous grounds of law, which in this case contradict each other only in appearance.

O resultado do conhecimento no segundo comentário de Boécio à Isagogé de Porfírio.

La pregunta planteada en el título de este trabajo reitera una alternativa que se ha transformado en un locus classicus de la teoría política: ¿el orden político forma parte de la constitución racional de la realidad y, por ello, no necesita ser creado pues basta con descubrir su existencia como una entidad más entre los entes de la naturaleza? ¿O ese orden político solo existe cuando es instituido por el hombre y, por ello, es el resultado de un acto de (...) la voluntad humana? No analizaré aquí cada una de esas dos posiciones, naturalista la primera y voluntarista la segunda, sino que intentaré mostrar cuál fue la respuesta de la teología política de Egidio Romano y de Carl Schmitt a la pregunta por el origen del Estado. (shrink)

Traces scholarly thought from the nineteenth-century birth of evolutionary biology to the mapping of the human genome through forty-eight essays, arranged in chronological order, each preceded by a one-page essay that explains the significance of the chosen work.

El siguiente trabajo se enmarca en una investigación acerca de las fuentes históricofilosóficas que dan cuenta de los fundamentos de la tendencia de la filosofía a interpretarse a sí misma como una ciencia. Hemos tomado algunos de los diálogos socráticos de Platón para pesquisar cómo opera esto ahí, cuál es su motivación última y cuál su sentido. El supuesto básico es que cabe, en algún sentido, pensar la actividad filosófica como un “saber del saber”. El hilo conductor lo constituye el (...) examen de ciertos pasajes ejemplares en donde aparece la llamada “analogía del arte”, a través de la cual se ponen al descubierto ciertos caracteres esenciales del saber. Finalmente se concluye que la motivación de un “saber referido al saber” no puede ser “epistemológica” sino fundada en la preocupación por alcanzar una vida de excelencia. (shrink)

We investigate the timing of pre-answer inbreaths in order to shed light on the time course of response planning and execution in conversational turn-taking. Using acoustic and inductive plethysmography recordings of seven dyadic conversations in Dutch, we show that pre-answer inbreaths in conversation typically begin briefly after the end of questions. We also show that the presence of a pre-answer inbreath usually co-occurs with substantially delayed answers, with a modal latency of 576 vs. 100 ms for answers not preceded by (...) an inbreath. Based on previously reported minimal latencies for internal intercostal activation and the production of speech sounds, we propose that vocal responses, either in the form of a pre-utterance inbreath or of speech proper when an inbreath is not produced, are typically launched in reaction to information present in the last portion of the interlocutor's turn. We also show that short responses are usually made on residual breath, while longer responses are more often preceded by an inbreath. This relation of inbreaths to answer length suggests that by the time an inbreath is launched, typically during the last few hundred milliseconds of the question, the length of the answer is often prepared to some extent. Together, our findings are consistent with a two-stage model of response planning in conversational turn-taking: early planning of content often carried out in overlap with the incoming turn, and late launching of articulation based on the identification of turn-final cues. (shrink)

Bernard Suits’ groundbreaking work, The Grasshopper: Games, Life, and Utopia, has profoundly shaped the philosophy of sport. Its sequel, Return of the Grasshopper: Games, Leisure, and the Good Life in the Third Millennium, released in October 2022, enriches scholarly understandings of Suits’ views on games, emphasizing the normative aspects of gameplay and its impact on people’s pursuit of the good life. In this book symposium, world-leading Suits scholars analyze the Suitsian conception of gameplay and its relevance to his views on (...) Utopia outlined in the sequel, covering a wide range of topics. Filip Kobiela explores counterfactual situations in Suits’ oeuvre. Christopher Bartel and Gwen Bradford scrutinize the ethical nature and ramifications of Suits’ claim that life is an unconscious game. R. Scott Kretchmar and John S. Russell present thoughtful critiques of Suits’ musing on Utopia. William J. Morgan’s contribution integrates contemporary work studies to illuminate Suits’ utopia. The symposium concludes with the editors, Francisco Javier Lopez Frias and Christopher Yorke, offering their perspectives on Suitsian Utopia, ethics, and metaethics. (shrink)

Traces scholarly thought from the nineteenth-century birth of evolutionary biology to the mapping of the human genome through forty-eight essays, arranged in chronological order, each preceded by a one-page essay that explains the significance of the chosen work.

Maps and territory suggest problems which have to do with the opening of pathways in some poorly explored domain.

We expose the main ideas, concepts and results about Jakowski's discussive logic, and apply that logic to the concept of pragmatic truth and to the Dalla Chiara-di Francia view of the foundations of physics.

The core niche for language use is in verbal interaction, involving the rapid exchange of turns at talking. This paper reviews the extensive literature about this system, adding new statistical analyses of behavioral data where they have been missing, demonstrating that turn-taking has the systematic properties originally noted by Sacks et al. (1974 ; hereafter SSJ). This system poses some significant puzzles for current theories of language processing: the gaps between turns are short (of the order of 200 ms), but (...) the latencies involved in language production are much longer (over 600 ms). This seems to imply that participants in conversation must predict (or ‘project’ as SSJ have it) the end of the current speaker’s turn in order to prepare their response in advance. This in turn implies some overlap between production and comprehension despite their use of common processing resources. Collecting together what is known behaviorally and experimentally about the system, the space for systematic explanations of language processing for conversation can be significantly narrowed, and we sketch some first model of the mental processes involved for the participant preparing to speak next. (shrink)

The Concussion in Sport Group guidelines have successfully brought the attention of brain injuries to the global medical and sport research communities, and has significantly impacted brain injury-related practices and rules of international sport. Despite being the global repository of state-of-the-art science, diagnostic tools and guides to clinical practice, the ensuing consensus statements remain the object of ethical and sociocultural criticism. The purpose of this paper is to bring to bear a broad range of multidisciplinary challenges to the processes and (...) products of sport-related concussion movement. We identify lacunae in scientific research and clinical guidance in relation to age, disability, gender and race. We also identify, through multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary analysis, a range of ethical problems resulting from conflicts of interest, processes of attributing expertise in sport-related concussion, unjustifiably narrow methodological control and insufficient athlete engagement in research and policy development. We argue that the sport and exercise medicine community need to augment the existing research and practice foci to understand these problems more holistically and, in turn, provide guidance and recommendations that help sport clinicians better care for brain-injured athletes. (shrink)

How can a work of art give us clues about scientific aspects? How can chemistry help a painter enhance his creativity and, above all, preserve the original characteristics of his work? Does an artist require scientific knowledge to innovate or, at least, not to be faked? Other symbiotic fields between art and science are: tattoos, as body art with physical and chemical consequences; pigments, as basic materials with interesting historiographical preparations; spectroscopy diagnosis, as very broad and thorough method of analysis (...) ; biosensors, as one of the applications of new pigments. Note also the interconnection between the several possible paths of science and art, which reflect new challenges with enormous potential investigated through a literature review and the application as a case study in an educational inquiry module. (shrink)

En las últimas décadas se ha tomado gran conciencia dentro de los estudios heideggerianos de la relevancia de la indicación formal. En efecto, en ella se encuentra la pieza clave de la metódica filosófica de este pensador. Heidegger introduce por primera vez este concepto a través de una delimitación frente a otras operaciones conceptuales. El siguiente artículo se limitará a la exposición crítica que Heidegger hace de la generalización y de la formalización para mostrar que aquí late una discusión mucho (...) más compleja con la fenomenología husserliana. La propuesta esencial de este artículo es que el problema acerca de los conceptos filosóficos se sitúa con Heidegger en el plano fundamental del problema de los principios metódicos de la investigación filosófica. (shrink)

RESUMEN: El presente artículo se centra en algunos de los aspectos centrales de la concepción heideggeriana de la indicación formal. Como es sabido, el filósofo toma como punto de partida en una de las más tempranas exposiciones de este metaconcepto, una explicación delimitativa frente a otras operaciones conceptuales. Se revisará críticamente la explicación que Heidegger hace de la generalización a diferencia de la formalización, destacando especialmente que no se trata aquí de una mera distinción entre generalización y formalización, sino de (...) una estructura de fundamentación. En segundo lugar se argumenta que la crítica de Heidegger no se dirige directamente contra la formalización, sino contra el contexto metódico al cual sirve. Por último, a modo de conclusión, se intenta mostrar que para Heidegger concebir la indicación formal como principio de la investigación fenomenológica, supone que ella es, por vía negativa, una radicalización de la tendencia a lo formal.ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to focus on central aspects of Heidegger's conception of the formal indication. An early Heideggerian exposition of this meta-concept take as starting point a differentiation from others conceptual operations. First, it will be critical discuss the exposition of the generalization. The main point is that the distinction of generalization and formalization is rather a foundational structure than a simple difference. This premise leads to the view that the Heidegger's critical attempt is not addressed to the formalization as such, but rather to the methodological context to which the formalization serves. Finally, based on this, it will be claimed that is a necessary condition for the determination of the formal indication as a methodological principle of the phenomenological investigation, that this meta-concept is a radical tendency toward the formal. (shrink)

RESUMEN: El presente artículo se centra en algunos de los aspectos centrales de la concepción heideggeriana de la indicación formal. Como es sabido, el filósofo toma como punto de partida en una de las más tempranas exposiciones de este metaconcepto, una explicación delimitativa frente a otras operaciones conceptuales. Se revisará críticamente la explicación que Heidegger hace de la generalización a diferencia de la formalización, destacando especialmente que no se trata aquí de una mera distinción entre generalización y formalización, sino de (...) una estructura de fundamentación. En segundo lugar se argumenta que la crítica de Heidegger no se dirige directamente contra la formalización, sino contra el contexto metódico al cual sirve. Por último, a modo de conclusión, se intenta mostrar que para Heidegger concebir la indicación formal como principio de la investigación fenomenológica, supone que ella es, por vía negativa, una radicalización de la tendencia a lo formal. ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to focus on central aspects of Heidegger's conception of the formal indication. An early Heideggerian exposition of this meta-concept take as starting point a differentiation from others conceptual operations. First, it will be critical discuss the exposition of the generalization. The main point is that the distinction of generalization and formalization is rather a foundational structure than a simple difference. This premise leads to the view that the Heidegger's critical attempt is not addressed to the formalization as such, but rather to the methodological context to which the formalization serves. Finally, based on this, it will be claimed that is a necessary condition for the determination of the formal indication as a methodological principle of the phenomenological investigation, that this meta-concept is a radical tendency toward the formal. (shrink)

We present a new road map for research on “How the Brain Got Language” that adopts an EvoDevoSocio perspective and highlights comparative neuroprimatology – the comparative study of brain, behavior and communication in extant monkeys and great apes – as providing a key grounding for hypotheses on the last common ancestor of humans and monkeys and chimpanzees and the processes which guided the evolution LCA-m → LCA-c → protohumans → H. sapiens. Such research constrains and is constrained by analysis of (...) the subsequent, primarily cultural, evolution of H. sapiens which yielded cultures involving the rich use of language. (shrink)

We present some recent technical results of us on the incompleteness of classical analysis and then discuss our work on the Arnol'd decision problems for the stability of fixed points of dynamical systems.

In spoken interactions, interlocutors carefully plan and time their utterances, minimising gaps and overlaps between consecutive turns. Cross-linguistic comparison has indicated that spoken languages vary only minimally in terms of turn-timing, and language acquisition research has shown pre-linguistic vocal turn-taking in the first half year of life. These observations suggest that the turn-taking system may provide a fundamental basis for our linguistic capacities. The question remains however to what extent our capacity for rapid turn-taking is determined by modality constraints. The (...) avoidance of overlapping turns could be motivated by the difficulty of hearing and speaking at the same time. If so, turn-taking in sign might show greater toleration for overlap. Alternatively, signed conversations may show a similar distribution of turn-timing as spoken languages, thus avoiding both gaps and overlaps. To address this question we look at turn-timing in question-answer sequences in spontaneous conversations of Sign Language of the Netherlands. The findings indicate that although there is considerable overlap in two or more signers' articulators in conversation, when proper allowance is made for onset preparation, post-utterance retraction and the intentional holding of signs for response, turn-taking latencies in sign look remarkably like those reported for spoken language. This is consistent with the possibility that, at least with regard to responses to questions, speakers and signers follow similar time courses in planning and producing their utterances in on-going conversation. This suggests that turn-taking systems may well be a shared cognitive infrastructure underlying all modern human languages, both spoken and signed. (shrink)