The main objective of this paper was to examine the involuntary nature of music-evoked autobiographical memories. For this purpose, young adults, older adults, and patients with a clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease were asked to remember autobiographical events in two conditions: after being exposed to their own chosen music, and in silence. Compared to memories evoked in silence, memories evoked in the “Music” condition were found to be more specific, accompanied by more emotional content and impact on mood, and (...) retrieved faster. In addition, these memories engaged less executive processes. Thus, with all these characteristics and the fact that they are activated by a perceptual cue , music-evoked autobiographic memories have all the features to be considered as involuntary memories. Our paper reveals several characteristics of music-evoked autobiographical memories in AD patients and offers a theoretical background for this phenomenon. (shrink)

Although the integrative memory model proposed by Bastin et al. is interesting, particularly for Alzheimer's disease, it may benefit from incorporating the subjective experience of recollection. We therefore offer complementary lines of interpretation to explain how recollection and familiarity in Alzheimer's disease can be dissociated based not only on accounts of their neural correlates but, critically, on the subjective experience of memory in patients.

There is a serious problem with arguing that God intended to lock the epistemology of the 7th century into the immutable text of the Qur’an, and then intended to hold Muslims hostage to this epistemological framework for all ages to come. Among other things, this would limit the dynamism and effectiveness of Divine text because the Qur’an would be for ever locked within a knowledge paradigm that is very difficult to retrieve or re-create. The author argues for the recognition of (...) three critical categories in Islamic theology: haqq, hikma and ma‘arifa. While haqq connotes the objective and constant truth, it is not reachable without hikma. Hikma is the balance [mizan] of truths in every historical moment with all of its contingencies. Ma‘arifa is the epistemology or the way to searching the objective and constant truth as well as the search for the hikma appropriate for each stage in human consciousness. The author contends that it is contrary to the very nature of a merciful and compassionate God to leave Muslims with a Revelation that is not fully equipped to deal with the altered states of consciousness and perceptions that are inevitable in every stage of human development. (shrink)

To avoid a clash of civilizations competing traditions must engage in discourse and search for grounds of commonality. Understanding differences and overcoming points of dissonance are essential for peaceful coexistence.

The music and social bonding hypothesis proposes that human musicality has evolved as mechanisms supporting social bonding. We consider the MSB hypothesis under the lens of amnesia by arguing how patients with amnesia, especially those with Alzheimer's disease, can benefit from music, not only to retrieve personal memories, but also to use them for social bonding.

Background Little is known about the attitudes and practices of intensivists working in Lebanon regarding withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatments. The objectives of the study were to assess the points of view and practices of intensivists in Lebanon along with the opinions of medical, legal and religious leaders regarding withholding withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments in Lebanese intensive care units. Methods A web-based survey was conducted among intensivists working in Lebanese adult ICUs. Interviews were also done with Lebanese medical, legal and (...) religious leaders. Results Of the 229 survey recipients, 83 intensivists completed it, i.e. a response rate of. Most respondents were between 30 and 49 years old, Catholic Christians, anesthesiologists, working in Beirut. Ninety-two percent of them were familiar with the withholding and withdrawal concepts and 80% applied them. Poor prognosis of the acute and chronic disease and futile therapy were the main reasons to consider withholding and withdrawal of treatments. Ninety-five percent of intensivists agreed with the “Principle of Double Effect”. The main withheld therapies were vasopressors, respiratory assistance and CPR. Most of the respondents reported the decision was often to always multidisciplinary, involving the family, and the patient, or his advance directives or his surrogate and the nurses. The interviewees agreed there was a law governing withholding and withdrawal decisions/practices in Lebanon. Christians and Muslim Sunni leaders declared accepting those practices. Conclusion Withholding and withdrawal of LSTs in the ICU are known concepts among intensivists working in Lebanon and are being practiced. Our results could be used to inform and optimize therapeutic limitation in ICUs in the country. (shrink)

In today’s digital societies, it has become very difficult for people to exercise meaningful control over what and how data is collected and used. McCoy and colleagues (2023) seek to address this p...

BackgroundThe nursing profession requires ethical and legal regulations to guide nurses’ performance. Ethical climate plays a part in shaping nurses’ ethical practice. Therefore, ethico-legal aspects and ethical climate contribute to improving nurses’ ethical practice and competencies with reducing medical errors in hospital settings.ObjectiveThis study examined the effect of ethico-legal aspects and ethical climate on managing safe patient care and medical errors among nurses.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional correlational study was carried out on 548 nurses. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires about (...) nurses’ knowledge in both ethical and legal aspects, ethical practice, competencies, ethical climate and experience with medical error.ResultsThe main sources of nurses’ knowledge of ethical and legal aspects were undergraduate lectures, job experience and colleagues. Nurses’ knowledge in both ethical and legal aspects, nurses’ ethical practice and competencies were insufficient. Nurses fairly perceived their ethical climate. Also, nurses experienced medical errors about 22.6% in their units. Nurses’ knowledge of ethical and legal aspects, as well as the ethical climate were positive predictors of inadequate nurses’ ethical practice and competencies. Additionally, nurses’ knowledge in both ethical and legal aspects, ethical climate and practice had a negative influence on the occurrence of medical errors.ConclusionEnhancing nurses’ knowledge in both ethical and legal aspects as well as ethical climate could significantly influence improving nurses’ ethical practice, competencies and reducing medical errors in the study units. Therefore, planning for enhancing the nurses’ ethico-legal learning and ethical climate seems to be mandatory. (shrink)

Background Despite the implementation of codes and declarations of medical research ethics, unethical behavior is still reported among researchers. Most of the medical faculties have included topics related to medical research ethics and developed ethical committees; yet, in some cases, unethical behaviors are still observed, and many obstacles are still conferring to applying these guidelines. Methods This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted by interviewing randomly selected 331 Lebanese physicians across Lebanon, to assess their awareness, knowledge and attitudes on practice regarding (...) international and national research ethics guidelines and scientific misconduct and misbehaviors. Results Our results revealed that although majority of participants declared familiar with ethical principles governing research that involves human subjects, the overall mean score achieved on their knowledge questions was 46%. Only 27.4% are aware of the presence of the Lebanese National Consultative Committee on Ethics, with only half of them aware of its functions and only 25.7% know about the charter of ethics and guiding principles of scientific research in Lebanon. Significant higher levels of research ethics knowledge were recorded among Ph.D. degree-holding subjects, higher university positions as in professors, research ethics trainings-attendees, and physicians with prior research experience. A significant correlation was observed between knowledge of research ethics principles and positive attitudes toward research ethics principles. Noteworthy, we found that more than one third of participants have reported witnessing scientific misconduct and misbehaviors at some period of their careers. Conclusions The presence of low mean awareness levels regarding research ethical principles among the study population of physicians and high levels of perception of scientific misconduct raises concern on the importance of implementing proper training for physicians on research ethics. (shrink)

The continuum between involuntary autobiographical memories and déjà vu, as proposed by Barzykowski and Moulin, can be better defined by considering research on autobiographical retrieval in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Although autobiographical retrieval in patients with Alzheimer's disease can generally be associated with a sense of familiarity, involuntary retrieval can trigger an autonoetic experience of retrieval in these patients.

Mu‘allâkâtların, tefsir, nahiv, sarf ve dil ilimlerindeki önemli rolünün yanı sıra Arap dili ve edebiyatı âleminde de yüksek ve önemli bir konumu bulunmaktadır. Cahiliye devri müfredatlarının pek çoğunu kapsamasından ötürü dil ve edebiyat erbabı ona önem atfetmiştir. Onlardan biri de, ‘Şerhü’l-Kasâ’idi’l-السبع’ adıyla el-Muâ‘llekât’a yaptığı şerhiyle Ebu Bekir Muhammed bin el-Kasım bin Beşar bin el-Anbari. Bu eserinde pek çok nahiv, zamirin aidiyeti, harflerin manası, zarf ile car ve mecrûrun bağlı olduğu yerin belirlenmesi, müfredatlarıni‘râbı, illetler arasındaki üstünlükler, kıyasa ve luğatta asıl olana, (...) kelimenin irabını belirlemede bazı seslerin etki nedenlerine, sarf, lügat, belağat, eleştiri vb. konulara değinmektedir. Bu itibarla bu araştırma, betimsel analitik yöntemini kullanarak et-Anbari’ninMu‘allâkât şerhindeki nahiv yöntemini, Arap nahiv ilminde iki önemli konu olan kıyas ve ta‘lîl ile ilgili duruşunu açıklayarak değerlendirmeyi hedeflemektedir. (shrink)

Mu‘allâkâtların, tefsir, nahiv, sarf ve dil ilimlerindeki önemli rolünün yanı sıra Arap dili ve edebiyatı âleminde de yüksek ve önemli bir konumu bulunmaktadır. Cahiliye devri müfredatlarının pek çoğunu kapsamasından ötürü dil ve edebiyat erbabı ona önem atfetmiştir. Onlardan biri de, ‘Şerhü’l-Kasâ’idi’l-السبع’ adıyla el-Muâ‘llekât’a yaptığı şerhiyle Ebu Bekir Muhammed bin el-Kasım bin Beşar bin el-Anbari. Bu eserinde pek çok nahiv, zamirin aidiyeti, harflerin manası, zarf ile car ve mecrûrun bağlı olduğu yerin belirlenmesi, müfredatlarıni‘râbı, illetler arasındaki üstünlükler, kıyasa ve luğatta asıl olana, (...) kelimenin irabını belirlemede bazı seslerin etki nedenlerine, sarf, lügat, belağat, eleştiri vb. konulara değinmektedir. Bu itibarla bu araştırma, betimsel analitik yöntemini kullanarak et-Anbari’ninMu‘allâkât şerhindeki nahiv yöntemini, Arap nahiv ilminde iki önemli konu olan kıyas ve ta‘lîl ile ilgili duruşunu açıklayarak değerlendirmeyi hedeflemektedir. (shrink)

Pilgrimage, Politics, and Pestilence: The Haj from the Indian Subcontinent 1860–1920. By Saurabh Mishra. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011. Pp. ix +177. $55.

En este artículo discuto las conexiones entre el poeta, los personajes y los lectores. Mi enfoque se funda en lo siguiente: ¿Cómo se imaginan los lectores al autor, cómo imagina el autor a los personajes y de qué modo los lectores son inspirados por los personajes? He seleccionado ejemplos de la tradición homérica y, más específicamente, de algunas estrategias de interpretación en la exégesis antigua, particularmente lo que se ha dado en denominar “soluciones desde el personaje”, para proponer vinculaciones con (...) la interpretación literaria y la crítica textual moderna. In this article I discuss the connections between poet, characters and readers. My focus is based on the following question: How is the author imagined by readers, how are the characters imagined by the author and how the characters inspire readers? I have taken my examples from the Homeric tradition and, more specifically, from some manoeuvres of interpretation in ancient exegesis, particularly the so-called ‘solutions from character’, suggesting a connection with modern textual criticism and literary interpretation. (shrink)

Este trabajo explora el tema de la vivencia conciente del aprendizaje. Específicamente, el momento en que una persona se da cuenta que algo nuevo se está articulando a su experiencia anterior. Desde la psicología del aprendizaje, este fenómeno estás comprendido en el concepto de metacognición. El trabajo aborda la comprensión de este concepto, y elabora los factores favorecedores del aprendizaje. Finalmente aborda los grupos de acción comunitaria como proyectos socioeducativos, abordando la construcción de utopías cotidianas, la resignificación de la historia (...) personal y la construcción de sentidos en el grupo. (shrink)

El artículo intenta indagar la naturaleza y la peculiaridad de las obras de Alejandro de Afrodisia. Botter argumenta que, como expresión de una cultura nueva, la cultura del “comentario”, las obras de Alejandro de Afrodisia representan una forma de cultura original y diferente respecto de la idea tradicional del desarrollo de las doctrinas de los grandes Maestros del pasado. La práctica de Alejandro apunta a aclarar Aristóteles a través de Aristóteles, modelando, en la medida de lo posible, el comentario a (...) los textos originales por medio de un fatigoso trabajo filológico de confrontación de cada frase singular con todo el resto del corpus de los tratados y con las principales interpretaciones de los predecesores. Según Botter, en el corpus de los comentarios Alejandro trata de aclarar las posiciones de Aristóteles con el objetivo de facilitar la comprensión del texto mismo. El comentario no consiste, por tanto, en una simple repetición, sino en una investigación incesante del significado originario del texto detrás de las interpretaciones históricas y de las intromisiones de otros intérpretes. (shrink)

Se reconstruyen las diferencias alrededor del tratamiento de la corporalidad en dos corrientes contemporáneas del pensamiento latinoamericano: la filosofía de la liberación y la perspectiva descolonial. Ambas se inscriben en un campo filosófico comprendido como conocimiento situado, lo que significa que dichas perspectivas, al visibilizar su propio lugar de enunciación, realizan una sistematización críticaracional, fundada en la experiencia concreta, histórica y sensible de la herida colonial. En el marco que configura este punto de partida reflexivo, el lugar asignado a la (...) corporalidad constituirá el nodo de articulación fundamental para establecer tanto los desarrollos críticos como los prospectivos de ambas teorías. (shrink)

RESUMEN Se reconstruyen las diferencias alrededor del tratamiento de la corporalidad en dos corrientes contemporáneas del pensamiento latinoamericano: la filosofía de la liberación y la perspectiva descolonial. Ambas se inscriben en un campo filosófico comprendido como conocimiento situado, lo que significa que dichas perspectivas, al visibilizar su propio lugar de enunciación, realizan una sistematización crítica-racional, fundada en la experiencia concreta, histórica y sensible de la herida colonial. En el marco que configura este punto de partida reflexivo, el lugar asignado a (...) la corporalidad constituirá el nodo de articulación fundamental para establecer tanto los desarrollos críticos como los prospectivos de ambas teorías. ABSTRACT The article reconstructs the differences in the way two contemporary currents of Latin American thought, namely the philosophy of liberation and the decolonial perspective, address the issue of corporality. Both of these perspectives are framed within the philosophical field of situated knowledge, which means that in making visible their locus of enunciation, they carry out a critical-rational systematization based on the concrete, historical, and sensitive experience of the colonial wound. Within the framework entailed by this starting point for reflection, the place assigned to corporality functions as the central point to establish the critical and future developments of both theories. (shrink)

El artículo busca presentar las reflexiones acerca de la conciencia interna del tiempo de Edmund Husserl, compiladas en las Lecciones de fenomenología de la conciencia del tiempo de 1928, a la luz del retrato que hace Borges del personaje del cuento Funes el memorioso. Intenta mostrar cómo es que en ambos casos están presentes los mismos cuestionamientos acerca de nuestra experiencia del tiempo y de la persistencia de nuestra identidad en la memoria, y cómo ambas concepciones implican una crítica al (...) atomismo moderno y al empirismo radical. Primero se analizan, por un lado, las descripciones fenomenológicas de Husserl acerca de nuestra percepción de los objetos y, principalmente,del concepto de retención, y por el otro, la conciencia entendida como flujo. Luego, a partir de la caracterización que hace Borges de Funes, el personaje del cuento, y del retrato de su memoria y de la manera como experimenta el mundo a través de la percepción de instantes infinitos, se pretende ilustrar la validez de las concepciones husserlianas arriba mencionadas, dando cuenta de que Funes constituye la representación o puesta en escena de un imposible. (shrink)

Si hay una acción, dentro de un contexto bélico, que muestre la magnitud del odio hacia el Otro enemigo es, sin duda, el tratamiento que se da a los cadáveres. En las escenas bélicas de la Ilíada se observa un deseo poderoso de mutilar el cuerpo del enemigo, ya sea con las propias manos o dejándoselo a los perros o aves de rapiña. En la actualidad, hemos sido testigos en más de una ocasión de cómo las redes sociales han sido (...) el escenario escogido por soldados para mostrar a través de la publicación de vídeos o fotos el tratamiento que se le da al cuerpo del enemigo, ya sea torturándolo o con actos vejatorios. ¿Cómo es posible que el tratamiento hacia el cuerpo del enemigo haya cambiado tan poco en más de 3000 años? La mutilación del cadáver del enemigo puede leerse en términos de la total deshumanización del Otro. Cuando Aquiles arrastra el cuerpo de Héctor deja su cara en el suelo con el fin de desfigurarla, ya que la cara es la parte del cuerpo que nos individualiza. Así, la vida del Otro en la guerra se vuelve una vida digna de ser destruida. Estas vidas son consideradas inferiores y, por eso, no merecedoras de los mismos derechos o privilegios que acompañas al Nosotros. Siguiendo este razonamiento, el Yo se autoproclama como legitimador de llevar a cabo tales actos de violencia, como analizaremos aquí. (shrink)

Se trata de preguntarse por la diferencia que genera para la filosofía el poner el cuerpo en el lugar del alma. Se responderá a partir de la reformulación que hace Nietzsche del cuerpo en su filosofía resultado de una biologización del sujeto kantiano frente al cartesianismo.

Este artículo propone una doble reflexión sobre las diferencias cognitivas entre humanos y máquinas desde la ética. En primer lugar, se tratará de diferenciar entre pensamiento humano y procesamiento máquina mediante métodos etimológicos, semánticos y comparativos que revelarán por qué no es posible atribuir capacidades pensantes a las inteligencias artificiales. Por otra parte, estos términos se relacionarán con la praxis de la democracia representativa a través de varios ejemplos. Este análisis se basa en tres pilares: la necesidad del reconocimiento recíproco (...) mediante el lenguaje; el compromiso adquirido a través de la palabra; y la democracia como expresión de la justicia. (shrink)

Este texto presenta en un primer momento el movimiento propio de la fenomenología a-subjetiva de Patočka a partir de su crítica de la versión subjetivista del aparecer, para así posteriormente mostrar una dinámica fenomenológica que comprende la manifestación como la obra misma del mundo. En este sentido, el destino de la fenomenología se trasciende en la elaboración del a priori universal de la correlación que estipula la universalidad de una manifestación anónima. Es así que finalmente la fenomenología se modifica en (...) una cierta cosmología que nos obligará a repensar una nueva acepción del ser del sujeto y que postula un nuevo sentido de ser del mundo a partir de una concepción asubjetiva del aparecer.This text initially presents the specific movement of Patočka’s a-subjective phenomenology, itself based on his critique of the subjectivist version of the Appearing. Subsequently a phenomenological dynamic comes to light, which understands the manifestation as the very world’s work. In this way, the phenomenological’s fate is inflected by the formulation of the universal a priori of correlation that stipulates the universality of an anonymous manifestation. Finally, phenomenology is perceived as a certain cosmology which will commit us to rethink of a new meaning for the subject’s being and of the world’s being from an asubjective’s conception of the Appearing. (shrink)

Este artículo testa la generalizada aceptación experta que detecta en _Journal of Researches _de Darwin una influencia estilístico-ideológica proveniente de las obras de Humboldt. Para ello, dado que las descripciones de la naturaleza Humboldt y Darwin deberían contener implícita la concepción de la naturaleza de cada autor, se han analizado comparativamente pasajes dedicados al análisis descriptivo del influjo del paso del tiempo sobre el paisaje geológico en _Journal _y en _Ansichten der Natur _de Humboldt. Se demuestra así que la descripción (...) de la percepción humboldtiana del tiempo deja entrever una concepción de la naturaleza romántico-naturalista que asume el tiempo y su influjo en la naturaleza como objeto estético. Por contra, a la descripción de la percepción darwiniana del tiempo subyace una concepción científico-naturalista que utiliza el concepto del tiempo como herramienta especulativa para el análisis científico del paisaje geológico. (shrink)

Aristóteles ha sido considerado como el más grande biólogo de la antigüedad clásica, el primer zoólogo y el fundador de la anatomía comparada. En el presente ensayo examinaremos en qué medida el modelo normativo estipulado en los tratados lógicos se conforma a la recogida de datos empíricos presente en los tratados biológicos. En la segunda parte de la investigación examinaremos cómo los tratados lógicos habrían condicionado la explicación del funcionamiento del cerebro, llevando a Aristóteles a cometer un “error escandaloso”.