Sleep is mandatory in most animals that have the nervous system and is universally observed in model organisms ranging from the nematodes, zebrafish, to mammals. However, it is unclear whether different sleep states fulfill common functions and are driven by shared mechanisms in these different animal species. Mammals and birds exhibit two obviously distinct states of sleep, i.e., non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, but it is unknown why sleep should be so segregated. Studying sleep in other (...) animal models might give us clues that help solve this puzzle. Recent studies suggest that REM sleep, or ancestral forms of REM sleep might be found in non-mammalian or -avian species such as reptiles. These observations suggest that REM sleep and NREM sleep evolved earlier than previously thought. In this review, we discuss the evolutionary origin of the distinct REM/NREM sleep states to gain insight into the mechanistic and functional reason for these two different types of sleep. (shrink)

Introduction Social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms are maintained by cognitive biases, which are overestimations of the severity and likelihood of negative social events (cost/probability biases), and by sensitivity to rewards and punishments that are determined according to behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation systems (BIS/BAS). Cost/probability biases might activate the behavioral immune system and exacerbate the avoidance of social events. Earlier studies have proposed that low BIS or high BAS decrease SAD symptoms; BIS/BAS may even change the effects of cognitive biases on SAD (...) symptoms. Hence, the current study investigates the interaction effects of BIS/BAS and cost/probability biases on SAD symptoms. Method Seventy-six Japanese undergraduate students completed the Japanese version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), which comprises Fear and Avoidance subscales, the BIS/BAS Scale, and the Social Cost Probability Scale. Results A multiple regression analysis was performed to examine whether cost/probability biases, BIS/BAS, and their interactions affected SAD symptoms; following this, the main effects of cost bias and BIS were determined for LSAS-Fear (β =.64, p <.001; β =.33, p <.01) and LSAS-Avoidance (β =.49, p <.001; β =.35, p <.01). The interaction effect between cost bias and BAS was significant for LSAS-Avoidance (β = −.32, p <.05). Simple slope analysis showed that the slope of cost bias was significant for low-BAS individuals (β =.77, p <.001) but not for high-BAS individuals (β = −.21, n.s.). The interaction effect between probability bias and BAS was significant for LSAS-Avoidance (β =.40, p <.01) as well. Further, simple slope analysis revealed that the slope of probability bias was significant for low-BAS individuals (β = −.53, p <.05) but not for high-BAS individuals (β =.17, n.s.). Discussion The study found interesting results with respect to the avoidance of social events. Low-BAS individuals with high cost or low probability biases regarding social events may have a tendency to avoid social events. In contrast, if high-BAS individuals overestimate the cost of social events or underestimate the probability of social events, their anticipation of rewards might prevent them from avoiding social events. (shrink)

We develop an extension of the familiar linear mixed logit model to allow for the direct estimation of parametric non-linear functions defined over structural parameters. Classic applications include the estimation of coefficients of utility functions to characterize risk attitudes and discounting functions to characterize impatience. There are several unexpected benefits of this extension, apart from the ability to directly estimate structural parameters of theoretical interest.

We propose a method for estimating subjective beliefs, viewed as a subjective probability distribution. The key insight is to characterize beliefs as a parameter to be estimated from observed choices in a well-defined experimental task and to estimate that parameter as a random coefficient. The experimental task consists of a series of standard lottery choices in which the subject is assumed to use conventional risk attitudes to select one lottery or the other and then a series of betting choices in (...) which the subject is presented with a range of bookies offering odds on the outcome of some event that the subject has a belief over. Knowledge of the risk attitudes of subjects conditions the inferences about subjective beliefs. Maximum simulated likelihood methods are used to estimate a structural model in which subjects employ subjective beliefs to make bets. We present evidence that some subjective probabilities are indeed best characterized as probability distributions with non-zero variance. (shrink)

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto definir el significado de la risa en el proyecto filosófico de Epicuro. Así, tras una breve contextualización, se presenta, primero, el antecedente de los dioses risueños, olímpicos. Ya desde una perspectiva epicúrea se establece la relación entre amistad, felicidad y risa para los dioses; después, ya propiamente en lo humano, se apunta el vínculo entre la libertad (de palabra) y el reír amical; por último y con el antecedente de Demócrito, se estudia (...) el valor de risa como lenguaje no verbal disruptor de expectativas discursivas ajenas. Finalmente, se argumenta el valor global como elemento psicoterapéutico del Jardín. (shrink)

Sobre la risa puede hablarse de muchas maneras; cabe, por ejemplo, una aproximación fisiológica, otra psicológica o una tercera sociológica, que los antiguos no desatendieron por completo, si bien Cicerón prefirió investigar sus posibilidades retóricas. A nadie se le oculta la relevancia de chanzas y chistes para disponer a la audiencia de manera favorable o para ridiculizar al adversario; tampoco que esta estrategia, a despecho de su efectividad y por la misma, puede sobrepasar los límites de lo aceptable o (...) de lo provechoso. Cuestión tanto más grave cuanto que el orador puede y debe reírse de asuntos que, considerados en sí mismos, carecen de gracia. La retórica ciceroniana de la risa plantea y desemboca en una ética y una táctica del humor atenta al estudio y posible codificación de los principios rectores de tan poderoso recurso, que debe utilizarse de manera conveniente, adecuada y decorosa, lo cual presupone que no siempre es así y, por lo que interesa en estas páginas, que hay risas indebidas, próximas al vituperio, que pueden acarrear dificultades a quien las provoca, pues siempre es peligroso reírse de los poderosos. Cicerón, sin duda, era un individuo que insultaba mucho, con ingenio, gracia y en ocasiones con extraordinaria agresividad. (shrink)

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar el sentido de la risa del filósofo Zaratustra en la obra de Friedrich Nietzsche. Su risa expresa una actitud filosófica y posee tres características: es signo de la sabiduría trágica, síntoma de una forma de vida saludable y una herramienta para la crítica de los ideales que dañan la vida. Concluimos el artículo considerando que la risa y la comedia es el necesario punto de llegada de la concepción dionisíaca del (...) mundo. (shrink)

El estudio muestra la relación entre la tradición medieval presente en la segunda escolástica y las consecuencias en el Barroco del humanismo renancentista, a partir de la referencia que hace Suárez a la risa en el Comentario al De anima. Aparece un desarrollo de la temática clásica y medieval sobre la risa, donde se tiene en cuenta la esfera intelectual del Humanismo científico y se señalan algunas temáticas que se tendrán presente en el Barroco moderno.

El objeto de este texto es pensar el supuesto binarismo de los usos ‘serios’ y ‘no serios’ del lenguaje en J. L. Austin. El punto de partida es el examen de su polémica posición contra las dicotomías, prestando especial atención al lugar central que ocupa el humor verbal en sus escritos. Partiendo de aquí, expondré cómo el humor toma cuerpo en su proyecto teórico/práctico en su uso para deshacer y desestabilizar las oposiciones dicotómicas, como en su versión ejemplarizante, reforzando así (...) su tesis de que todo decir es hacer. En resumen, mi propuesta supone tomar en serio el sentido del humor en/de Austin. Desde esta óptica, aquel binarismo eclosiona y emerge una nueva lectura que contribuye a aclarar la compleja interpretación de la obra austiniana. (shrink)

La risa caníbal -- Chaplin vs. Hitler : un estudio sobre la parodia -- En el interior de <> -- Sobre el chiste como una de las bellas artes -- La vida privada de los cómicos -- De muñecos y hombres -- El pensamiento cínico o el arte de la performance -- George Bush, o el payaso involuntario -- Prohibir la risa : el 11 de septiembre y la comunidad herida -- El político humorista, el humorista encarcelado: (...) psoverdad, política y humor -- Hombres que se ríen de los dioses -- <> feminista: el caballo en la ciudad sitiada -- Agradecimientos. (shrink)

By following Islamic ethics in war against enemies and necessity to defend the own life, property and respect.

Yüzyıllardan beri Türk ve İslâm dünyasının fikir ve edebiyat çevrelerinde işlene gelmiş önemli konulardan biri de tasavvuf konusudur. Bu konuda verilen eserlerden biri de Erzincan, Kemaliye (Eğin) doğumlu mutasavvıf, şair Mustafa Fevzi Efendi (1871-1924) tarafından manzum biçimde yazılan Risâle-i Miratüş-Şühûd fî-Meseleti Vahdetil-Vücûd adlı eserdir. Bu eserde, şeriat, tarikat, hakikat ve marifetin ne olduğu ele alınmıştır. Gerçek ve Hak dostları ile yalancı ve sahtekâr taklitçilerin özellikleri anlatılmaktadır.

God (Islam). ; Pantheism. ; Islamic philosophy.

Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʼ ; Islamic philosophy ; Islam -- Doctrines.

The object of this text is to think about the alleged binarism between the ‘serious’ and ‘non-serious’ uses of language in J. L. Austin. The starting point is an examination of his controversial position against dichotomies, paying particular attention to the central role that verbal humor plays in his writings. Based on this, it will be expounded how humor takes shape in Austin's theoretical / practical project in the way it is used to undo and destabilize dichotomous oppositions, as well (...) as in its exemplary version, thus reinforcing his thesis that all saying is doing. In short, my proposal involves taking Austin's sense of humor seriously. From this perspective, that binarism hatches and a new reading emerges that contributes to clarify the complex interpretation of the Austinian work. (shrink)

Islamic philosophy; Shiites prospect; early works to 1800.

Islamic philosophy and creation (Islam) from early works to 1800.

al-Masāʼil al-qudsīyah -- Mutashābihāt al-Qurʼān -- Ajwibat al-masāʼil.

al-Masāʼil al-qudsīyah -- Mutashābihāt al-Qurʼān -- Ajwibat al-masāʼil.