Issu de sa thèse, le livre de Claudine Robert-Guiard se fonde sur l’absence de recherche historique d’ampleur prenant l’histoire des femmes européennes en Algérie pour objet. La conquête et la colonisation, qu’assurèrent respectivement soldats et migrants venus d’Europe, ont été spontanément pensées comme des affaires d’hommes – des affaires viriles. Les sources, en outre, ne s’offrent pas d’évidence, non seulement en raison de la nature même des archives publiques mais aussi, selon l’auteur,...

Un ouvrage sur le temps et un ouvrage collectif, deux raisons qui dissuaderaient peut-être de se plonger dans la lecture de Temps de travail, travail du temps qu’éditent Sylvie Monchatre et Bernard Woehl aux Éditions de la Sorbonne. On aurait tort, car on se priverait alors d’une réflexion lentement mûrie au fil d’un séminaire de deux ans qui a réuni des spécialistes confirmés des difficiles questions que posent les rapports du travail aux temps. Spécialistes rarement réunis et qu’une journée..

L’auteur propose une approche originale de l’ordre public culturel, construit autour de trois piliers : la liberté de création, incluant le droit à la rémunération et à la diffusion de l’œuvre, la protection du vivre-ensemble, et notamment des plus faibles, le droit pour les générations présentes et futures d’accéder aux biens culturels composant le patrimoine artistique d’une nation.

In three experiments, picture quality between test items was manipulated to examine whether subjects’ expectations about the fluency normally associated with these different stimuli might influence the effects of fluency on preference or familiarity-based recognition responses. The results showed that fluency due to pre-exposure influenced responses less when objects were presented with high picture quality, suggesting that attributions of fluency to preference and familiarity are adjusted according to expectations about the different test pictures. However, this expectations influence depended on subjects’ (...) awareness of these different quality levels. Indeed, imperceptible differences seemed not to induce expectations about the test item fluency. In this context, fluency due to both picture quality and pre-exposure influenced direct responses. Conversely, obvious, and noticed, differences in test picture quality did no affect responses, suggesting that expectations moderated attributions of fluency only when fluency normally associated with these different stimuli was perceptible but difficult to assess. (shrink)

Lady Lovelace’s notes on Babbage’s Analytical Engine never refer to the concept of surprise. Having some pretension to ‘originate’ something—unlike the Analytical Engine—is neither necessary nor sufficient to being able to surprise someone. Turing nevertheless translates Lovelace’s ‘this machine is incapable of originating something’ in terms of a hypothetical ‘computers cannot take us by surprise’ objection to the idea that machines may be deemed capable of thinking. To understand the contemporary significance of what is missed in Turing’s ‘surprise’ translation of (...) Lovelace’s insight, one needs to distinguish between trivial surprises and those events, propositions or encounters that lead us to question our understanding of ourselves or what surrounds us. Only some of these non-trivial surprises are the product of originality endeavours. Not only is it uncommon for surprises to track such endeavours, the type of autonomy that would be required on the part of ‘digital computers’ for originality and surprise to intersect in that way goes far beyond the operational autonomy that can be achieved by ‘learning machines’. This paper argues that a salient translation of Lovelace’s originality insight—for contemporary and future ‘learning machines’—is an upside-down version of Turing’s surprise question: can computers be surprised by us in a non-trivial, ‘co-produced’ way? (shrink)

_ Source: _Volume 38, Issue 1, pp 106 - 128 This paper is interested in the critical potential of the idea of original common possession of the Earth. On the basis of a comparative analysis of Hugo Grotius and Immanuel Kant, it shows how different the meaning of this idea can be within a theory of property or territory. The first part is devoted to Grotius’s account of why and how the institution of property was progressively introduced. It highlights the (...) importance this account attaches to the intention of the first distributors for a good understanding of property laws, and in particular, for an understanding of their non-application in situations of extreme necessity. The second part takes the opposite path and shows that although Kant rejects the very existence of a right of necessity, the idea that one might be liberated from a law is not completely absent from, and even plays a crucial role in, his account of property. Clarification of this role ultimately leads us back to the idea of original possession in common of the Earth. (shrink)

This special theme issue of Big Data & Society presents leading-edge, interdisciplinary research that focuses on examining how health-related information is circulating on social media. In particular, we are focusing on how computational and Big Data approaches can help to provide a better understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 infodemic and to develop effective strategies to combat it.

Considering the sensory dimension of clinical decision-making is a challenge for the training of health professionals. Therefore, how can we help them stimulate a form of sensory acuity? We conducted a study in partnership with the Simulation Laboratory of a Canadian hospital to understand the sensory work accomplished by nurses during a clinical decision-making. To do this, we analyzed the interactions occurring during focus groups to reveal the sensory work performed by nurses during the clinical evaluation of patients (personas).

L’analyse de l’exclamation d’un point de vue diachronique fait l’objet de notre étude dans cet article. Le point de départ de l’analyse est la définition de l’Oxford English Dictionary et on se propose de citer les principales formes exclamatives depuis le vieil anglais et de comprendre comment elles sont analysées à cette époque. On poursuit l’étude historique par une analyse diachronique des fonctions exclamatives des mots en wh-, en particulier what et how puis on s’intéresse aux marqueurs d’intensité so et (...) that pour finir par l’emploi de l’impératif. (shrink)

La thématique des questions d’un point de vue diachronique est l’objet de cet article. Dans un premier temps, est proposé un tour d’horizon des questions ouvertes et fermées depuis le vieil anglais avant de nous intéresser à l’apparition et à l’évolution des pronoms relatifs en wh-. L’auxiliaire do est brièvement discuté. Sont ensuite analysés les syntagmes nominaux thématisés et les prédications existentielles, puis les questions tags ainsi que la grammaticalisation des questions fermées.

The objective of the present study was to show that the use of adversative and conclusive connectives to mark off the prototypical schema of argumentative text begins to set in at approximately the age of 10 or 11. Based on Adam's (1992) proposals, we constituted an argumentative text with two blocks of arguments separated by an adversative instruction (the connective but or an equivalent) and followed by a conclusion introduced by a conclusive instruction (the connective thus or an equivalent). Four (...) revising tasks (insertion or substitution with or without five connectives) have been used to asses children's knowledge of the argumentative schema and the use of connectives that punctuate them. The study of good and erroneous locations (concerning the placement of but and thus) showed that there was some regularity in the choices made by the children. The main result of this study shows that argumentative connectives are used differently by children aged 9 and children aged 10 or 11. The argumentative schema is used more consciously by 11-year-olds to guide revising tasks than by 10-year-olds. (shrink)

The doctors -- The patients -- "Misunderstandings".

Dans son inventaire des « lieux théologiques », Melchior Cano ne faisait aucune place à l’expérience spirituelle, les « spirituels » ne paraissant même pas comme théologiens… La frontière qui, relayant une distinction paisible, s’était élevée entre théologie et spiritualité, sur la base d’une évolution de la théologie vers une scientificité et sous l’effet des interrogations du nominalisme, semble être devenue poreuse, sinon avoir disparu. De fait, la théologie contemporaine pense l’expérience croyante. La question pourrait se formuler ainsi : où (...) et comment peut se faire la prise en charge théologique de la vie spirituelle, du capital chrétien d’expérience spirituelle ? Est-ce par une discipline propre, la théologie spirituelle ? Qu’est-ce qui la caractériserait ? Pour réfléchir ainsi au devenir de la théologie spirituelle, on commencera par observer, avec quelques exemples d’élaborations théologiques significatives, comment la théologie contemporaine prend en compte la dimension expérientielle de la foi chrétienne. Mais prendre en compte cette part constitutive d’expérience, est-ce pour autant prendre en charge l’expérience spirituelle ? Si oui, une théologie spirituelle n’aurait plus de raison d’être ; si non, quelle est la vocation d’une telle théologie ?In his inventory of “theological loci”, Melchior Cano did not at all include spiritual experience and “spirituals” do not even appear in his listing as theologians… Following after a period of peaceful distinction, the border that has arisen between theology and spirituality - on the basis of an evolution of theology towards scientificity and under the influence of the questions raised by nominalism – seems now to have become porous, if not to have altogether vanished. In fact, contemporary theology reflects on believing experience. We could put the question this way: where and how can theology take charge of spiritual life, valorizing the Christian capital of spiritual experience ? Is it through a specific discipline, spiritual theology? What would characterize it ? In order to think through the way spiritual theology is developing, we shall begin by observing, thanks to a few examples of significant theological texts, how contemporary theology takes into account the experiential dimension of Christian faith. However, is taking into account this constitutive part of experience the same as taking charge of spiritual experience ? If so, a spiritual theology would no longer have a raison d’être; if not, what then is the task of such a theology ? (shrink)

Un siècle d’historiennes, c’est sous ce titre qu’André Burguière et Bernard Vincent ont convié vingt auteurs à dresser le portrait de vingt historiennes, dix françaises et dix étrangères. À bien des égards, l’entreprise échappe à toute tentative de classification dans un genre historiographique précis. Il ne s’agit pas, dans l’esprit des maîtres d’œuvre, d’établir un palmarès des personnalités vivantes ou disparues ayant marqué le xxe siècle. L’ouvrage n’est pas non plus une socio-histoire qu...

Elle est assise le dos à un secrétaire de dame où l’on devine quelques lettres éparses et des boîtes de courrier. Elle a pris une pose sérieuse et sa main pointe négligemment vers deux livres abandonnés sur la tablette du meuble tandis que, sur son genou, s’ouvre un autre livre. Un air de gentillesse illumine son visage un peu penché, contredisant la raideur artificielle de la posture. L’enfant en costume bleu qui se pend à son bras est comme enveloppé dans (...) sa tendresse en même temps que dan... (shrink)

En 1761, Marguerite Goubler est reconnue comme femme alors qu’elle sert depuis plus d’un an dans un régiment de cavalerie. Son dossier, conservé aux Archives de la guerre, laisse deviner un destin hors du commun, celui d’une aventurière qui s’illustre sur les champs de bataille et fait la fierté de ses officiers. En même temps, la comparaison avec d’autres dossiers de femmes engagées dans les armées montre qu’il existe une sorte de paradigme de la femme-soldat aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles, qu’illustrent notamment (...) de nombreux romans, ce qui peut expliquer la relative indulgence voire l’admiration des autorités à leur égard. (shrink)

The objective of this study was to explore the participants’ processing strategies on the mere exposure effect, object decision priming and explicit recognition. In Experiments 1, we observed that recognition and the mere exposure effect for unfamiliar three-dimensional objects were not dissociated by plane rotations in the same way as recognition and object decision priming. However, we showed that, under identical conditions, prompting analytic processing at testing produced a large plane rotation effect on recognition and the mere exposure effect similar (...) to that observed for object decision priming. Furthermore, inducing a non-analytic processing strategy at testing produced a reduced plane rotation effect on recognition and object decision, similar to that observed for the mere exposure effect. These findings suggest that participants’ processing strategies influence performance on the three tasks. (shrink)

This Element argues that although Kant's political thought does not tackle issues of global poverty and inequality head on, it nonetheless offers important conceptual and normative resources to think of our global socioeconomic duties. It delves into the Kantian duty to enter a rightful condition beyond the state and shows that a proper understanding of this duty not only leads us to acknowledge a duty of right to assist states that are unable to fulfil the core functions of a state, (...) but also provides valuable hints at what just transnational trade relations and a just regulation of immigration should look like. (shrink)

The main purpose of this article is to bring into relief the difficulties faced by generous interpretations of the Kantian problem of poverty and to propose an alternative interpretation which (a) agrees with some generous interpretations that Kant's juridical treatment of poverty is to be understood by analogy with his juridical treatment of slavery, but which (b) departs from generous interpretations in general by arguing that this analogy is not to be understood in terms of “dependence” as such, but in (...) terms of “depersonification.” More specifically, it argues that what makes slavery and poverty unjust for Kant is not that they entail a human being finding herself (completely) dependent on the choice of another human being, but that they entail a human being being deprived of her juridical personality. The Kantian problem of poverty is ultimately a problem of juridical depersonification, and this problem of juridical depersonification does not arise in all (complete) dependence relations. (shrink)

What makes a family? Ask a philosopher, sociologist, biologist – all will have a different answer. Though we all may intuitively feel we understand who our family is, pinpointing why has never been...

Ingénieur et chercheur en sciences sociales, la carrière de Pierre Veltz est particulièrement riche. D’abord engagé sur des questions de planification urbaine qui resteront une des thématiques centrales de sa réflexion, il dirige la recherche à l’École des ponts dans la décennie 1980. Occasion pour lui de favoriser la création de plusieurs laboratoires dont le laboratoire pluridisciplinaire de sciences sociales dans les années 1...

Les procès pour viol sont rares dans les archives judiciaires de l’Ancien Régime européen. Ils ont néanmoins été étudiés suivant des approches quantitatives qui ont mis en évidence le profil des plaignantes et des inculpés (milieu social, âge, état matrimonial) ainsi que la typologie des scénarios de la violence sexuelle (lieu, temporalité, gestes). Cet état de la recherche s’intéresse plutôt aux approches qualitatives de ces sources et plus particulièrement aux méthodes développées pour lire et interpréter les récits judiciaires rapportés par (...) les professionnels de la justice. Un premier type de travaux s’est attaché à replacer le récit judiciaire dans le cours de la procédure criminelle afin de reconstituer ses conditions d’élaboration et d’en spécifier la nature exacte. Ce faisant, ils ont cherché à évaluer la manière dont les justices d’Ancien Régime, inquisitoires ou accusatoires, prenaient en compte le récit des victimes. Un second type de travaux a cherché à interpréter la parole des parties en présence en mettant en évidence les stratégies, les non-dits, les silences : il s’agit alors de s’intéresser aux représentations et aux imaginaires de la sexualité et du genre, telles qu’ils s’expriment à travers l’expérience de la violence. (shrink)

Interdiction des danses, condamnation des jeux, fermeture des maisons de prostitution, sévère contrôle de la sexualité juvénile, pratiques d’austérité vestimentaire et alimentaire voire mortifications corporelles destinées à faire « mourir les sens », autant d’indices que, sous le coup des réformes religieuses qui se déployèrent aux xvie et xviie siècles, les autorités religieuses et civiles redoublèrent d’effort pour tenir le plaisir en suspicion et le confiner plus que jamais au rang de péc...

En 1761, Marguerite Goubler est reconnue comme femme alors qu’elle sert depuis plus d’un an dans un régiment de cavalerie. Son dossier, conservé aux Archives de la guerre, laisse deviner un destin hors du commun, celui d’une aventurière qui s’illustre sur les champs de bataille et fait la fierté de ses officiers. En même temps, la comparaison avec d’autres dossiers de femmes engagées dans les armées montre qu’il existe une sorte de paradigme de la femme-soldat aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles, qu’illustrent notamment (...) de nombreux romans, ce qui peut expliquer la relative indulgence voire l’admiration des autorités à leur égard. (shrink)

This paper describes the construction method of a legal application ontology. This method is based on the merging of micro-ontologies built from European community directives. The terminae construction method from texts enhanced by an alignment process with a core legal ontology is used for building micro-ontologies. A merging process allows constructing the legal ontology.

Every day we do all sorts of intelligent things without necessarily deliberating about it. We simply do, or cope with what the environment throws at us. Some of those things are mundane. Others are...

The aim of this article is to revisit the work of the French philosopher Julia Kristeva and ask what place we might give her conceptual framework today. I will focus on one key aspect of Kristeva’s work, sexual difference, as that which ties most, if not all, aspects of Kristeva’s work. I am hoping to present a concise, yet wide-ranging view on Kristeva’s critical contribution to the fields of politics and ethics. My objective will be threefold. First, I will present (...) the main lines of Kristeva’s theory on sexual difference; this presentation will also outline her political critique of equality and diversity in the domains of gender and sexuality. Kristeva believes that contemporary politics invested in suppressing inequality through the promotion of diversity will in the long term not only prove unsuccessful, but also create more exclusion. Secondly, I will point out the main objections raised against her theories and show how her critics come to their conclusions. Objectors to Kristeva’s sexual difference theory are mostly concerned with the manner in which she associates marginality and unintelligibility. They see little value in her theory, because, on the one hand, it relegates marginal groups to a world beyond social viability, and, on the other, because it effectively disables advancements in equality politics. Finally, I hope to provide the reader with a useful counter-critique to Kristeva’s detractors that will show why their views are partly founded on a misreading of her ethical framework and a desire to translate her work into a more pragmatic and user-friendly tool. I will argue that Kristeva’s work is best apprehended as a variant of psychoanalytic ethics and that to engage with its rhetoric is to capture the full weight of Kristeva’s contribution to politics and intellectual engagement. (shrink)

This study seeks to gain knowledge about key conditions in the process of digitalization using a socio-technical systems design as a theoretical framework and a case-study approach. Semi-structured interviews with 15 relevant stakeholders are conducted to learn about barriers to and enablers of the development and implementation process in a manufacturing company. After conducting a thematic analysis, eight higher-ranked themes relevant to the digitalization process are identified. These are grouped to describe the overarching phenomena, resulting in four enablers and four (...) barriers. The study takes a holistic view of digitalization in its investigation of the development and subsequent implementation processes. The findings contribute to the literature via three key takeaways for stakeholders of a digitalization process in manufacturing. First, it is vital to understand and strengthen the role of the key enablers identified in this paper. Second, managers should observe and identify barriers in their own organizations, related both to technical and social aspects. Third, some of the enablers described in this paper can serve managers as helpful tools to approach the expected barriers to digitalization. This paper also challenges the research literature by arguing that research conducted on digitalization that sets new standards and premises for the working life in industry needs to use up-to-date socio-technical design concepts and theories. (shrink)

‘The regulation of gender in menopause theory’ offers a critical commentary on some key theories of menopause experience. It aims to show that the theorisation of menopause keeps to the same epistemic and ideological lines as hegemonic understandings of gender identity. Narratives of menopause has become one of the means by which one can learn to cite women’s gender correctly. In reverse, relating menopause experience against the grain of established narratives is becoming the means by which one may resist epistemic (...) bias and dominant ideology of gender. Moreover, I am proposing that while menopause experience is an important aspect of gender identity formation and its resistance, it is also becoming a new area for identity politics in general, and more particularly the site of dissident narratives. (shrink)

Créer une nouvelle revue est une aventure, stimulante certes, mais risquée aussi, et particulièrement gourmande en temps et en énergie. Il y faut donc de bonnes raisons. Au nombre de celles qui nous ont poussés à créer se trouve le constat que la linguistique de corpus, actuellement très en vogue, ne disposait d'aucun périodique qui lui fût spécifiquement consacré. Les ouvrages collectifs, les manuels de haut niveau, les numéros spéciaux fleurissent, mais de revue régulière, point. L'UMR « B...