Hilâv, Selâhattin; intellactual; Turkey; biography; criticism.

In addition to being a means of communication between people, writing is the only way of recording government affairs. Writing has an important place in the preservation of knowledge and its transmission to future generations. Writing is an activity that occurs through processing meaningful words on a certain surface with a pointed object. As understood from the archaeological data, the first examples of writing were created by engraving on a clay tablet with a pointed object. Throughout history, people have discovered (...) and developed different writing materials depending on geographical and economic conditions. Writing has developed and become widespread in the early Islamic history in a way that serves political, religious and social purposes. The tradition of keeping records, which began at a simple level in the early periods of Islamic history, reached an advanced level as a result of interaction with other civilizations during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods. On the other hand, new writing styles have emerged due to aesthetic concerns. The writing culture, which was shaped depending on the administrative life, was soon reflected in the class that was engaged in science and art. Depending on these developments, writing materials have diversified. In this article, the writing materials used by the clerks working in state institutions in the first two centuries of the Abbasids were tried to be illuminated in the light of historical data. (shrink)

İlimler, sanatlar ve mesleklerin mazisi tarihe konu olduğu gibi, tarih de farklı sahalara mensup kimseler tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. İslam toplumunda 3./9. yüzyıldan itibaren tıp ve tabipler tarihine dair eserler yazılmaya başlamıştır. Öte yandan, tabiplerin de çağının tanığı olarak tarih yazdıklarını görmekteyiz. İslam dünyasında tabiplerin tarih yazıcılığının ilk örneklerine Abbâsî Devleti’nde rastlamaktayız. Saray tabipleri halifelerin ve devlet ricalinin tedavisiyle vazifeli iken, aynı zamanda siyasi ve toplumsal hadiselere de bizzat yakından şahit olmuşlardır. Bu tabiplerden bazıları gördüklerini rivayet ederek tarih yazımına dolaylı yoldan (...) katkıda bulunmuş, bazıları ahbâr veya kronik türünden eser yazarak çağını kayıt altına almış, bazıları da hatırat kaleme alarak müşahedelerini gelecek nesillere aktarma yolunu seçmiştir. Bu araştırmada Abbâsî Devleti’nin ilk iki asrında sarayda tabip olarak hizmet etmenin yanı sıra tarih eseri yazan şahsiyetler tespit edilmeye çalışıldı. Bu tabiplerin dönemin tarih yazıcılığına ne tür katkı sağladıkları, kaleme aldıkları tarih eserlerindeki hususiyetler ve Abbâsî sarayında istihdam edilen tabiplerin gündelik yaşamlarının öne çıkan yönleri ele alındı. Özellikle Abbâsî sarayı tabiplerinden Huneyn b. İshak’ın tarihe kaynaklık eden hatıratı ve Sâbit b. Sinân’ın kroniği üzerinde duruldu. (shrink)

In addition to being a means of communication between people, writing is the only way of recording government affairs. Writing has an important place in the preservation of knowledge and its transmission to future generations. Writing is an activity that occurs through processing meaningful words on a certain surface with a pointed object. As understood from the archaeological data, the first examples of writing were created by engraving on a clay tablet with a pointed object. Throughout history, people have discovered (...) and developed different writing materials depending on geographical and economic conditions. Writing has developed and become widespread in the early Islamic history in a way that serves political, religious and social purposes. The tradition of keeping records, which began at a simple level in the early periods of Islamic history, reached an advanced level as a result of interaction with other civilizations during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods. On the other hand, new writing styles have emerged due to aesthetic concerns. The writing culture, which was shaped depending on the administrative life, was soon reflected in the class that was engaged in science and art. Depending on these developments, writing materials have diversified. In this article, the writing materials used by the clerks working in state institutions in the first two centuries of the Abbasids (132-334/750-945) were tried to be illuminated in the light of historical data. (shrink)

Snake or serpent is one the most widespread and oldest symbols which is known among different cultures folklore and mythology. As the role of symbolic notions is at the center of understanding any mythology, we would like to determine imagery meanings of the snake which could help researchers for knowing the myths more accurate and descriptive. Sometimes this motif represents the cycle of time and sometimes it does refer to Evil and even could be the symbol of divinity and eternity. (...) So this should be noted that how we can grasp any meaning from the narrations in which applied snake notion. These properties had roots in what they could be aware of snake nature and its biological attributes. As the same time, these properties are meaningful under the conditions that culture and, in some cases, religious thought prepared. The mixture of these end to some image that could be found in the mythology of their region.The very article discusses mythological aspects of snake notion in Indian and Wikings folklore, similarly to those which research on the Indo-Europian and Vikings cultural relationship and connections; except that our research is not focused on ontological and historical debates but only on the descriptive analyzing of mythological semantics. Meanwhile, it can be counted as some base which useful for whom like to dig up relations between two far distance cultures of Indians and Wikings. (shrink)

The objective of this study was to explore certain managerial work values in Turkey. A total of 1023 managers from six Turkey regions participated in the study and filled out the questionnaires. Findings were analyzed using regression and ANOVA analyses. A total of three managerial work value factors emerged, which was supported by the current value literature. It was found that there was a relationship between work values and organizational size. The lower the organizational size, the higher the proper values (...) are held. However, organizational tenure, the number of subordinates a manager is responsible, and the educational level of a manager had no significant effect on holding work values. The proper values outnumbered the improper values significantly. The three most held work values were integrity, doing work with care and discipline, and achievement. The three least held values were cliquishness, laziness, and hypocrisy. (shrink)