Frente al déficit de visión territorial a escala nacional, que devele el patrón de los conflictos ambientales vigentes en Chile, se propone la construcción de un índice sintético de vulnerabilidad social, con soporte en la unidad de análisis político-administrativa de administración local, junto a la localización de los conflictos ambientales denunciados por ONG’s. Ello posibilitará estudiar la relación espacial existente, de modo de determinar qué perfil de unidades territoriales soportan mayor carga de externalidades negativas generadas por proyectos de inversión privada. (...) Asimismo, el planteamiento adoptado posibilita cuantificar los niveles de justicia ambiental en el país. (shrink)

El presente estudio exploratorio centra su investigación en la variación morfológica de los verbos de la segunda conjugación de presente del indicativo en primera persona plural del español de Chile, cuyas realizaciones alternan entre la variante [-emos] e [-imos] en el _Corpus oral Sociolingüístico del Castellano de Chile_ (COSCACH) (Sadowsky, 2021). Nuestro objetivo general es describir la frecuencia relativa de ambas desinencias, en relación con las variables sexo, edad y nivel sociocultural. Mediante un análisis estadístico descriptivo de los datos, establecemos (...) que existe correlación entre la variable morfológica estudiada y las variables extralingüísticas sexo y nivel sociocultural de los hablantes; respecto de la variable etaria, esta no es determinante. También se aprecia un uso muy reducido de la variante [-imos], a favor de [-emos], pese a que la variación morfológica data desde hace más de dos siglos, por lo que podríamos decir que estamos frente a un cambio lingüístico que convendría estudiar en profundidad a partir de una muestra mayor. (shrink)

The aim of this research was to explore the elements that configure the quality of care among three Mexican same-sex planned families: two female-parented families (through donor insemination) and a male-parented one (through adoption). The first family consisted of two mothers and a 3-year-old daughter; the second one had two mothers and a 1.5-year-old set of boy twins and the third family consisted of two fathers and a 2-year-old girl. It was assumed that Ainsworth’s notions of quality of care organization (...) are useful in order to understand caregiver-child attachment relationships, regardless of the parents’ sexual orientation. A collective case study was selected due to the fact that these families shared their “unconventionality” (i.e. parents were not heterosexual) and the fact that they were planned, but each one constituted a particular case with a unique configuration. Four trained independent observers used the q-sort methodology (Maternal Behavior Q-Sort and Attachment Q-Sort) to describe parents’ and children’s behavior, respectively. The findings showed that parents were highly sensitive and all children used them as a secure base. To provide an in-depth examination of which elements configure the quality of care, a semi-structured interview with each parent was carried out. Through a thematic analysis, an over-arching theme named Affections and Emotions was identified, together with six subthemes: 1) Creating an affective environment; 2) Being available; 3) Acknowledging and expressing emotions; 4) Perceiving, interpreting and responding adequately to the child’s real self; 5) Taking the child’s perspective into account; and 6) Agreeing on roles and dividing the tasks. In order to showcase the particular configuration of gay parenting, the male-headed family narrative is reported in detail, because gay parents have been perceived as violating traditional gender roles as well as the hegemonic model of masculinity. The findings were consistent with the notion of quality of care as proposed by Ainsworth and her collaborators. The implications of the methodological device and research regarding same-sex planned families are discussed so as to understand the organization of the caregiving environment. (shrink)

The article presents some of the results of the research project Lúdica y juego en la educación infantil: construcción conceptual–Play and Games in Early Childhood Education: A Conceptual Construct–financed by the Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones of the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia. The aim was to identify and explore the conceptions of what the Campamento Filosófico (Philosophy Camp) represents for its participants within the framework of the project Filosofía e infancia (Philosophy and Childhood). This study takes a (...) qualitative approach, for which semi-structured interviews were used as an instrument for data collection. Also, Atlas.ti 8® software was used for data analysis. An open, axial and selective coding was carried out, in which the emerging categories of the analysis were “experience,” “encounter,” “learning,” “self-care” and “body”. As a result of this conceptualization, it was found that philosophy camps are scenarios that make possible a relationship between university learning environments and primary, elementary and middle school educational contexts. They also enable an experience of the dialogic encounter between different perspectives on the same philosophical topic. Through the Philosophy Camp, philosophy is brought to the school, and the encounter with childhood - as a state, attitude and possibility - fosters spaces for thought, friendship and interaction. (shrink)

There is growing worldwide concern that the rampant spread of digital fake news via new media technologies is detrimentally impacting Democratic elections. However, the actual influence of this recent Internet phenomenon on electoral decisions has not been directly examined. Accordingly, this study tested the effects of attention to DFN on readers’ Presidential candidate preferences via an experimental web-survey administered to a cross-sectional American sample. Results showed no main effect of exposure to DFN on participants’ candidate evaluations or vote choice. However, (...) the perceived believability of DFN about the Democratic candidate negatively mediated evaluations of that candidate—especially amongst far-right ideologues. These results suggest that DFN may at worst reinforce the partisan dispositions of mostly politically conservative Internet users, but does not cause or induce conversions in these dispositions. Overall, this study contributes novel experimental evidence, indicating that the potential electoral impact of DFN, although concerning, is strongly conditional on a reciprocal interaction between message receptibility and a pre-existing right-wing ideological orientation. The said impact is, therefore, likely narrow in scope. (shrink)

Disconcerting findings from nascent sociological research suggest that Western youth are developing subjectivities that reflect neoliberal discursive formations of self-interest, competitiveness, and materialism. However, propositions about: (1) the cognitive-affective mechanisms that explain how youth acquire and reproduce neoliberal ideology, or (2) the dispositions and behaviours that typify a neoliberal subject, remain vague. Therefore, this article provides a novel conceptualization of these two psychosocial facets that can help advance understandings and investigations of the emerging modes and societal consequences of neoliberal subjectification, (...) Specifically, it reviews major theoretical tenets from the respective literatures on neurocognitive development, social cognition, neoliberalism, and neoliberal hegemony. It then synthesizes these tenets within a modified habitus formulation to sketch a testable cognitive-sociological model to explain and explore some of the distinct dispositional values, attitudes, and practices that youth raised in societies with institutionally and culturally prevalent neoliberal norms and discourses potentially may develop and enact. (shrink)

In this paper I claim that the bias to pass from the acknowledgement of the explanatory virtues of a hypothesis to the belief that it is true or approximate to the truth is so strong that scientific realists can hardly elude that temptation. For that reason, some philosophers, like McMullin and Okasha, following Peirce and Hanson, participate of the conviction that the skill of founding scientific explanations bears the ability of founding true theories. But, this way, they pass the limits (...) that they themselves had fixed and their attempt to overcome objections like the one which was formulated by van Fraassen against the inference to the best explanation fails. (shrink)

Este texto recupera dos posiciones en torno al concepto de destino: la de Diego de Saavedra Fajardo y la de Plutarco. Ambos, a diferencia de algunos estoicos, sostienen que, independientemente de aquellas circunstancias que escapan a la voluntad humana, el hombre posee la capacidad para ser libre y tomar decisiones respecto de sus actos, sin que esto signifique dejar atrás el ideal del sabio. Para ellos, enfrentarse con el destino implica conocer las pasiones que se hallan inmersas en la naturaleza (...) humana, así que no las toman en un sentido negativo. Por esta razón, ambos filósofos insisten en reorientar las pasiones a través de la educación, la moral o la religión y, con ello, en dejar atrás la idea de que el hombre está determinado o bien por su propia naturaleza humana o por las circunstancias que se le presentan. De esta manera, brindan un reconocimiento esencial al ejercicio de la libertad humana. (shrink)

Resumen A través del estudio de los linchamientos, el artículo explora en la capacidad explicativa de algunas de las principales teorías sociológicas sobre integración, dominación e interdependencia para comprender la acción, sin que ello implique interpretaciones totales y recíprocamente excluyentes sobre esas acciones. Por el contrario, se trata de buscar distintas entradas parciales, fragmentos de lo que no son y/o de lo que parcialmente son los linchamientos. El texto observa que la disruptividad de estas acciones respecto de las teorías examinadas (...) podría explicarse en tanto en ellas conciencia y práctica fueron pensadas como oposiciones binarias, que en el mejor de los casos operarían en momentos sucesivos. En estas teorías sociológicas la acción podría explicarse por uno de estos planos o por el otro. Sin embargo, en el caso de los linchamientos es posible que estos dos estratos concurran a explicar la acción de manera conjunta.The article explores in the explanatory capacity of some of the main sociological theories on integration, domination and interdependence, to understand the action, specifically lynching, without implying total and reciprocally exclusive interpretations of these actions. On the contrary, it tries to look for different partial entries to its explanation, fragments of what lynching are not and/or what they partially are. The text notes that the disruption of these actions in relation with the theories examined could be explained considering that in them, consciousness and practice were developed as binary oppositions. This would at best operate in successive moments, but in these cases the action could be explained by either one of these levels. In the lynching case, it is possible that these two strata explain the action jointly. (shrink)

This paper focuses on an understudied aspect of Hobbes's natural philosophy: his approach to the domain of life. I concentrate on the role assigned by Hobbes to the heart, which occupies a central role in both his account of human physiology and of the origin of animal locomotion. With this, I have three goals in mind. First, I aim to offer a cross-section of Hobbes's effort to provide a mechanistic picture of human life. Second, I aim to contextualize Hobbes's views (...) in the seventeenth-century debates on human physiology and animal locomotion. In particular, I will compare Hobbes's views with the theories put forth by Harvey, Descartes, the Galenic, and Peripatetic traditions. Also, I will show that Hobbes was receptive to advances within contemporary English physiology and chemistry. Third, by means of a comparison with Descartes, I advance some hypothesis to explain why Hobbes indentified the heart, and not the brain (as was increasingly com... (shrink)

This study situates Henry Havelock Ellis’s sexological research within the nineteenth-century evolutionary debates, especially the discussion over sexual selection’s applicability to humanity. For example, Ellis’s monograph on sexual behavior, _Sexual Inversion_ (1897), treated inborn homosexuality as a natural variation of evolutionary mechanisms. This book was situated within a longer study of human sexuality in relation to evolutionary selection. His later works dealt even more directly with Charles Darwin’s concept of selection, such as _Sexual Selection in Man_ (1905). Through _Sexual Selection (...) in Man_, Ellis asserted that sexual attraction stemmed from a physical cause rather than an innate aesthetic sense. I argue that Ellis’s best-known historical publications, including his work on sexual inversion, were intended to intervene in the contemporary evolutionary debates. This analysis also identifies a specific point where evolutionary theory informed the foundation of sexology as a scientific discipline. (shrink)

En el presente artículo analizaremos cómo se produce un primer momento del giro subjetivo cartesiano a partir de la necesidad de dar una respuesta unitaria en el plano del conocimiento a una realidad ontológica irreductiblemente dualista, es decir, cómo se concibe un monismo gnoseológico a partir de un dualismo ontológico. A tal fin analizaremos cómo su mathesis universalis expresa el proyecto originario de las Regulae y establece las condiciones generales para su interpretación.nLuego, cómo esta mathesis, comprendida como exigencia epistémica, tiene (...) como correlato gnoseológico una psicología en la que la percepción y la facultad cognitiva conforman un mecanismo integral distinguible, ontológicamente, en cuerpo/mente. Finalmente analizaremos cómo este dualismo ontológico encubre un verdadero monismo gnoseológico en el que toda la realidad es reducida a una dimensión cognoscente en el que la corporalidad asume el papel de «corporalidad ideal». (shrink)

In this article, we explore the heuristic power of the theoretical distinction between framework and interaction theories applied to the case of General Relativity. According to the distinction, theories and theoretical elements can be classified into two different groups, each with clear ontological, epistemic and functional content. Being so, to identify the group to which a theory belongs would suffice to know a priori its prospects and limitations in these areas without going into a detailed technical analysis. We make the (...) exercise here with General Relativity, anticipate its ontological, epistemic and functional content and show afterwords that such expectations are justified in this case, being consistent with formal issues of General Relativity. With this, we attempt to make a case for the use of the distinction as a powerful tool for scientific and philosophical analysis. (shrink)

The theory of rights is crucial as a means of relieving the tension between basic rights and democracy, and as a means of resolving the problem of allocating competence between the constitutional court and the legislature. To some theorists, no tension between basic rights and democracy exists, for the latter presupposes the former. To others, among whom I include myself, tension does exist, for basic rights, in lending protection to certain persons and groups, limit the possibilities of political decision. In (...) this connection it is important to take up the problem of the necessary conditions for realizing basic rights. One of these conditions concerns the delimiting of the scope of institutional action that is found, so to speak, in the space between the constitutional justices and the legislature, the latter as representative of the popular will. (shrink)

This article investigates the doctrine of intellectual memory in Descartes. In his writings, Descartes recognized not only a bodily memory, explainable in purely physiological terms, but also an intellectual or spiritual memory. In this article, I investigate whether Descartes postulated an intellectual memory for theological reasons or for philosophical reasons. From the analysis of certain texts in which Descartes explains what intellectual memory is, the paper will show that Descartes appeals, for strictly philosophical reasons, to intellectual memory to explain some (...) processes of reminiscence that occur in the human being. In contrast to what some contemporary commentators on the Cartesian doctrine of memory have argued, Descartes’s motivations for postulating intellectual memory are not theological. (shrink)

La cientificidad es una exigencia del paradigma dominante en general en las ciencias sociales y en la antropología particularmente. La idea de paradigma (o por lo menos su popularización) se la debemos a T. S. Kühn (1962). Kühn señala que paradigma puede ser entendido de muchas maneras, pero qu..

Playing soccer in public parks, participating in parades, or marching in religious processions are public performances that express membership in a political community. When these practices are performed by noncitizens, they highlight how the public space—in its physical and symbolic character—is not a space exclusive to members of the political community. Rather, public space is a terrain subject to contestation. In this article, I explore the ways Mexican migrants in New York City use and appropriate public spaces and in doing (...) so expand the boundaries of the political community. I argue that by gaining access to public spaces, appropriating them, and then transforming them, noncitizens claim recognition as members of the political community and thus unsettle its boundaries. (shrink)

The use of real clocks and measuring rods in quantum mechanics implies a natural loss of unitarity in the description of the theory. We briefly review this point and then discuss the implications it has for the measurement problem in quantum mechanics. The intrinsic loss of coherence allows to circumvent some of the usual objections to the measurement process as due to environmental decoherence.

O presente texto tem por simples objectivo o comentário sistemático ao capítulo 2 do Livro V da Metafísica de Aristóteles, onde o autor apresenta uma sistematização sobre o chamado modelo das quatro causas. Teremos também no horizonte de análise o famoso capítulo 3 do Livro I do mesmo tratado, onde Aristóteles inicia a crítica à tradição precedente justamente à luz deste modelo de causalidade. O objectivo é apenas comentar e esclarecer o texto original, cujas hesitantes formulações podem levantar alguns obstáculos (...) de interpretação. (shrink)

En el trabajo evaluamos el impacto que la crítica de Leibniz a los números infinitos tiene en el desarrollo de su metafísica de los cuerpos. Luego de exponer el vínculo que el filósofo alemán traza entre el cuerpo, la extensión y las cantidades infinitas en su período juvenil (1663-1672), analizamos sus reflexiones del período parisino sobre las paradojas de los números infinitos (1672-1676) y argumentamos que la defensa de la inconsistencia de tales números constituye un punto de inflexión en su (...) comprension de los cuerpos y, asimismo, marca el inicio de su ofensiva contra la res extensa.In this paper we study the impact of Leibniz’s critique of infinite numbers in his metaphysics of bodies. After presenting the relation that the German philosopher establishes in his youth between the notions of body, extension and infinite quantities (1672-1673), we analyze his thoughts on the paradoxes of the infinite numbers (1672-1676) and we claim that his defense of the inconsistency of such numbers is an inflexion point in his conception of body and mark the beginning of his offensive against the res extensa. (shrink)

En este trabajo realizo un examen crítico del reciente libro de Silvana Gabriela Di Camillo sobre la crítica de Aristóteles a la teoría platónica de las Ideas. El libro de Di Camillo es un trabajo muy serio cuya lectura recomiendo ampliamente. Sin embargo, considero que cuatro de las principales tesis que la autora defiende tienen varias dificultades y mi objetivo aquí es presentar argumentos detallados en contra de ellas: la interpretación de la distinción entre argumentos más y menos rigurosos del (...) tratado Sobre las Ideas; la tesis de que la separación es el blanco esencial de las críticas aristotélicas a las Ideas; la interpretación de las opciones que Platón tiene para responder al argumento del tercer hombre, y la tesis de que la separación de las Ideas debe entenderse como homonimia. In this paper I examine Silvana Gabriela Di Camillo's recent book on Aristotle's criticisms of Plato's theory of Ideas. Di Camillo's book is a very serious work that I highly recommend. Nevertheless, I consider that four of the main theses that the author defends face several difficulties and my aim here is to offer detailed arguments against them: the interpretation of the distinction between more and less accurate arguments of the treatise On Ideas; the thesis that separation is the essential target of Aristotle's criticisms against Plato's Ideas; the interpretation of the options available to Plato to reply to the third man argument; and the thesis that the separation of Ideas should be understood as homonymy. (shrink)

Populist representation is the process by which a body or set of bodies become the signifier of a powerful act of political transgression of the social order. We call this specific type of representative linkage ‘synecdochal representation’. In it, the leader’s body performs three key functions: it mirrors certain popular traits that are characterized as ‘low’, it displays marks of exceptionality, and it appropriates symbols of institutional power. These tasks are performed through particular ways of acting, dressing, talking, eating, and (...) the like, in public. Social media has become a key locus for bodily self-presentation because it is used to create the appearance of intimacy and spontaneity through the distribution of ‘candid’ pictures and videos. This paper will analyze how the self-presentation of populist and non-populist leaders are established through Twitter, what images they choose to disseminate, and how they are re-signified by the audience. To do so, we will focus on the two Latin American politicians: Cristina Fernández (with a populist style) and Mauricio Macri (with a technocratic one). (shrink)

This article aims to provide a brief overview of mental causation problem and its current proposed solutions. Indeed, mental causation turns out as one of the most difficult philosophical conundrums in contemporary philosophy of mind. In the first two sections, we offer an outline of the problem and the philosophical debate about it, and show that mental causation problem is pivotal within the contemporary philosophy of mind. In the third section, we focus on the most popular models of mental causation, (...) namely Kim's and Davidson's accounts, also discussing the objections raised against them. In the final section, we take into consideration some recent proposals poised to solve the mental causation problem, including powerism. Given the logical and metaphysical plausibility of almost all these different options, our conclusion is that mental causation is still an open problem and it is far from being resolved. (shrink)

A partir de las interpretaciones de Peter Niesen y Reinhard Brandt, el presente estudio analiza el republicanismo kantiano en contraste con el republicanismo cívico, con el propósito de evaluar si el amoralismo metodológico de Kant resulta suficiente para motivar a un pueblo de demonios a establecer y conservar una constitución republicana. Las mejores razones parecen hablar a favor de Kant, no obstante, su propuesta requiere una mayor diferenciación de las motivaciones para aceptar tal constitución, así como de una mayor precisión (...) en cuanto a las condiciones para mantenerla. (shrink)

We argue that it is fundamentally impossible to recover information about quantum superpositions when a quantum system has interacted with a sufficiently large number of degrees of freedom of the environment. This is due to the fact that gravity imposes fundamental limitations on how accurate measurements can be. This leads to the notion of undecidability: there is no way to tell, due to fundamental limitations, if a quantum system evolved unitarily or suffered wavefunction collapse. This in turn provides a solution (...) to the problem of outcomes in quantum measurement by providing a sharp criterion for defining when an event has taken place. We analyze in detail in examples two situations in which in principle one could recover information about quantum coherence: a) “revivals” of coherence in the interaction of a system with the measurement apparatus and the environment and b) the measurement of global observables of the system plus apparatus plus environment. We show in the examples that the fundamental limitations due to gravity and quantum mechanics in measurement prevent both revivals from occurring and the measurement of global observables. It can therefore be argued that the emerging picture provides a complete resolution to the measurement problem in quantum mechanics. (shrink)

RESUMO Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o conceito de aspas verbo-visuais e suas classificações. O fenômeno deve ser entendido como um desdobramento metaenunciativo opacificante, resultante de determinadas relações entre elementos verbais e visuais constitutivos de um mesmo enunciado, uma vez tomada sua dimensão verbo-visual. São três as classificações do fenômeno: aspas verbo-visuais de relação direta entre elementos verbais e visuais, aspas verbo-visuais de opacificação de elementos verbais no plano visual e aspas verbo-visuais de alegoria verbo-visual opacificante. A contribuição pretendida (...) é oferecer ao campo dos estudos sobre a linguagem o conceito de aspas verbo-visuais e suas classificações, com o intuito de auxiliar com um novo instrumental teórico-metodológico as pesquisas que se debruçam sobre a dimensão verbo-visual dos enunciados e suas formas de produção de efeitos de sentido. ABSTRACT This article aims to present the concept of verbal-visual quotation marks and their classifications. Once the phenomenon is taken in its verbal-visual dimension, it must be understood as an opacifying meta-utterative unfolding, resulting from certain relations between verbal and visual elements that constitute the same utterance. The three classifications of the phenomenon are: verbal-visual quotation marks with a direct relationship between verbal and visual elements; verbal-visual quotation marks that opacify verbal elements on the visual plane, and verbal-visual quotation marks with opacifying verbal-visual allegory. This paper aims to contribute to the field of language studies by providing it with the concept of verbal-visual quotation marks and its classifications, and to offer a new theoretical-methodological instrument to research that focuses on the verbal-visual dimension of utterances and their ways of producing meaning effects. (shrink)

El autor, en el contexto del debate sobre la relación entre la justicia constitucional y el proceso democrático, argumenta a favor de considerar al control jurisdiccional de constitucionalidad como un requisito necesario, pero no suficiente, para la existencia de un Estado democrático de derecho. Tras analizar las posturas y argumentos generales de ese debate, así como aspectos singulares del modo en que se viene desarrollando en Latinoamérica, abogará por un modelo de democracia débil, en el que una serie de derechos, (...) fundamentalmente civiles y políticos, estén atrincherados constitucionalmente y sean considerados precondiciones del proceso democrático. Por este último motivo, estos dos tipos de derechos podrían estar protegidos por la justicia constitucional, incluso frente al legislador mayoritario, sin merma de la dimensión democrática del sistema político. Respecto de los derechos sociales, dada su dimensión distributiva y su relación con el bienestar y las necesidades de la población, su garantía no debería de quedar exclusivamente en manos de los jueces, ya que difícilmente pueden ser considerados precondiciones de la democracia: esto no significa, afirma el autor, que no hayan de ser constitucionalizados ni tampoco que en su garantía por parte de los parlamentarios no participe, de algún modo, la justicia constitucional. (shrink)

Desde el testimonio personal y desgarrador sobre la inseguridad que vive nuestro país hasta la esperanza realista en una vida futura sin violencia, Pedro Salazar propone, construye y reconstruye en este libro, el andamiaje teórico-fi losófi co –un constitucionalismo liberal y democrático–, la historia reciente y las instituciones de derecho y justicia, necesarias, para criticar, y de esta manera prevenirnos, de las terribles consecuencias de sucumbir a la tentación autoritaria o al estado de excepcionalidad...

El autor trata en este artículo la problemática de la integración de la enseñanzadel conocimiento científico-tecnológico en la educación. Se analiza la forma de responder a las demandas por una “alfabetización científico- tecnológica”, que incluya la tecnología en los currículos educativos. El estudio propone fundamentar el diseño de los programas de estudio en base a un marco general para analizar la tecnología, sintetizado mediante los conceptos: práctica social, conocimiento y artefacto, enfoque que permite comprender el “fenómeno tecnológico” y el significado (...) del concepto moderno de tecnología. Esto daría las herramientas analíticas para una organización curricular que integre ciencia y tecnología ordenada desde dos perspectivas: la estructura lógico-epistemológica propia de los distintos campos: saber científico, científico-tecnológico, tecnológico-científico y de las formas en que opera la inteligencia del alumno que aprende, lo cual permitiría en la enseñanza, conjugar las distintas posibilidadesde desarrollar mecanismos de articulación de los conocimientos. The author treats in this problematic article of the teaching integra0tion of the technologic-scientific knowledge in education. The way of answering to the demands for an “alphabetization technologic-scientific” is analyzed, in which includes the technology in the educative curriculums. The survey proposes to establish the design of the study programs based to a general setting to analyzethe technology, synthesized by way of these concepts: social practice knowledge and device, approach which allows the understanding of the “technological phenomenon” and the meaning of the modern concept of the technology. Thiswould give the analytical instruments for a curricular organization, in which includes science and technology, ordered from two perspectives: the logic-epistemology structure typical of the different fields: scientific knowledge, scientific-technologic, technologic-scientific and the ways in which the intelligence of the pupil who learns operates, in which case would permit in teaching, conjugate the different possibilities to develop mechanisms of articulation of the knowledge. (shrink)