Pourquoi la colère selon Platon ? S'évader d'une perspective classique qui présente tout excès comme étant mauvais, telle est la tentative de cette étude de la colère selon Platon.

Cet article porte un regard sur les temporalités et les territorialités nocturnes des pratiques et des usages quotidiens à l’île de la Réunion. Peu d’études en sciences sociales ont jusqu’alors réussi à s’extraire des grandes métropoles du Nord pour décentrer leur regard et s’intéresser aux nuits des espaces urbains tropicaux. Dans cette perspective, l’une des tâches de fond consiste à étudier la place de l’obscurité dans le vécu et l’imaginaire des populations réunionnaises, gageant qu’une meilleure connaissance et compréhension des territorialités (...) nocturnes pourrait aider à consolider les démarches de protection de l’environnement nocturne dans le quotidien de l’aménagement des territoires. L’île a vu depuis plusieurs décennies ses campagnes se transformer profondément, pour certaines très marquées par l’exode, pour d’autres avalées dans un processus d’urbanisation non maîtrisé. C’est dans ce contexte que notre équipe a commencé à installer, en partenariat avec le Parc national de... (shrink)

This paper critically examines the debate between William of Ockham and his contemporary Peter Auriol on how to account for the intension and remission of forms. Peter Auriol denies that an added degree of a quality such as the theological virtue of charity could be anything other than something which is neither a universal nor an individual and which cannot be grasped by intuition, but must be posited in order to account for the possibility that an accidental form can vary (...) in intensity. Ockham aims at proving that Auriol’s account is inconsistent. In my opinion, Ockham does not succeed, nor does he succeed in defending a consistent account of the metaphysics underlying the intension and remission of forms. Indeed, he conceives of the degree of a quality as a part of the intensified quality which, while being an individual that is really distinct from the quality and can be picked out, forms a unity with it in such a way that the union of the degree and the quality is itself an individual. Ockham fails to distinguish the notion of maximal resemblance holding between a quality’s degree and the quality from the notion of maximal resemblance which holds between individuals of the same species. In the end, he is led to give up the idea that a degree is an individual that can be picked out in order to protect the core thesis of his nominalism about universals. (shrink)

By considering what we identify as a problem inherent in the ‘nature of the firm’—the risk of abuse of authority—we propound the conception of a social contract theory of the firm which is truly Rawlsian in its inspiration. Hence, we link the social contract theory of the firm with the general theory of justice. Through this path, we enter the debate about whether firms can be part of Rawlsian theory of justice showing that corporate governance principles enter the “basic structure.” (...) Finally, we concur with Sen’s aim to broaden the realm of social justice beyond what he calls the ‘transcendental institutional perfectionism’ of Rawls’ theory. We maintain the contractarian approach to justice but introduce Sen’s capability concept as an element of the constitutional and post-constitutional contract model of institutions with special reference to corporate governance. Accordingly, rights over primary goods and capabilities are granted by the basic institutions of society, but many capabilities have to be turned into the functionings of many stakeholders through the operation of firms understood as post-constitutional institutional domains. The constitutional contract on the distribution of primary goods and capabilities should then shape the principles of corporate governance so that at post-constitutional level anyone may achieve her/his functionings in the corporate domain by exercising such capabilities. In the absence of such a condition, post-constitutional contracts would distort the process that descends from constitutional rights and capabilities toward social outcomes. (shrink)

Interseções e interações entre mídia, religião e mercado: um objeto dinâmico e instigante (Intersections and interactions between media, religion and market: a dynamic object and thought-provoking) - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2014v12n34p284 Editorial - Dossiê: Religião, Mercado e Mídia.

English summary: This book attests that a study on the history of philosophy has its place in contemporary debates. This book attempts to reconstruct William of Ockham's position on the nature and function of real definitions in order to show that nominalism does not oblige a particular position on essences. French description: Guillaume d'Ockham, defenseur bien connu du nominalisme, a manifeste un interet soutenu pour les definitions reelles. Cet ouvrage s'efforce de reconstruire sa position sur la nature et la fonction (...) des definitions reelles. Un examen de ce qu'est une definition reelle appelle une etude de ce qu'est une essence et de la nature du lien a poser entre l'essentiel et le necessaire. Cet ouvrage a pour objectif de montrer que le nominalisme ne contraint pas a une position determinee sur les essences. Saul Kripke nous dit que l'essentiel se reduit au necessaire. Kit Fine, par contre, affirme qu'il faut revenir a Aristote et soutenir que l'essentiel est irreductible au necessaire. Notre examen atteste qu'une etude en histoire de la philosophie a toute sa place dans les debats contemporains. L'essentialisme de Guillaume d'Ockham incite a rendre a Aristote ce qui lui revient et a faire preuve de circonspection. En definitive, les deux positions en presence ne sont peut-etre pas incompatibles. (shrink)

La multiplication sur Internet des dispositifs « interactifs » interroge les enjeux et les principes des nouvelles formes de communication qui envahissent les systèmes techniques contemporains. La banalisation et la généralisation de ces agencements machiniques remettent en question les frontières traditionnelles entre l’image et le réel, le regard et l’écran, le sens et le message, le sujet et le monde, le public et le privé, le pouvoir et la captation, la présence et l’absence, le désir et le manque...The increasing number (...) of « interactive » devices on Internet addresses the question of the stakes and principles linked to the new forms of communication invading contemporary technical systems. The trivialization and extension of these tools are a challenge to the standard boundary line between images and reality, the viewer and the screen, meaning and message, the individual and the world, the public and private spheres, power and addiction, presence and absence, desire and need.. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:This paper analyzes how national institutional factors affect the adoption of the international environmental management standard ISO 14001, using a panel of 139 countries from 1996 to 2006. The analysis emphasizes that during the emerging phase of the standard, the potential lack of consensus within the constituents of the national institutional environment concerning the value of a new standard could send mixed signals to firms about the standard. The results show that in the early phase of adoption, regulative and normative (...) forces within the institutional environment can work against each other. Results also show that regulative or coercive forces play a relatively more important role in the early phase of adoption of the standard than in the subsequent phases of diffusion. In the later phases of diffusion of ISO 14001, normative forces, such as the diffusion of other management standards, as well as factors related to trade, play a more important role. Because of the similarities between environmental management standards and corporate social responsibility standards, this study can help identify some of the challenges for diffusion of ISO management standards in the area of social responsibility. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo revisar y cuestionar algunos conceptos tradicionales cuando se aborda la temática de las personas adultas mayores, con la finalidad de analizar de manera cronológica y desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos, la normatividad legal que dispuso y prorrogó la cuarentena focalizada en tiempos 1de pandemia a causa del COVID-19. Sustentando que las medidas legales adoptadas fueron discriminatorias por razón de edad, no sólo significando la privación del derecho a la libertad de tránsito, sino que (...) además afectó otros derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales. Finalmente se presenta las voces de algunas personas mayores que manifiestan su percepción sobre el tema. (shrink)

Les chaînes privées allemandes ne sont pas vraiment réputées pour le niveau élevé des débats qu'elles diffusent; la surprise est d'autant plus grande pour le zappeur qui, aux alentours de minuit, tombe sur ce genre de phrases : « La superstition économique est un peu comme l'éventail des vertus bourgeoises » ou « Les solutions se trouvent toujours dans la rue, dans le trafic. » Aucun doute : il s'agit d'une des émissions culturelles les plus remarquables - au sens plein (...) du mot - d'Alexander Kluge. Kluge a trouvé en Joseph Vogl un partenaire idéal pour sa technique d'interview si caractéristique. Le résultat de cette passion commune, ce sont plus de 40 interviews télévisuelles qui renouvellent le genre en profondeur. La digression, maniée avec un talent particulier, n'y est jamais gratuite. (shrink)

One of the most perplexing paradoxes of toleration concerns the ‘tolerant racist’. According to most current definitions of toleration, a person is considered tolerant if, and only if, 1) he refrains from interfering with something 2) he deeply disapproves of, 3) in spite of having the power to interfere. Hence, a racist who refrains from discriminating against members of races he considers inferior despite having the power to do so, should be considered a tolerant person. Moreover, a person can apparently (...) become more tolerant by increasing the range or degree of his racist disapproval, just as long as he continues not to act against the objectionable object. This paper examines this strongly counterintuitive implication of the standard concept of toleration, by considering in full the meaning and nature of racism(s) and focusing on the power component of toleration. It explores both an exclusive solution and an accommodating solution to the paradox. The first part of the paper shows that none of the standard agent-oriented views of racism — doxastic, dispositional or volitional — adequately supports either solution. The second part of the paper turns to another, structural account of racism and toleration. It suggests that taking into account an institutional interpretation of toleration as non-domination and adopting a more socio-political perspective on racism provides an accommodating solution to the paradox. (shrink)

The intelligibility of a performance of improvised dance does not reside in the rehearsed execution of a pre-existing script, nor does it result from a sustained verbal interaction between the dancers. Many aspects of the speechless performance obviously play an important role in the achieved intelligibility of the dance: a dancer is seen moving on and from a ground, on a stage, in a space delimited by walls, illuminated by spotlights, sounded by music, in front of an audience. And of (...) course with other dancers, whose joint gestures and moves give shape to a choreography by providing pace, rhythm and sequences, thereby constituting a narrative or fragments thereof. This paper addresses the manufacture of this witnessable order, by presenting some results of an ethnographic inquiry. The investigation will be focused on how, in an improvised duet, each dancer interacts with the other, and more specifically how she or he positions her- or himself in relation to the other, from distance to proximity and touch. This work of distance management is the dance, whose choreographic accountability is produced and structured by dancers staying at a distance, getting closer and touching each other. The analysis shows that distance management is oriented to as relevant by the dancers and that it has consequences on their improvised duet. It is also what makes their performance analyzable by distant observers. (shrink)

Do the early Greek poets and thinkers really “play” with their language? What sort of “play” should we expect from part of the professional craftsmen they were of a basically sound language? What did imply their awareness of the phono-syllabic nature of Greek language? And what about Heraclitus in particular, who is most concerned among them with the intrinsic virtues of Greek discourse (λόγος)? An analysis of fr. 22 B 52 DK within the melodic and sonic state of archaic Greek (...) language reveals, instead of “play of words”, a rather spontaneous phenomenon of phono-syllabic generation, that is as necessary for the political message of Heraclitus’ fragment as the meaning of each of its words and their superficial syntactic organization. (shrink)

El estudio de la formación inicial del profesorado realizado al interior de las escuelas normales de México demanda situarla tanto en un espacio social, temporal e institucional específico como también volcar la mirada en los sujetos que la desarrollan, es decir, poner atención en el trabajo efectuado por los formadores. Esta investigación parte de tal reconocimiento, planteándose como objetivo analizar las configuraciones formativas que desarrollan los formadores, con base en sus constructos personales que comunican en los procesos de formación inicial (...) vivenciados al interior de las escuelas normales del estado de Oaxaca (México). El estudio se efectuó desde un enfoque cualitativo, con el uso de la Teoría Fundamentada, empleando la entrevista en profundidad y la observación participante. Se analizaron los procesos formativos de cuatro formadores pertenecientes a dos escuelas normales. Los resultados obtenidos en el trabajo de campo permitieron identificar una acentuada tendencia formativa signada por el modelo de formación docente con perspectiva académica, del cual se derivan tres configuraciones: formación académica reproductiva, formación académica social y formación académica práctica; se precisa la relevancia que cobran los planteamientos personales de los formadores a partir de sus propios constructos pedagógicos y sociales como parte de un colectivo social y profesional. (shrink)

The role and status of the Egyptians in the army of Hellenistic Egypt has been a debated question that goes back to the position within Late Period Egyptian society of the Egyptian warriors described by Herodotus asmachimoi. Until a few decades ago, Ptolemaic military institutions were perceived as truly Greco-Macedonian and the presence of Egyptians in the army during the first century of Ptolemaic rule was contested. The Egyptians were thought of as being unfit to be good soldiers. Egyptians would (...) have been hired only as late as 217b.c.to fight against the Seleucid king Antiochus III in Raphia. The Ptolemaic victory was made possible thanks to the addition of twenty thousand Egyptians to reinforce the Greek army. For a long time the subsequent role of Egyptians in the Ptolemaic army in the second and first centuriesb.c.did not attract much attention. One usually assumed that they were ‘second-rate soldiers’ calledmachimoi. In recent decades, the scholarship on Ptolemaic Egypt, notably Demotic studies, reasserted the role of Egyptians in the Ptolemaic army from the late fourth century onwards. (shrink)

Studies in Western contexts suggest that religiosity is in conflict with rationality since it relates to paranormal beliefs and distrust in science. East Asian cultures, known to be holistic and tolerant of contradictions, may, however, not experience this conflict. Using the International Social Survey Program, we analyzed data from Buddhists, Protestants, and Catholics in South Korea, as well as Catholics and Protestants in Austria and Denmark. Results confirmed a positive association between religiosity and paranormal beliefs among dominant religious group but (...) not among Korean Christians. Moreover, whereas religiosity in the West correlated positively with distrust in science, the opposite held for religious Korean groups. Religiosity mediated the relationship between paranormal beliefs and distrust in science among all dominant religious groups but in opposite directions in East and West. These findings bring a new cross-cultural perspective on the religion-science relationship. (shrink)

When groups feature in political philosophy, it is usually in one of three contexts: the redressing of past or current injustices suffered by ethnic or cultural minorities; the nature and scope of group rights; and questions around how institutions are supposed to treat a certain specific identity/cultural/ethnic group. What is missing from these debates is a comprehensive analysis of groups as both agents and objects of social policies. While this has been subject to much scrutiny by sociologists and social psychologists, (...) it has received less attention from a normative and philosophical point of view. This volume asks: what problems are posed to political philosophy by a collection of individuals who act or are treated in a collective way? Focusing not only on ways in which institutions should treat groups, but also on the normative implications of considering groups as possible social agents, when acting either in vertical relations with the state or in horizontal relations with other groups (or individuals), this book explores these issues from both theoretical and practical perspectives, combining questions about the nature of groups, and their social and political impacts, with the particular, pressing considerations to which such groups give rise. (shrink)

Le vocabulaire de l’hospitalité est massivement employé dans la « philosophie publique » française républicaine pour penser les questions d’immigration, au point qu’on a pu considérer qu’il s’est constitué en « nouveau paradigme » au cours des années 1990. Or si le phénomène de l’immigration est distinctement sociopolitique, le concept d’hospitalité relève plutôt d’une théorie éthique et son statut dans les discours est celui d’une métaphore. L’hypothèse explorée dans l’article est que son usage est un symptôme de la conversion, systématiquement (...) accomplie par le républicanisme, des principes politiques de justice en obligations éthiques lorsqu’il est question de migrations. L’article suggère qu’il importe de « déséthiciser » les questions de migrations afin de les traiter politiquement : cela doit nous conduire à abandonner la métaphore de l’hospitalité pour traiter les conditions de la citoyenneté. (shrink)

This article aims to examine the relevance of counter-information productions developed during the military dictatorship in Brazil by religious groups. The object is the journal Paz e Terra, by Editora Civilização Brasileira in the 1960s, as a unique initiative in the field of religious, ecumenical and political communication. In order to respond to the Research problem “what is the place of the journal Paz e Terra in the memory of religious media productions in Brazil?” the article refers its basis in (...) studies on “memory supports” and “sites of memory” are based. The articulation between the narrative of the memory of Paz e Terra and the description of the content of the ten published issues, which form the methodology of the research employed, was made based on the collection of the magazine, in documentary research, in statements of characters involved, collected during the research project for a Master’s Degree in Social Memory by the author, and in works about Editora Civilização Brasileira and its editor Ênio Silveira, about the Protestant leaders involved in the project and about the journal itself. This text seeks to contribute to the expansion of approaches to studies in media and religion in Brazil, broadening the focus of critical analysis centered on contemporary productions and applying the referential key of memory. (shrink)

In connection with the European orientations, the teachers’ training in France follows deep reforms since 2005. The stake in which is a strengthening of the professional skills and knowledge which is leaning back against the research. On the base of longitudinal data collected with 3 generations of students, which are registered to the new Master›s degree «enseigner, éduquer, apprendre (to teach, to educate, to learn) « opened at the university of Burgundy in 2010, this research ponders over the way the (...) students (preparing themselves to become teachers) perceive the quality of their professionalization. In spite of the feeling not to be prepared enough for the exercise of their job, the speech of the students reveals an appropriation of the institutional logics of professionalization. In the current context of creation of the ESPE, this paradoxical speech invites to query the capacity of the institution to make legible its training’s processes in front of public, which remain determined by a vocational ideal. (shrink)

This paper investigates the determinants of the diffusion of the international environmental management system standard ISO 14001 within the chemical industry using a panel of 126 different countries during the period 2000 to 2003. We investigate how institutional pressure originating from different stakeholders such as governments, businesses, and the civil society and forces related to trade will drive the diffusion. Our results show that the level of community involvement within a particular country and the previous experience of businesses with voluntary (...) standards such as Responsible Care and ISO 9000 impacts ISO 14001 adoption in chemical firms. (shrink)

ABSTRACTThe incorrect conceptualization and evaluation of reparations for colonial slave trade and slavery within the legal, as opposed to the political, domain, produces an interpretation of the demands in France that views them as morally absurd and politically deleterious. I’ll use Iris Marion Young’s distinction between a liability model and a social connection model of responsibility to suggest that the moral claim according to which we can be held responsible today for redressing the structural injustices inherited from slave trade and (...) slavery is not irrational, nor motivated by a political will to divide the body politic between blamed perpetrators and innocent victims. I’ll first analyze the difficulties posed by the liability model by focusing on a specific legal case, MIR and CMDP vs. French state. Then I’ll argue that using a political model of responsibility solves conceptual and normative issues and allows us to understand why, and to what extent, we are responsible for redressing the structural racial injustice that endures in French society. (shrink)

L’article se propose dans un premier temps de comparer les arguments d’Elizabeth Anderson sur l’intégration comme impératif de justice et ceux d’Iris Marion Young qui critiquent l’idéal d’intégration et lui préfèrent un idéal d’inclusion comme « solidarité différenciée ». Il procède dans un second temps à un test des arguments promouvant ou critiquant l’intégration en les (dé)plaçant dans un contexte français, où le concept relève d’un champ sémantique et d’une sociohistoire très différents de ceux du contexte nord-américain. L’article proposera, dans (...) ce contexte, une défense qualifiée du concept d’intégration, conçu non comme un « impératif » ni un « idéal » mais plutôt comme un « effet essentiellement secondaire » de la déségrégation raciale. (shrink)

L’article se propose de prendre au sérieux la notion de « critique » pour évaluer dans quelles mesures, selon quelles caractérisations, sous quelles conditions et avec quelles limites, la philosophie critique de la race (PCR), qui désigne la théorie critique de la race spécifiquement dans le champ philosophique, constitue un savoir critique. La première section présentera la manière dont la PCR se définit par différence avec la philosophie de la race non critique, en termes de canon philosophique, de méthodes privilégiées (...) et d’analyse des concepts centraux du champ : cela permettra de dégager, négativement, la fonction attribuée à la critique, méthodologiquement et théoriquement. La deuxième section dégagera trois sens possibles pour la pensée critique de la race selon les trois influences théoriques majeures du champ : la généalogie foucaldienne, la théorie critique et la phénoménologie critique. Enfin une dernière section, conclusive, se penchera plus précisément sur trois objectifs diversement défendus par les trois écoles critiques dans leur rapport à la vérité, au sujet de connaissance et à l’action. (shrink)

à la veille des élections présidentielles françaises dans lesquelles ne concourront, comme c’est désormais traditionnel sous la Cin-quième République, qu’une extrême minorité de femmes, l’ouvrage de Marlène Coulomb-Gully revient sur l’inégal partage du pouvoir entre les sexes. En six chapitres qui présentent l’avantage d’être à la fois accessibles à tou.te.s et très documentés, l’auteure dresse un panorama de ce déficit démocratique pour en souligner les facteurs, les manifestations mais égal...

Cet article s’intéresse à la distribution et à la sémantisation des termes « féminisme » et « féministe » dans les discours de l’élection présidentielle de 2022. Grâce aux outils de la statistique occurrentielle et co-occurrentielle, le papier montre la percée lexicale de ces mots dans le champ électoral et le triomphe des deux signifiants en même temps que la continuation de dissensus, entre la gauche et l’extrême droite de l’échiquier politique, dans la prescription du sens des signifiés attachés.