En este artículo se examina la noción kantiana de exposición, que se encuentra en la Crítica de la razón pura y en la Crítica del Juicio. Se sostiene que hay una coherencia en el uso del concepto en la presentación de la doctrina de espacio y el tiempo, la explicación de las razones por las que el método matemático no puede ser empleado en la filosofía, la investigación analítica de los juicios de gusto y la descripción de la índole de (...) las ideas estéticas. La exposición se presenta en todos estos pasajes como un procedimiento de carácter discursivo que permite examinar, sin definirlas, representaciones conceptuales. (shrink)

Although in Italy there is currently no effective law on physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia, Decision No. 242 issued by the Italian Constitutional Court on September 25, 2019 established that an individual who, under specific circumstances, has facilitated the implementation of an independent and freely-formed resolve to commit suicide by another individual is exempt from criminal liability. Following this ruling, some citizens have submitted requests for assisted suicide to the public health system, generating a situation of great uncertainty in the application (...) processes. As a matter of fact, shared and defined procedures are lacking as Decision 242/2019 merely added some principles on which the legislature will have to base its future intervention. This paper analyses the advisory role that the Decision attributes to territorial ethics committees with the aim of stimulating discussions on their role in oversight mechanisms. The proposed conclusion is that the envisaged role does not appear consistent with the functions of these bodies and is ultimately substantially undefined and unjustified. (shrink)

Este trabajo presenta un análisis de las obras testimoniales de Jorge Alberto Taiana, Miguel Bonasso y Juan Manuel Abal Medina. El objetivo es observar las diferentes operaciones memorísticas que los autores ponen en juego a la hora de reconstruir la figura y el rol de Juan Domingo Perón durante el proceso abierto con la apertura electoral de mayo de 1971 hasta la muerte del viejo líder tres años después.

Kristen Ghodsee continue avec cet ouvrage la récupération de l’héritage historique de l’activisme international des femmes du bloc de l’Est, thème qu’elle avait lancé en 2015 avec The Left Side of History: World War II and the Unfulfilled Promise of Communism in Eastern Europe. Elle y ajoute un nouveau volet : l’expérience de l’Afrique postcoloniale et la lutte de ses militantes politiques pour les droits des femmes pendant la Décennie des Nations Unies pour la femme, 1975‑1985. K. Ghodsee co...

In Contagious Architecture, Luciana Parisi offers a philosophicalinquiry into the status of the algorithm in architectural and interaction design.

En esta recensión, ofrezco un recorrido por los distintos ensayos que componen el libro "Pensar la experiencia: ensayos desde la conciencia, el cuerpo y el arte" en clave ética. Esta clave de lectura me permitirá afirmar en qué sentido la fenomenología es capaz de enriquecer la teoría ética normativa: 1) por un lado, enriqueciendo la noción de "experiencia moral"; 2) por el otro, complementando la perspectiva abstracta de aquélla a través de una fenomenología corporeizada.

RESUMODesde sempre, o homem foi perseguido pelo desejo de imortalidade. Encontramos nas mais diferentes tradições culturais reflexões sobre a possibilidade da longevidade humana. Do ponto de vista filosófico, localizamos na obra de Francis Bacon a primeira sistematização moderna sobre o tema. O pensador inglês acredita que, diferentemente dos antigos, teria descoberto um método "para introduzir espíritos jovens em um corpo velho" e conjecturou na sua importante História da vida e da mortecenários possíveis para a regeneração física do homem. Nesse sentido, (...) introduziu a possibilidade de o homem exercer o do­mínio sobre a natureza, império esse não só praticado sobre a natureza externa, mas também sobre si próprio e, no limite, sobre o próprio corpo humano. Assim, Bacon teria aberto as portas para o sonho moderno de introdução de técnicas cada vez mais numerosas e eficazes de "melho­ramento" dos indivíduos. Devemos prolongar a vida humana? Quais os "custos" desse prolongamento? A partir de então tais questões estão colocadas e permanecem mais atuais do que nunca. ABSTRACTHuman beings have always been captivated by the desire for immortality. Thus, in many different cultural traditions we find reflections on the possibility of human longevity. From a philosophical point of view, we locate in Francis Bacon´s work the first modern systematic development of the issue. The English­ philosopher believes that, unlike the ancients, he discovered a method "to introduce young spirits into an old body" and, in his important History of Life and Death, conjectured scenarios for the physical regeneration of human beings. In line with this, he introduced the possibility of human beings exercising dominion over nature, where this domination is practiced not only on external nature, but also on themselves, indeed, on their own bodies. Bacon opened the door to the modern dream of increasingly numerous and effective techniques for the "improvement" of individuals: Must we extend human life? What are the "costs" of this extension? Since Bacon such questions have been raised, and now they remain more relevant than ever. (shrink)

Public health emergencies such as pandemics can put health systems in a position where they need to ration medical equipment and interventions because the resources available are not sufficient to meet demand. In public health management, the fair allocation of resources is a permanent and cross-sector issue since resources, and especially economic resources, are not infinite. During the COVID-19 pandemic resources need to be allocated under conditions of extreme urgency and uncertainty. One very problematic aspect has concerned intensive care medicine (...) and age discrimination has been among the most hotly discussed issues, as age has been touted as a probable criterion for selection. In this paper we analyse some documents originating from scientific societies and medical associations, mainly related to EU sphere and available in English, French, Spanish and Italian, concerning the criteria for admission to the intensive care units. We highlights how, in most of these documents, it is explicitly stated that “age itself” is not a criterion for patient selection. Our conclusion is that these criteria should be defined in advance of a crisis situation and be grounded in clinical indicators. Establishing “cut-off” policies with regard to criteria such as age or chronic disability is definitely an unjustifiable form of discrimination even in the context of a public health emergency. (shrink)

What is considered ugly, grotesque or unpleasant by the fashion world? The first collection presented by Rei Kawakubo in Paris was classified as offensive to Western aesthetic standards, for it questioned the French ideal of beauty and elegance. Through silhouettes covered in frayed, perforated and monochromatic fabrics, Kawakubo disrupted the established notion of the beautiful body, stripping it of the clichés of femininity, explicit sexuality and glamour. Under the lens of Vilém Flusser’s philosophy, the Japanese fashion designer created the new, (...) the beautiful, that which is capable of expanding the parameters of the real. (shrink)

Montaigne, no "De l'art de conferer", discute critérios que permitem distinguir os homens segundo suas capacidades (suffisances). A "maneira" de discursar ocupa o centro desta questão e entre suas qualidades se destaca a "ordem", que nos é apresentada, sobretudo, a partir dos desvios da "tolice" (sottise) e "obstinação" (opiniastreté), símbolos do dogmatismo e de uma errônea lide com os saberes que se apoiam na memória. Procura-se mostrar que a ordem se funda na assimilação e penetração do julgamento nas matérias que (...) garantem o nexo necessário para o desenvolvimento adequado da conversação (conference). Montaigne, in "De l'art de conferer", discusses the criteria to distinguish men according to their capabilities (suffisances). The "manner" of discussing is central to this issue and among its qualities "order" distinguishes itself. The "order" is presented to us by the exposition of its deviations: foolishness ("sottise") and obstinacy ("opiniastreté"). These inadequacies represent both dogmatism and an erroneous way of using knowledge based on memory. We intend to show how order is founded on a kind of judgment which assimilates and penetrates matters and subjects - being it the only way to assure the necessary connection to adequately develop the conversation ("conference"). (shrink)

Reseña de: Baumgarten, A. G., & Kant, I.. Baumgarten’s Elements of First Practical Philosophy. A Critical Translation with Kant’s Reflections on Moral Philosophy. Edición y traducción: C. D. Fugate y J. Hymers. London, New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. ISBN: 978-1-4742-8265-9, 375 pp.

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um panorama do percurso que levou ao esclarecimento da Síndrome de Down, principalmente a partir da segunda metade do século XX, no que diz respeito à sua caracterização e etiologia enquanto uma condição genética. Para isso, nos baseamos em fontes primárias e em fontes secundárias, levando também em conta os aspectos sociais envolvidos. Esta pesquisa mostra como o conhecimento sobre a Síndrome de Down foi sendo construído e seu impacto no tratamento pela sociedade, levando-a (...) reconhecer os indivíduos com a síndrome a partir de uma condição genética e não como doentes. Esperamos que este estudo possa contribuir para a compreensão das ideias atuais sobre o assunto. (shrink)

What has philosophy become after computation? Critical positions about what counts as intelligence, reason, and thinking have addressed this question by reenvisioning and pushing debates about the modern question of technology towards new radical visions. Artificial intelligence, it is argued, is replacing transcendental metaphysics with aggregates of data resulting in predictive modes of decision-making, replacing conceptual reflection with probabilities. This article discusses two main positions. While on the one hand, it is feared that philosophy has been replaced by cybernetic metaphysics, (...) on the other hand it is claimed that only the coconstitution of philosophy and automation challenges modern transcendental reason and colonial capital. As Donna Haraway pointed out, cybernetic circuits of communication have constructed counterfactual ontologies against the master narrative of the human. This article addresses recent attempts at redeveloping a critique of natural philosophy that explains cybernetic metaphysics beyond the universal master narratives of mechanicism and vitalism. This article suggests that the recursive system of nature and technology also needs to account for the problem of philosophical decision, which will be explored in terms of mediatic thinking, instrumentality, and automation. This article follows insights from the movie Get Out (2017) to argue that the model of philosophical decision relies on a servomechanic understanding of the medium of thought, based on the colonial abstraction of value in the prosthetic extension of the slave-machine. It explores the nonphilosophical envisioning of automation in terms of a counterfactual theorisation of the negative negation of the medium and argues for a nonoptical darkness entering the space of thinking. Philosophy and automation are neither coupled nor set in opposition as if in a ceaseless mirroring. Instead, both philosophy and automation must transform their self-determining axiomatics in order to host the heretic activities of machine propositions. (shrink)

Entre el amplio espectro de cuestiones que han puesto en movimiento la pluma filosófica de Arthur Schopenhauer, la cuestión del carácter reclama, sin dudas un lugar significativo. Este artículo ofrece una reflexión sobre un concepto de vital importancia para su filosofía práctica: el de “carácter adquirido”. En opinión de nuestro autor, adquirir carácter no importa tanto desde un punto de vista ético cuanto prudencial. Esta aseveración puede, con todo, ser desafiada si consigue mostrarse que al adquirir carácter, un sujeto desarrolla (...) el mismo tipo de habilidad requerida para actuar en sentido moral. Semejante línea argumentativa será seguida en este trabajo, al tiempo que intentará volverse consistente la propia posición asumida por Schopenhauer. Creemos que una lectura así orientada tiende a promover una interpretación más unitaria de su filosofía práctica. (shrink)

Essa pesquisa elege como material específico de análise uma sequência de cursos oferecidos pelo “YouTube Academy” para a criação, gerenciamento e divulgação de uma empresa associada à plataforma de vídeos do YouTube. O objetivo é investigar os modos de imbricação e/ou separação entre o sujeito e a empresa. Para construir os procedimentos analíticos, delimitamos as seguintes perguntas: Como as formas imaginárias do sujeito (o “eu”, a identidade e a individualidade) estão relacionadas com a criação e o funcionamento de uma empresa (...) no YouTube? Como o trabalho e as relações de trabalho são significados nessa discursividade? A pesquisa é filiada à Análise de Discurso Materialista, em diálogo com autores que analisam as relações de trabalho contemporâneas. O olhar discursivo chega a três regularidades: 1) homogeneização das diferentes condições de produção no trabalho dos youtubers; 2) o paralelismo discursivo entre sujeito, canal e empresa (negócio); 3) uma retórica do equilíbrio entre “vida profissional” e “vida pessoal”. O material se sustenta no funcionamento de uma busca pela saturação dos sentidos com soluções e cursos para cada uma das etapas da (re)produção desse trabalho, para a suposta totalidade do processo. The specific analysis material for this essay was chosen from a sequence of courses, offered by the “YouTube Academy”, with the aim of creating, managing and announcing a company associated with the YouTube video platform. Its goal is to examine the ways of imbrication and/or separation between the subject and the company. In order to build the analytical procedures, we delineated the following questions: How are the imaginary for ms of the subject (the “self” as identity and individuality) related to the creation and operation of a company on YouTube? How are work and work relations meant in this discursivity? The research is affiliated with Materialist Discourse Analysis, in dialogue with authors who analyze contemporary work relations. The discursive look reaches three regularities: 1) homogenization of the different production conditions in the work of “youtubers”; 2) the discursive parallelism between subject, channel and company (busi-ness); 3) a rhetoric of the balance between “professional life” and “personal life”. The material is based on the operation of a search for the saturation of the senses with solutions and courses for each of the stages of the (re)production of this work, for the supposed totality of the process. (shrink)

Professores são acometidos por depressão acima da média populacional. Este estudo buscou identificar quais fatores do contexto trabalho e vivências de prazer e sofrimento no trabalho são preditivos de depressão em professores do ensino privado do Rio Grande do Sul. Realizou-se uma pesquisa quantitativa explicativa com uma amostra de 197 professores com sintomas de depressão de todos os níveis de ensino privado. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de Indicadores de Prazer e Sofrimento no Trabalho, a Escala de Avaliação do (...) Contexto de Trabalho e o Inventário Beck de Depressão. A coleta de dados foi realizada, inicialmente, online e depois por Correio. Foi realizada análise de regressão linear por método stepwise. Como resultados, identificou-se que as variáveis preditoras de depressão foram: esgotamento emocional e realização socioprofissional. Considerou-se que as vivências de frustração, insegurança e estresse contribuem diretamente para a falta de identificação e de orgulho pelo trabalho docente. (shrink)

O objetivo deste estudo é adaptar e validar (validade de construto) os Questionários McGill de Amizade para uso com população adulta no Brasil. Estes instrumentos avaliam a qualidade da amizade através da percepção do indivíduo sobre funções do amigo, satisfação com a amizade, e sentimentos positivo..

According to attention-based theories, to explain organizational attention is to explain organizational behavior. In our study, we test the model of situated attention and firm behavior by examining the effects of attention structures and allocation of attention on organizational outcomes. We hypothesize a positive relationship between attention structures and the allocation of organizational attention that, in turn, has an effect on financial performance. Using a unique data set composed of indicators of social responsibility published by 338 Brazilian organizations between 2001 (...) and 2007, we find support for our hypotheses. Our findings suggest that organizational attention to social issues fully mediates the relationship between attention structures and financial performance. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir a relação entre cultura e educação em Friedrich Nietzsche, filósofo conhecido pelo caráter intempestivo de seus escritos e profundo crítico de sua época. Sua abordagem da questão da educação é, na verdade, um profundo questionamento da própria função e do propósito da prática educativa, a qual ele diagnosticou como estando, já em sua época, cada vez mais submissa e atrelada aos interesses de uma economia de mercado, mero adestramento e preparação para o mercado (...) de trabalho. (shrink)

As machines have become increasingly smart and have entangled human thinking with artificial intelligences, it seems no longer possible to distinguish among levels of decision-making that occur in the newly formed space between critical reasoning, logical inference and sheer calculation. Since the 1980s, computational systems of information processing have evolved to include not only deductive methods of decision, whereby results are already implicated in their premises, but have crucially shifted towards an adaptive practice of learning from data, an inductive method (...) of retrieving information from the environment and establishing general premises. This shift in logical methods of decision-making does not simply concern technical apparatuses, but is a symptom of a transformation in logical thinking activated with and through machines. This article discusses the pioneering work of Katherine Hayles, whose study of the cybernetic and computational infrastructures of our culture particularly clarifies this epistemological transformation of thinking in relation to machines. (shrink)