The question of what explains individual differences in expertise within complex domains such as music, games, sports, science, and medicine is currently a major topic of interest in a diverse range of fields, including psychology, education, and sports science, to name just a few. Ericsson and colleagues’ deliberate practice view is highly influential perspective in the literature on expertise and expert performance—but is it viable as a testable scientific theory? Here, reviewing more than 25 years of Ericsson and colleagues’ writings, (...) we document critical inconsistencies in the definition of deliberate practice, along with apparent shifts in the standard for evidence concerning deliberate practice. We also consider the impact of these issues on progress in the field of expertise, focusing on the empirical testability and falsifiability of the deliberate practice view. We then discuss a multifactorial perspective on expertise, and how open science practices can accelerate progress in research guided by this perspective. (shrink)

기의 순환원리에 의해 21세기는 우리 민족의 시대가 된다는 저자가 한반도로 밀려오는 氣의 제현상을 전기현상론적 아날로지 관점에서 분석하고 있다. 한반도에 사는 쥬신족(조선족)의 영고성쇠와 2000년대의 전망을 동양철학과 서양과학을 융합시킨 氣 입장에서 고찰.

This paper criticises necessitarianism, the thesis that there is at least one necessary truth; and defends possibilism, the thesis that all propositions are contingent, or that anything is possible. The second section maintains that no good conventionalist account of necessity is available, while the third section criticises model theoretic necessitarianism. The fourth section sketches some recent technical work on nonclassical logic, with the aim of weakening necessitarian intuitions and strengthening possibilist intuitions. The fifth section considers several a prioristic attempts at (...) demonstrating that there is at least one necessary proposition and finds them inadequate. The final section emphasises the epistemic aspect of possibilism. (shrink)

We investigate the “mathematical” strength of the theory I*2. In particular we prove the quadratic reciprocity law and Bertrand's postulate, using fragments of I*2 which employ some well-known number-theoretic functions.

This collection contains studies on justice, juridical reasoning and argumenta tion which contributed to my ideas on the new rhetoric. My reflections on justice, from 1944 to the present day, have given rise to various studies. The ftrst of these was published in English as The Idea of Justice and the Problem of Argument. The others, of which several are out of print or have never previously been published, are reunited in the present volume. As justice is, for me, the (...) prime example of a "confused notion", of a notion which, like many philosophical concepts, cannot be reduced to clarity without being distorted, one cannot treat it without recourse to the methods of reasoning analyzed by the new rhetoric. In actuality, these methods have long been put into practice by jurists. Legal reasoning is fertile ground for the study of argumentation: it is to the new rhetoric what mathematics is to formal logic and to the theory of demonstrative proof. It is important, then, that philosophers should not limit their methodologi cal studies to mathematics and the natural sciences. They must not neglect law in the search for practical reason. I hope that these essays lead to be a better understanding of how law can enrich philosophical thought. CH. P. (shrink)

We study the strength (over bounded induction) of axioms expressing particular cases of the Chinese Remainder Theorem with respect to the axiom ∀ x, y∃ z (z = xy).

. We provide an alternative proof of a theorem of P. Clote concerning end extensions of models of $\Sigma_n$ -induction, for $n \geq 2$.

We study problems of Clote and Paris, concerning the existence of end extensions of models of Σ n -collection. We continue the study of the notion of ‘Γ-fullness’, begun by Wilkie and Paris (Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science VIII (Moscow, 1987). Stud. Logic Found. Math., vol. 126, pp. 143–161. North- Holland, Amsterdam, 1989) and introduce and study a generalization of it, to be used in connection with the existence of Σ n -elementary end extensions (instead of plain end extensions). (...) We obtain (a) alternative proofs of results (Adamowicz in Fund. Math. 136, 133–145, 1990) and (Wilkie and Paris in Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science VIII (Moscow, 1987). Stud. Logic Found. Math., vol. 126, pp. 143–161. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1989) related to the problem of Paris and (b) a partial solution to the problem of Clote. (shrink)