Causation

Edited by Thomas Blanchard (Université Bordeaux Montaigne)
Assistant editor: Zili Dong
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  1. THE PHILOSOPHY OF SUPERDETERMINISM SUPPORTED BY TIME DISCRETENESS.John Bannan - manuscript
    The philosophy of superdeterminism is based on a single scientific fact about the universe, namely that cause and effect in physics are not real. The philosophy of superdeterminism is supported by time discreteness, which says that time does not flow continuously, but rather advances in discrete, indivisible units or steps. Planck time places a fundamental limit on the sub-division of time, which means that time most likely consist of discrete indivisible units of time. The establishment of a causal relationship in (...)
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  2. "Test, Learn, and Listen”: Rethinking the Epistemological Assumption of Evidence-Based Policymaking.Taufiqurrahman Taufiqurrahman, Arga Pribadi Imawan & Agus Wahyudi - 2025 - Jurnal Filsafat 35 (1):125-153.
    Evidence-based policymaking (EBP) relies on an epistemological assumption that evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is the finest evidence for policy formulation, while expert testimony is the poorest one. This paper argues that while RCTs are a valuable source of empirical evidence for policy interventions, they are not sufficient on their own to support evidence-based policy formulation. Through the lens of the INUS framework of causation, we demonstrate that the effectiveness of a policy is influenced by a complex interplay of (...)
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  3. Naturalised Realism in the Metaphysics of Science: Hume’s “Mitigated Scepticism” on Causality and Reality.Fernanda Cardoso & Silvio Seno Chibeni - forthcoming - Análisis Filosófico.
    The inception of modern science, in the 17th century, was accompanied by epistemological analyses that see its foundation as laid on observation and experiment — a stance often regarded as excluding (or, at least, devaluating) metaphysics, especially in the English-speaking world. Qualms about metaphysics were already noticeable in Locke’s Essay (1690), and were supposedly deepened by Hume, in the following century. For almost two hundred years, Hume’s philosophy was regarded as radically sceptical concerning metaphysics generally, but particularly about causality and (...)
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  4. Grounding Physicalism and the Metaphysical Exclusion Problem.Will Moorfoot - forthcoming - Ratio.
    Ground physicalism is the view that higher-level properties, such as phenomenal and normative properties, are fully grounded in the fundamental physical properties. Like other non-identity physicalists, ground physicalists face the causal exclusion problem. In this paper, I introduce a new worry for the ground physicalist: the metaphysical exclusion problem. According to the metaphysical exclusion problem, there is something deeply problematic about certain properties having more than one full ground. Furthermore, the causal and metaphysical exclusion problems are shown to work together (...)
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  5. Continuity and Providence.A. A. - manuscript
    This paper categorizes phenomena to derive inferences rather than determine reality, emphasizing a fundamental attribute of the observed world that shapes perception. It posits that early life forms relied on correlation—linking survival to pattern recognition—suggesting correlation precedes causation in cognitive development. The concept of continuity, particularly the persistence of consciousness, emerges as a central human motivator, surpassing procreation, power, or meaning. Pleasure and pain are tied to continuity, with pain arising as a reaction to threats against it, such as death. (...)
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  6. Self-Visitation and the Metaphysics of Place, Causation, and Facts.Daniel S. Murphy - forthcoming - Analytic Philosophy.
    I explore how endurantists are to handle cases of synchronic bi-location, in which a thing bi-locates at a time (such as by time-travel). I argue that endurantists face significant pressure to posit distinct but structurally identical facts (DSIFs), and critique the fragmentalist approach to bi-location in Simon (2018). Both the positive argument and critique are animated by the observation that handling bi-location cases requires perspicuously describing their spatiotemporal and causal structure. Accordingly, the argument proceeds by considering how endurantists are to (...)
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  7. Blame as Attention.Eugene Chislenko - 2025 - Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 106 (1):80-93.
    The wide variety of blame presents two difficult puzzles. Why are instances of blame categorized under so many different mental kinds, such as judgment, belief, emotion, action, intention, desire, and combinations of these? Why is “blame” used to describe both interpersonal reactions and mere causal attributions, such as blaming faulty brakes for a car crash? I introduce a new conception of blame, on which blame is attention to something as a source of badness. I argue that this view resolves both (...)
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  8. Mary Shepherd’s Influence on Mary Somerville on Induction.Fasko Manuel - forthcoming - Hopos: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science.
    This paper argues in three steps that Mary Somerville changed her views on induction because of Mary Shepherd, with whom Somerville corresponded. First, I demonstrate how Somerville reworks the, call it, ‘induction-passage’ between the first and third edition of Connexion of the Physical Sciences (1834–36). Second, I introduce the fundamentals of Shepherd’s understanding of causation and the ‘causal likeness principle’ (CLP)––i.e., ‘like causes must have like effects’. The third section argues that two of Somerville’s changes are the result of Shepherd’s (...)
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  9. Must Choices and Decisions be Uncaused by Prior Events or States of the Agent?David Palmer - 2025 - Erkenntnis 90 (2):729-736.
    There is an important but unorthodox view within the philosophy of action that when it comes to certain mental actions of a person—her decisions and choices—these actions cannot be caused by her beliefs and desires or by any prior event or state of her at all. The reason for this, it is said, is that there is something in the very nature of a person’s decisions and choices that entails that they cannot be caused in this way. The arguments for (...)
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  10. Why There Are No Frankfurt‐Style Omission Cases.Joseph Metz - 2025 - Noûs 59 (1):47-65.
    Frankfurt‐style action cases have been immensely influential in the free will and moral responsibility literatures because they arguably show that an agent can be morally responsible for a behavior despite lacking the ability to do otherwise. However, even among the philosophers who accept Frankfurt‐style action cases, there remains significant disagreement about whether also to accept Frankfurt‐style omission cases – cases in which an agent omits to do something, is unable to do otherwise, and is allegedly morally responsible for that omission. (...)
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  11. Life and Death in Hegelian Judgements.Tal Meir Giladi - 2025 - Hegel Bulletin 1:1-19.
    Hegel contends that judgements are contradictory, finite and untrue. Prominent schol- ars argue that Hegel’s issue with judgements is resolved in the later stages of his Logic. Specifically, Ng suggests that this solution is found in Hegel’s discussion of life. In this article, I argue that not only does life fail to resolve Hegel’s problem with judgement— death highlights its insolubility. To support this claim, I examine Hegel’s discussion of judgements in the Logic, showing that judgements are inherently contradictory because (...)
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  12. Causalism: unifying action and free action.Carolina Sartorio - 2023 - New York, NY, United States of America: Oxford University Press.
    Carolina Sartorio argues for a naturalistic conception of agency and free agency that unifies them under the thesis that actions/free actions are behaviors that have the right kinds of causes or explanations. The result is a compelling view of practical agency taking in key metaphysical notions such as causation, grounding, absences, and powers.
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  13. THE PHILOSOPHY OF SUPERDETERMINISM ON THE PRINCIPLE OF LOCALITY.John Bannan - manuscript
    The philosophy of superdeterminism is based on a single scientific fact about the universe, namely that cause and effect in physics are not real. In 2020, accomplished Swedish theoretical physicist, Dr. Johan Hansson published a physics proof using Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity that our universe is superdeterministic meaning a predetermined static block universe without cause and effect in physics. The physics principle of locality states that an object is influenced directly only by its immediate surroundings due to causality. (...)
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  14. THE PHILOSOPHY OF SUPERDETERMINISM ON OBJECTIONS TO SUPERDETERMINISM.John Bannan - manuscript
    The philosophy of superdeterminism is based on a single scientific fact about the universe, namely that cause and effect in physics are not real. In 2020, accomplished Swedish theoretical physicist, Dr. Johan Hansson published a physics proof using Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity that our universe is superdeterministic meaning a predetermined static block universe without cause and effect in physics. There are various grounds for objecting to Dr. Hansson’s version of superdeterminism, but none hold any water. The most common (...)
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  15. Legal Causation and Zeno Sequences.John Hawthorne - forthcoming - Oxford Studies in Metaphysics.
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  16. THE PHILOSOPHY OF SUPERDETERMINISM ON THE LOGOS.John Bannan - manuscript
    The philosophy of superdeterminism is based on a single scientific fact about the universe, namely that cause and effect in physics are not real. In 2020, accomplished Swedish theoretical physicist, Dr. Johan Hansson published a physics proof using Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity that our universe is superdeterministic meaning a predetermined static block universe without cause and effect in physics. The unity of our universe originates from its creation from the same nothingness under the zero energy universe theory. However, (...)
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  17. The young Leibniz's tentative acceptance of physical occasionalism.Christian Henkel - 2024 - Southern Journal of Philosophy 62 (4):486-500.
    In this article, I revisit Leibniz's early views on physical causation, more specifically, his relation to physical occasionalism focusing on the period from 1668 to 1676. An in-depth analysis of the Confession of Nature against the Atheists taken together with the Catholic Demonstrations, Leibniz's correspondence with Jakob Thomasius from 1668/69, and the Pacidius Philalethi (1676) serve as evidence that his position leads to physical occasionalism. This receives further confirmation by taking into account Leibniz's familiarity with Weigel's occasionalism in contrast to (...)
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  18. The PSR and the Nature of Explanation: An Underrated Response to Modal Fatalism.Joseph Blado - 2023 - Canadian Journal of Philosophy 53 (5).
    The principle of sufficient reason (PSR) says every fact has an explanation. But van Inwagen argues the PSR is false—otherwise all facts are necessary facts. Consider the conjunction of all contingent facts, which we can call the Big Contingent Conjunction. If every fact has an explanation, then presumably the Big Contingent Conjunction had better have an explanation too. But what fact could explain its truth—is the Big Contingent Conjunction explained by a necessary fact or a contingent one? Trouble ensues either (...)
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  19. Shortest Possible World (Via Cause-Effect Role Reversal of Pre-temporal Causal Pairs).Morteza Shahram - manuscript
    Perhaps beginning of time is the common end of many causal paths (many effects as causal beginnings) and that temporal phenomena compete for somehow finding their way towards one of the beginning of the casual paths. Each casual path starts from a distinct set of parts but they all converge to the same whole at the end of their path. Such a pre-temporal causation is constitution of a whole by the sets. The temporal is de-constitution, the reverse direction, but implicates (...)
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  20. Mechanism, Occasionalism and Final Causes in Johann Christoph Sturm’s Physics.Christian Henkel - 2021 - Early Science and Medicine 26 (4):314-340.
    This paper argues that mechanism, occasionalism and finality (the acceptance of final causes) can be and were de facto integrated into a coherent system of natural philosophy by Johann Christoph Sturm (1635–1703). Previous scholarship has left the relation between these three elements understudied. According to Sturm, mechanism, occasionalism and finality can count as explanatorily useful elements of natural philosophy, and they might go some way to dealing with the problem of living beings. Occasionalism, in particular, serves a unifying ground: It (...)
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  21. (1 other version)Classifying Genetic Essentialist Biases using Large Language Models.Ritsaart Reimann, Kate Lynch, Stefan Gawronski, Jack Chan & Paul Edmund Griffiths - manuscript
    The rapid rise of generative AI, including LLMs, has prompted a great deal of concern, both within and beyond academia. One of these concerns is that generative models embed, reproduce, and therein potentially perpetuate all manner of bias. The present study offers an alternative perspective: exploring the potential of LLMs to detect bias in human generated text. Our target is genetic essentialism in obesity discourse in Australian print media. We develop and deploy an LLM-based classification model to evaluate a large (...)
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  22. Shepherd's Metaphysics of Emergence.Ariel Melamedoff - 2025 - Mind (XX):1-28.
    The notion of causation that Mary Shepherd develops in her 1824 An Essay Upon the Relation of Cause and Effect (ERCE) has a number of surprising features that have only recently begun to be studied by scholars. This relation is synchronic, rather than diachronic (ERCE pp. 49–50); it always involves a ‘mixture’ of pre-existing objects (ERCE pp. 46–7); and the effect must be ‘a new nature, capable of exhibiting qualities varying from those of either of the objects unconjoined’ (ERCE p. (...)
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  23. The Early Modern Rationalists and Substantial Form: From Natural Philosophy to Metaphysics.Valtteri Viljanen - 2024 - Journal of Early Modern Studies 13 (2):37-62.
    In this paper I argue that, contrary to what one might think, early modern rationalism displays an increasing and well-grounded sensitivity to certain metaphysical questions substantial form was designed to answer—despite the fact that the notion itself was in such disrepute, and emphatically banished from natural philosophy. This main thesis is established by examining the thought of Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz through the framework constituted by what have been designated as the two aspects, metaphysical and physical, of substantial form. This (...)
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  24. Needs as Causes.Ashley Shaw - forthcoming - Philosophical Quarterly.
    Facts about need play some role in our causal understanding of the world. We understand, for example, that people have basic needs for food, water and shelter, and that people come to be harmed because those needs go unmet. But what are needs? How do explanations in terms of need fit into our broader causal understanding of the world? This paper provides an account of need attribution, their contribution to causal explanations, and their relation to disposition attribution.
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  25. Thing causation.Nathaniel Baron-Schmitt - 2024 - Noûs 58 (4):1050-1072.
    According to orthodoxy, the most fundamental kind of causation involves one event causing another event. I argue against this event‐causal view. Instead, the most fundamental kind of causation is thing causation, which involves a thing causing a thing to do something. Event causation is reducible to thing causation, but thing causation is not reducible to event causation, because event causation cannot accommodate cases of fine‐grained causation. I defend my view from objections, including C. D. Broad's influential “timing” argument, and I (...)
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  26. Unusual coincidences, statistics and an intelligent influence.Sergei Chekanov - manuscript
    This paper argues that unusual coincidences, particularly those involving historical events, can be viewed as design patterns, suggesting an intelligent influence over the course of events. A compelling case examined in detail using probability theory concerns the presidencies of Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) and John F. Kennedy (1917–1963). This and other coincidences involving historical figures disfavor the materialistic perspective and point to the presence of an intelligent agent acting on a global scale, beyond the arrow of time, influencing human lives and (...)
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  27. The Designed World of Information: Unveiling the Incredible Realm Beyond.Sergei V. Chekanov - 2024 - IngramSpark.
    This book helps the readers understand the meaning of synchronicity, or remarkable coincidences in people's lives. This work not only explains the mystery of synchronicity, originally introduced by Carl Jung, but it also shows how to make a simple calculation to estimate the chances that coincidences you may encounter in your life are not due to mere randomness. By showing that the role of chance in such phenomena is unlikely, it uniquely connects it with the questions of the Universe's origin, (...)
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  28. Many Worlds as Anti-Conspiracy Theory: Locally and causally explaining a quantum world without finetuning.Siddharth Muthukrishnan - manuscript
    Why are quantum correlations so puzzling? A standard answer is that they seem to require either nonlocal influences or conspiratorial coincidences. This suggests that by embracing nonlocal influences we can avoid conspiratorial fine-tuning. But that’s not entirely true. Recent work, leveraging the framework of graphical causal models, shows that even with nonlocal influences, a kind of fine-tuning is needed to recover quantum correlations. This fine-tuning arises because the world has to be just so as to disable the use of nonlocal (...)
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  29. (1 other version)Ursachen.Andreas Hüttemann - 2018 - Boston: De Gruyter.
    This book presents a systematic overview of the major theories of causation: regularity theory, counterfactual theory, process theory, and more recent forms of interventionism. In addition, it develops a new variation on process theory. For this new edition, Andreas Hüttemann has included the latest scholarship and further developed his argument.
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  30. Hume, teleology and the "science of man".Lorenzo Greco & Dan O'Brien - 2019 - In William Gibson, Dan O'Brien & Marius Turda, Teleology and Modernity. New York, NY: Routledge.
  31. Etwas geschieht durch mich: menschliches Handeln und die Kontingenzen der Kausalität.Peter Stemmer - 2021 - Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann.
    Was bedeutet, dass etwas durch mich geschieht, in einer kausal verfassten Welt? Wir verstehen uns als aktiv Handelnde, als Ursache dessen, was wir tun. Aber wir kommen nicht umhin, anzunehmen, dass die Menschen und ihre Handlungen Teil der natürlichen Ordnung von Ursachen und Wirkungen sind und sich hierin nicht von der übrigen Natur unterscheiden. Die kausalen Ereignisfolgen laufen, so scheint es, durch die Personen hindurch, von außen in sie hinein und von innen in Form von Handlungen aus ihnen heraus. Verflüchtigt (...)
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  32. Causal thinking in global health.Erman Sözüdoğru - 2024 - In Federica Russo & Phyllis Illari, The Routledge handbook of causality and causal methods. New York, NY: Routledge.
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  33. What caused the COVID-19 pandemic?Trisha Greenhalgh, Eivind Engebretsen & Tony Sandset - 2024 - In Federica Russo & Phyllis Illari, The Routledge handbook of causality and causal methods. New York, NY: Routledge.
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  34. (1 other version)Naturalism and agnosticism.James Ward - 1899 - London,: Macmillan & Co..
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  35. Including or excluding free will.Jason D. Runyan - 2024 - In Marilena Streit-Bianchi & Vittorio Gorini, New Frontiers in Science in the Era of AI. Springer Nature. pp. 111-126.
    Antiquated Classical pictures of the universe have been formative in shaping the modern idea that, to the extent change is caused, it is fixed in advance. This idea has played a role in making it seem to many that what we are discovering through science supports the exclusion of free will from models for the relevant neural and bodily changes. I argue that giving up this unwarranted notion about causation opens us to the likelihood that how a person expresses free (...)
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  36. New Frontiers in Science in the Era of AI.Marilena Streit-Bianchi & Vittorio Gorini (eds.) - 2024 - Springer Nature.
    This interdisciplinary book enables scientists and non-specialists from various fields to delve into fascinating historical and recent scientific advancements in physics, astrophysics, genetic evolution, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence. Paradigm shifts are common in science, but some have significantly changed our perception and understanding of the world. This volume not only explores the profound implications of these scientific frontiers but also forecasts their impact on daily life. It delves into ongoing research and the technology that fuels advancements in physics and related (...)
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  37. (1 other version)Causation and the types of necessity.Curt John Ducasse - 1924 - Seattle,: University of Washington press.
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  38. Permissive Determinism.Morteza Shahram - manuscript
    This paper attempts to explore theoretical plausibility of a deterministic universe capable of accommodating freedom by postulating certain requisite features for the set of initial conditions (without probing into the nature of deterministic laws). In another sense this paper codifies a reaction to McTaggart’s argument for the unreality of time.
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  39. Demystifying Downward Causation in Biology.Yasmin Haddad - 2024 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 55 (1):1-18.
    The concept of downward causation is frequently used in an explanatory capacity in biology to account for certain regularities and processes. Some philosophers, however, argue that downward causation is metaphysically incoherent, providing three main objections. Underlying these objections is the assumption that entities are connected by compositional hierarchies of levels of organization. In this paper, I introduce the notions of weak and strong compositional relations using examples from evolutionary developmental biology. I argue that downward causation becomes unproblematic if we use (...)
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  40. “And They Shall Be Two in One Flesh”: A Scotistic Exploration of Marriage, Intersubjectivity, and Interpersonality.Liran Shia Gordon - 2024 - Religions 15 (8).
    Marriage is an institution known for both its virtues and challenges. This study examines marriage not merely as a sociological or theological construct but as a lens to explore the profound philosophical problems of intersubjectivity and interpersonality. By examining both the relational and sacramental dimensions of marriage, we gain insights into how two distinct individuals can form a deep, enduring bond that transcends individual isolation, thus offering a model for understanding both intersubjectivity and interpersonality. The unique perspective offered by Christian (...)
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  41. Explanation and understanding in the human sciences.Gurpreet Mahajan - 2011 - [Oxford]: Oxford University Press.
    The book surveys the major forms of inquiry in the social sciences, including hermeneutic understanding, narrative, reason-action, and causal explanation, to examine how each method changes our perception of social reality. This edition includes a new Preface that discusses the evolution in social sciences since over the last twenty years.
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  42. The Extended Mind Hypothesis: An Objection and Defense.Jenny Lorraine Nielsen - manuscript
  43. Milieus of minutiae: contextualizing the small in literature, philosophy, and science.Elizabeth Brogden & Christiane Frey (eds.) - 2024 - Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
    A collection of interdisciplinary essays-across the fields of literature, philosophy, and the history of science-that explore the relationship between seemingly trivial matter and the larger, sometimes monumental conditions to which they give rise, before and beyond the advent of magnification. Essays range in topic from sixteenth-century pathology to twentieth-century architectural theory, natural science, literature, and art.
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  44. Scientific explanation, causality, and agency: a free energy account.Majid D. Beni - 2025 - London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
    This book draws on advances in computational neuroscience and theoretical biology to provide a clear and accessible agentive account of the nature of causality and scientific explanations. Instead of attempting to establish the elements of scientific explanation, such as causality, in a reality unadulterated by a human perspective, this book relies on scientific facts about cognition to describe the structure of agency at from a distinctly human perspective. The book draws on the Free Energy Principle to reinforce the agency theory (...)
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  45. Creation as Divine Absence: A Metaphysical Reframing of the Problem of Evil.Megan Fritts - forthcoming - Religious Studies.
    The philosophical “problem of evil” goes back at least as far as Epicurus and has remained a powerful argument against the existence of God in contemporary philosophy. The argument is rooted in apparent contradictions between God’s divine attributes and various conditions of human existence. But these contradictions arise only given certain assumptions of what we should expect both God and the world to be like given God’s existence. In this paper, I argue that we can utilize the work of the (...)
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  46. (1 other version)John Cowburn: Free Will, Predestination and Determinism. [REVIEW]Carlos G. Patarroyo G. - 2009 - Logoi 14 (1):169-177.
    Esta es una reseña crítica del libro de John Cowburn "Free Will, Predestination and Determinism".
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  47. On Contextual Alternatives.Carlos G. Patarroyo G. - 2023 - Theorema (3):69-86.
    One of the main challenges faced by Frankfurt-style Cases has been elaborated by Carlos Moya. According to this argument, seemingly insignificant alternatives can become significant and exempting due to the context in which agents find themselves. Given that Frankfurt-style Cases involve extreme situations, seemingly insignificant alternatives become robust, rendering Frankfurt Cases ineffective against the Principle of Alternative Possibilities. This paper provides an overview of the contextual alternatives and Frankfurt Cases debate, presents Moya’s strategy, and ultimately advances an argument to cast (...)
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  48. Parpadeos de libertad: la causa-agente y el principio de posibilidades alternativas.Carlos G. Patarroyo G. - 2009 - Cuadernos de Filosofía 52 (52):11-34.
    En 1969 Harry Frankfurt publica su seminal artículo “Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility”. Allí ataca la necesidad del principio de posibilidades alternativas (PPA) para la adscripción de responsabilidad moral a los agentes cuando estos realizan una acción. Desde entonces, muchos han sido los intentos de defender el PPA y de mostrar su necesidad para la adscripción de la responsabilidad moral. En este ensayo se examina uno de esos intentos: el que se basa en la causalidad-agencial propuesta por Thomas Reid (1710-1796), (...)
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  49. Causal Models and Metaphysics—Part 2: Interpreting Causal Models.Jennifer McDonald - 2024 - Philosophy Compass 19 (7):e13007.
    This paper addresses the question of what constitutes an apt interpreted model for the purpose of analyzing causation. I first collect universally adopted aptness principles into a basic account, flagging open questions and choice points along the way. I then explore various additional aptness principles that have been proposed in the literature but have not been widely adopted, the motivations behind their proposals, and the concerns with each that stand in the way of universal adoption. I conclude that the remaining (...)
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  50. Does Kant Debunk Robust Metaphysics?Colin Marshall - forthcoming - In Colin Marshall & Stefanie Grüne, Kant's Lasting Legacy: Essays in Honor of Béatrice Longuenesse. Routledge.
    Robustly realistic metaphysical readings of Kant’s mature views have become popular in recent years, largely because of the apparent coherence of applying unschematized categories like that of causation to things in themselves. There is, however, an overlooked problem that arises even for robust realist readings that privilege unschematized categories. The problem is that Kant provides all the elements for what is now called a ‘debunking explanation’ of metaphysical representations of things in themselves. His account of the categories as arising from (...)
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