El exilio chileno provocado tras el golpe de estado que significó el fin de la Unidad Popular, empujó al exterior a cerca de 200.000 personas entre 1973 y 1977 y en total a 400.000 personas, si se considera el final de la sanción en 1988. Un tercio de esa diáspora lo constituyeron mujeres, quienes salieron de Chile rumbo a los países más emblemáticos como Argentina, Canadá, México, Suecia, Noruega, Francia o España después de un periodo de persecución, represión, tortura y (...) en muchos casos, prisión. En el siguiente artículo se analiza cómo esas mujeres vivieron el exilio solas o junto a sus familias, bajo seis ejes temáticos: la salida de Chile, la llegada al país de acogida, la familia y las relaciones afectivas, trabajo y estudio, militancias y activismo politico y la posibilidad del retorno. (shrink)

El presente artículo analiza sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos para detectar si en ellas se ha realizado una interpretación intercultural que pudiera salvar aquellas críticas referidas al etnocentrismo de estos derechos. La reflexión se sitúa desde la filosofía hermenéutica y desarrolla una metodología cualitativa de investigación que como técnica utiliza la revisión documental. Se concluye que existe una interpretación intercultural y un diálogo interpretativo entre los textos de derechos humanos y la cosmovisión de las culturas indígenas, aun (...) cuando se requiere de un mayor desarrollo para advertir un criterio general de interculturalidad. (shrink)

El artículo analiza el desarrollo de la interseccionalidad como concepto presente en el proceso de juzgar con perspectiva de género, en particular, su impacto en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Corte IDH). La metodología utilizada es cualitativa, principalmente, revisión de sentencias de la Corte IDH. De las 13 sentencias seleccionadas en el período 2015-2022 se concluye que la Corte IDH ha incorporado progresivamente la perspectiva interseccional y la ha usada como categoría analítica para estudiar, entender y (...) hacer frente a las discriminaciones que constituyen una forma agravada de discriminación y barreras de acceso a la justicia. (shrink)

En su Teoría del Reconocimiento, Honneth plantea que es la interacción entre los seres humanos la que determina la constitución de estos, siendo el reconocimiento, el elemento fundamental para dicha constitución en tres esferas: el amor, el derecho y la solidaridad. Pellegrino identifica que la medicina es una empresa moral, construida sobre ciertas creencias de lo bueno y lo malo, y presenta una caracterización del acto médico constituida por tres elementos: el hecho de la enfermedad, el acto de profesión y (...) el acto de medicina. En este artículo se evaluará las implicancias éticas del acto médico, en el marco de la Teoría del Reconocimiento de Honneth y el modelo tripartito de la relación médico paciente propuesta por Pellegrino. (shrink)

El presente artículo reflexiona sobre los escenarios de posibilidad que existen en las aulas y en la enseñanza de la historia y las ciencias sociales desde dos perspectivas. Se cuestiona, desde la perspectiva de la investigación de Marolla (2016), el contenido de los discursos del profesorado chileno sobre la inclusión y la enseñanza de la historia. Los discursos se contrastan con investigaciones realizadas sobre el contenido de las fuentes judiciales de la ciudad de Concepción y los roles de las mujeres. (...) Se reflexiona en torno a los espacios y las herramientas que existen desde la didáctica para generar innovaciones y transformaciones a las desigualdades que existen por razones de género. El contenido de los discursos ha sido analizado bajo una metodología cualitativa a través de un estudio de casos. Los archivos judiciales han sido analizados bajo una metodología cualitativa descriptiva. Lo fundamental es el poder visualizar que existen espacios y caminos para generar innovaciones didácticas. (shrink)

Carte Blanche is the alarming tale of how the right of Americans to say "no" to risky medical research is eroding at a time when we are racing to produce a vaccine and treatments for Covid-19. This medical right that we have long taken for granted was first sacrificed on the altar of military expediency in 1990 when the Department of Defense asked for and received from the FDA a waiver that permitted it to force an experimental anthrax vaccine (...) on the ranks of ground troops headed for the Persian Gulf. Since then, the military has pressed ahead to impose nonconsensual testing of the blood substitute PolyHeme in civilian urbanities, quietly enrolling more than 20,000 non-consenting subjects since 2005. Most Americans think that their right to give or withhold consent is protected by law, but the passing in 1996 of modifications to the Code of Federal Regulations, such as statute CFR 21 50.24, now permit investigators to conduct research with trauma victims without their consent or event their knowledge. More than a dozen studies since have used the 1996 loophole to recruit large numbers of subjects without their knowledge. The erosion of consent is the result of a U.S. medical-research system that has proven again and again that it cannot be trusted. (shrink)

Au cours d’une phase exploratoire, les rongeurs esquissent une forme qui oriente leur attention au contexte et assure un codage sensori-moteur des relations entre divers lieux caractéristiques selon un modèle qui s’apparente à la carte cognitive de Tolman. Selon nous, la perspective neuro-éthologique gagne en portée explicative par son articulation à la conception ruyérienne du comportement animal en soulignant le rôle de l’intégration de conduites guidées par des réponses instinctives dans l’élaboration de la cognition spatiale. Nous pouvons ainsi confronter (...) les descriptions de la neuro-éthologie à la conception ruyérienne de l’instinct « toujours thématique ». (shrink)

Following the cart meeting of June 13, in which it was agreed that McCarthy would buy the cart project a TV transmitter if I could demonstrate my ability to do work on vision by writing a program which extracted three dimensional information from a motion stereo sequence of pictures, I began work on this task. So that there would be no doubt as to who had done the work, and because I operate most comfortably and effectively in a programming environment (...) made to my own tastes, the first order of business was the writing of a set of graphics and picture utility routines. The resulting package provides more flexibility than Quam's III buffer based routines, and is more cohesive than Baumgart's set, which is spread out among several programs. Currently the package accesses Data Disc displays only, in future it will be extended to provide output to the XGP and maybe the III's. As an example of increased capabilities, it allows display of filled in polygons, and permits displays to be shrunk or expanded arbitrarily merely by changing the declared dimensions of the screen or the requested sizes of the individual parts. Also, selected areas of the display may be erased or complemented, as well as added to. The programs described below use no previously existing software other than the FAIL and SAIL compilers and the operating system. (shrink)

Entre les postes et le mouvement analytique, le principe de plaisir et l'histoire des télécommunications, la carte postale et la lettre volée, bref le transfert de Socrate à Freud, et au-delà. Cette satire de la littérature épistolaire devait être farcie - d'adresses, de codes postaux, de missives cryptées, de lettres anonymes, le tout confié à tant de modes, de genres et de tons.

This is a proposal for the re-activation of the essentially stillborn automatic car project for which the cart was originally obtained, and presents a process through which this activation could be accomplished painlessly. The project would be financed from the lab's operating grant, and would interact strongly with, while being independent of, any Mars rover research initiated by Lynn Quam. Since I seem to be the only one, apart from John McCarthy, with an active interest in this aspect of things, (...) the following is written entirely from my point of view. (shrink)

English summary: Often considered as an orientation and navigation tool, maps are intended to reassure us as we navigate on the earth. But what would happen if we were travelling with maps which disorient us? There certainly is no shortage of maps, but they are not all equally reliable! Some merely reproduce reality, while others, to the contrary, invent it. In addition to external maps used by geographers-geodesists-land surveyors, there are internal maps used by cosmographers-painters-writers and, indeed, all those whose (...) lines fire the imagination, as did Michaux, who said, I want my lines to be the very phrasing of life. The maps which will concern us here are precisely those which resist the tyranny of analogy to plunge us into the mad depths of these uncertain outlines. Such memory-bereft maps leave tracks and yet refuse to follow any sort of path. In doing so, they drag us off into improbable and unknown geographies. This journey is taken by means of a dialogue woven between Michaux's poetic works and Merleau-Ponty's philosophical writings. It also provides an opportunity to clarify Maurice Blanchot's theory expressing the main theme of the following words: Thus were they walking, immobile within the movement. These unfamiliar maps afford us an occasion to advance immobile within the movement, as if to tell us that the fixation points drawn by spatial geometry consist first and foremost of the fictional points invented by geometry. French description: SOUVENT ENVISAGEE comme un instrument d'orientation et de navigation, la carte sert a nous rassurer dans notre lecture du territoire. Mais qu'adviendrait-il si l'on voyageait avec des cartes qui nous desorientaient? Les cartes sont nombreuses certes, mais elles n'ont pas toutes les memes vertus! Certaines se contentent de reproduire simplement la realite, d'autres au contraire l'inventent. Parallelement aux cartes d'exterieur des geographes-geometres-arpenteurs, il existe des cartes d'interieur des cosmographes-peintres-ecrivains, tous ceux en fait qui font rever les lignes a la maniere de Michaux qui affirmait: Je veux que mes traces soient le phrase meme de la vie. Les cartes qui retiendront notre attention ici sont justement celles qui luttent contre la tyrannie de l'analogie pour nous plonger dans les profondeurs folles de ces contours incertains. Ces cartes sans memoire effectuent des traces et se refusent a suivre toute espece de parcours. Elles nous entrainent ainsi vers des geographies improbables et inconnues. Ce voyage se fera a partir d'un dialogue tisse entre les oeuvres poetiques de Michaux et les ecrits philosophiques de Merleau-Ponty. Il sera aussi l'occasion d'eclairer la formule de Maurice Blanchot, fil conducteur des propos qui vont suivre: Ils marchaient ainsi, immobiles a l'interieur du mouvement. Les cartes inconnues nous offrent l'occasion de marcher immobile a l'interieur du mouvement comme pour nous dire que les points de fixation que la geometrie spatiale dessine sont d'abord des points de fiction que la geometrie invente. Alain Milon est professeur de philosophie a l'universite de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Defense. (shrink)

Distributive justice is the paradigmatic philosophical position regarding matters of contemporary justice. Distributive justice often focuses on issues of resource allocation and/or welfare allocation. In this essay I argue that this paradigm has ‘the cart before the horse’ because issues of productive justice—logically and normatively—are of antecedent concern. The way in which people work, and the nature of the productive workplace, conditions the conceptual and concrete possibilities of obtaining distributive justice, thus productive justice is of antecedent concern for realizing justice (...) overall. Contra Rawls, it is productive justice which in the ‘first instance’ ought to provide ‘a conception of social justice’. But even if this claim is hasty, it remains the case that distributive justice theorists have not allowed productive justice into their considered judgments and thus are operating with something short of serious reflective equilibrium. Productive justice therefore deserves unprecedented analysis and philosophical consideration. (shrink)

Our hardware is an electric vehicle, remotely controlled over a citizens band radio link by a PDP-KL10. It carries a black and white television camera whose picture is broadcast over a UHF channel, and received and occasionally digitized by the computer. The vehicle has drive motors for the rear wheels, a steering motor coupled to a steering bar arrangement on the front wheels, and a motor controlling the camera pan angle. Each can be commanded to run forward or backward. There (...) is a potentiometer on the steering and pan linkages which enables them to be commanded to point straight ahead. The mechanical arrangements are crude, the motor speeds are unregulated, and there is no feedback to the computer other than the video from the camera. Overall dead reckoning errors are on the order of 30%. Most of the computer controlled runs so far have been with the camera pointed straight ahead and the vehicle moving forward in two foot increments, punctuated by long pauses, during which the images are processed. (shrink)

L'histoire de la pensée occidentale est jalonnée de grandes "querelles", comme celle des universaux ou celle des anciens et des modernes. Il était inévitable qu'une grande philosophie comme celle de Descartes donne lieu, du moment où elle a commencé à être diffusée, à de vifs débats. C'est à travers de tels débats, comme ceux qui, durant la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, ont opposé en France Gueroult et Alquié ou Foucault et Derrida, que, à notre époque, elle reste vivante. En (...) prenant en considération certains aspects surprenants de sa réception, on mesure à quel point une doctrine comme celle de Descartes, qu'aucune entreprise académique n'est parvenue à momifier, appelle des engagements de pensée pratiqués au présent, et répugne à une appréhension objective ou prétendue telle, qui, en l'appréhendant à distance, la relèguerait dans un passé révolu. L'oeuvre de Descartes reste pour nous encore en grande part une énigme, et ainsi elle constitue une invitation ou une provocation à penser, en nous tenant à l'écart des idées toutes faites : c'est par là, et non par les certitudes acquises dont elle serait porteuse, qu'elle se révèle incontournable pour qui s'intéresse à la philosophie. (shrink)

In The Origins of Unfairness, Cailin O’Connor develops a series of evolutionary game models to show that gender might have emerged to solve coordination problems in the division of labor. One assumption of those models is that agents engage in gendered social learning. This assumption puts the explanatory cart before the horse. How did early humans have a well-developed system of gendered social learning before the gendered division of labor? This paper develops a pair of models that show it is (...) possible for the gendered division of labor to arise on more minimal assumptions. (shrink)

Dieu, le temps, la liberte: trois manieres de poser le probleme des rapports du fini et de l'infini. Comment un etre fini peut-il etre tellement hante par l'idee de l'infini, qu'elle soit la plus originaire et l'horizon de toutes ses pensees? Si Dieu a tout cree sans ordre ni raison, l'infinite de sa puissance n'est-elle pas son unique perfection? Comment une creature finie peut-elle desirer acquerir les perfections infinies qu'elle concoit en Dieu sans s'assigner ainsi une tache infinie? Pour deduire (...) l'infinite des verites creees du petit nombre d'idees et d'axiomes qui sont innes a son entendement, ne lui faudrait-il pas un temps infini? Mais, faute d'en disposer jamais, peut-elle s'eprouver assignee a une tache infinie sans eprouver ce mauvais infini comme l'echec d'un perpetuel inachevement? En confrontant les analyses de Descartes a celles de Malebranche et de Leibniz, c'est a ces problemes que les six etudes ici reunies tentent d'apporter quelque lumiere. (shrink)

Dans les deux textes composant ce volume, on confronte Descartes pour qui la liberte est un fait certain et plus clair qu'aucun autre avec Hobbes qui recuse la validite de ce fait au nom de la necessite universelle qui gouverne aussi bien les evenements naturels que les actions humaines. On cherche a montrer ensuite quue la liberte ne serait pas le pouvoir ou la perfection propre a chacun de nous sans l'epreuve de la resistance que le corps propre oppose a (...) l'effort (Maine de Biran), sans une confrontation de tous les instants avec ce que Ricoeur nomme l'involontaire, engageant ainsi une discussion de fond, feconde et exigeante, avec Descartes auteur d'un Traite des passions. Le croisement entre le point de vue phenomenologique et celui du physicien sur l'affectivite montre aussi qu'expliquer et comprendre ne sont pas comme des mondes paralleles. Pierre Guenancia est professeur d'histoire de la philosophie moderne a l'universite de Bourgogne. Apres plusieurs livres et articles sur Descartes et la pensee classique, il a publie recemment Le Regard de la pensee. Philosophie de la representation (PUF 2009), Descartes chemin faisant (Encre Marine, 2010), Divertissements pascaliens (Hermann, 2011), ainsi que la reedition de Descartes et l'ordre politique (Tel, Gallimard 2012). A la suite de plusieurs textes sur le cosmopolitisme, il prepare un essai sur les Prolegomenes a une philosophie du cosmopolitisme. (shrink)

Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Volume 52, Issue 1-2, Page 81-102, January-March 2022. In The Origins of Unfairness, Cailin O’Connor develops a series of evolutionary game models to show that gender might have emerged to solve coordination problems in the division of labor. One assumption of those models is that agents engage in gendered social learning. This assumption puts the explanatory cart before the horse. How did early humans have a well-developed system of gendered social learning before the gendered division (...) of labor? This paper develops a pair of models that show it is possible for the gendered division of labor to arise on more minimal assumptions. (shrink)

Two widely shared but diametrically opposed views inform what theories we have on the everyday: one, which we might call the feminine or feminist, though it is not necessarily held by women or self-described feminists, links the everyday with the daily rituals of private life carried out within the domestic sphere traditionally presided over by women; the other, the masculine or masculinist, sites the everyday in the public spaces and spheres dominated especially, but not exclusively, in modern Western bourgeois societies (...) by men. According to the one, the everyday is made up of the countless repetitive gestures and small practices that fall under the heading of what the existentialists called the contingent. According to the other, the everyday is made up of the chance encounters of the streets; its hero is not the housewife but the flâneur. In the word of Maurice Blanchot:The everyday is human. The earth, the sea, forest, light, night, do not represent everydayness, which belongs first of all to the dense presence of great urban centers. We need these admirable deserts that are the world’s cities for the experience of the everyday to begin to overtake us. The everyday is not at home in our dwelling-places, it is not in offices or churches, any more than in libraries or museums. It is in the street—if it is anywhere.1 1. Maurice Blanchot, “Everyday Speech,” trans. Susan Hanson, in “Everyday Life,” ed. Alice Kaplan and Kristin Ross, special issue of Yale French Studies, no. 73 : 17. Naomi Schor is the William Hanes Wannamaker Professor Romance Studies at Duke University and coeditor of differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies. Her most recent book is Reading in Detail: Aesthetics and the Feminine . She is currently completing a book entitled George Sand and Idealism. (shrink)

Guattari has progressively designed a set of tools capable of helping everyone escape from capitalist injunctions, finding support in affects, in participative action, in cultural universals and in the flows freed by the human adventure on the surface of the planet. The subject, distanced from the powerlessness generated by a central ego, develops her reflection and agency in infinitely diverse situations. He drew such tools, first, from institutional psychotherapy and psycho-sociology, later, from a form of semiotics not limited by the (...) collapse of the « loci of speech », which finally led him to invent schizo-analytic mappings and to prepare the ground for « ecosophy ». (shrink)