Cette monographie, soigneusement reliée et bien présentée, interpelle dès l’abord par le libellé de son titre : si l’A. peut affirmer qu’il n’existe aucune monographie récente qui traite de manière combinée de l’art grec et de la religion (p. 1), c’est peut-être bien que les deux termes choisis ne sont pas les plus évidents à utiliser. Le lecteur s’attend dès lors à une analyse réflexive de ces deux notions et de leur combinaison. Mais en guise de définition de « religion (...) », on n’aura à se me... (shrink)

Le jeu de mot allusif du titre le dit d’entrée : cet ouvrage est un bouquet d’hommages offert à François Lissarrague, cet inlassable chasseur d’images, de sens, de liens, ce scrutateur du regard, des regards, ceux que les images mettent en scène et nous renvoient, ceux que nous portons sur les images. Les dix-neuf textes réunis sont autant de regards personnels sur l’homme, sur sa recherche et son enseignement de la part de celles et ceux qui ont suivi ses séminaires (...) et ont été « captivés par... (shrink)

The paper presents a research programme for the neuroscience of consciousness called 'neurophenomenology' and illustrates it with a recent pilot study . At a theoretical level, neurophenomenology pursues an embodied and large-scale dynamical approach to the neurophysiology of consciousness . At a methodological level, the neurophenomenological strategy is to make rigorous and extensive use of first-person data about subjective experience as a heuristic to describe and quantify the large-scale neurodynamics of consciousness . The paper focuses on neurophenomenology in relation to (...) three challenging methodological issues about incorporating first-person data into cognitive neuroscience: first-person reports can be biased or inaccurate; the process of generating first-person reports about an experience can modify that experience; and there is an 'explanatory gap' in our understanding of how to relate first-person, phenomenological data to third-person, biobehavioural data. (shrink)

The epistemology of models has to face a conundrum: models are often described as highly idealised, and yet they are considered to be vehicles for scientific explanations. Truth-oriented—veritist—conceptions of explanation seem thereby undermined by this contradiction. In this article, I will show how this apparent paradox can be avoided by appealing to the notion of fiction. If fictionalism is often thought to lead to various flavours of instrumentalism, thereby weakening the veritist hopes, the fiction view of models offers a framework (...) much richer than it seems at first sight. To do so, I will call upon the concepts of modality, counterfactual structure and credible worlds. In the end, veritism of explanation and fiction can indeed go hand in hand, but the scope of explanations we can hope to draw from models must be more precisely delineated. (shrink)

Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Imagerie Ce´re´brale (LENA), Hoˆpital de La Salpeˆtrie`re, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).

_sciousness called ‘neurophenomenology’ (Varela 1996) and illustrates it with a_ _recent pilot study (Lutz et al., 2002). At a theoretical level, neurophenomenology_ _pursues an embodied and large-scale dynamical approach to the_ _neurophysiology of consciousness (Varela 1995; Thompson and Varela 2001;_ _Varela and Thompson 2003). At a methodological level, the neurophenomeno-_ _logical strategy is to make rigorous and extensive use of first-person data about_ _subjective experience as a heuristic to describe and quantify the large-scale_ _neurodynamics of consciousness (Lutz 2002). The paper (...) foocuses on_ _neurophenomenology in relation to three challenging methodological issues_ _about incorporating first-person data into cognitive neuroscience: (i) first-person_ _reports can be biased or inaccurate; (ii) the process of generating first-person_ _reports about an experience can modify that experience; and (iii) there is an ‘ex-_ _planatory gap’ in our understanding of how to relate first-person, phenomeno-_ _logical data to third-person, biobehavioural data._. (shrink)

in Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness edited by Zelazo P., Moscovitch M. and Thompson E. (2007).

U.S. law imposes strict recording and reporting requirements on all entities that manufacture and distribute controlled substances. As a result, the prescription opioid crisis has unfolded in a data-saturated environment. This article asks why the systematic documentation of opioid transactions failed to prevent or mitigate the crisis. Drawing on a recently disclosed trove of 1.4 million internal records from Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, a leading manufacturer of prescription opioids, we highlight a phenomenon we propose to call data diversion, whereby data ostensibly generated (...) or collected for the purpose of regulating the distribution of controlled substances were repurposed by the industry for the opposite aim of increasing sales at all costs. Systematic data diversion, we argue, contributed substantially to the scale of drug diversion seen with opioids and should become a focus of policy intervention. (shrink)

PLoS ONE 3(3): e1897. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.

Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole were philosophers and theologians associated with Port-Royal Abbey, a centre of the Catholic Jansenist movement in seventeenth-century France. Their enormously influential Logic or the Art of Thinking, which went through five editions in their lifetimes, treats topics in logic, language, theory of knowledge and metaphysics, and also articulates the response of 'heretical' Jansenist Catholicism to orthodox Catholic and Protestant views on grace, free will and the sacraments. In attempting to combine the categorical theory of (...) the proposition with a Cartesian account of knowledge, their Logic represents the classical view of judgment which inspired the modern transformation in logic and semantic theory by Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein and recent philosophers. This edition presents a new translation of the text, together with a historical introduction and suggestions for further reading. (shrink)

Peut-on concevoir un récit généalogique ou une forme catalogique en dehors de tout contexte littéraire ? Le sanctuaire d’Olympie offre plusieurs pistes de réflexion à travers l’analyse de ses offrandes et de son décor figuré : généalogie sous-jacente liée à l’identité grecque, agencement parataxique du décor archaïque , catalogue des douze travaux d’Héraclès, ou catalogue abstrait suscité par un épisode épique. Les différentes stations de cette visite du sanctuaire ouvrent la voie à une réflexion sur la complémentarité – et non (...) l’interdépendance directe – du récit verbal et des représentations figurées. En tant que centre panhellénique le sanctuaire est un creuset dans lequel se met en place une koinè mythologique. Les images participent grandement à cette construction de l’identité culturelle hellénique, aussi bien comme déclencheur du récit, que comme medium à part entière.The Narrative Object, or Myth Materialised. Genealogies and Catalogues without Words in the Sanctuary of Olympia. Is it conceivable that genealogical accounts or forms of catalogues, divorced from any literary context, can exist? The sanctuary of Olympia, through an analysis of its votive offerings and figural decoration, yields several paths of reflection: the omnipresenceof genealogy, intimately connected with the Greek identity, paratactic arrangements of archaic decoration , the twelve labours of Herakles, or an abstract catalogue attached to an epic episode. The different stations in this sanctuary visit lead us to reflect on the complementarity – but not direct interdependence – of narrative and figural representation. As a Panhellenic sanctuary, Olympia is a veritable melting pot, in which a mytho­logical koine gradually evolves. Images play a large part in the construction of Hellenic cultural identity: as stimulators of narrative, certainly, but also as media in themselves. (shrink)

A epistemologia histórico-racionalista de Canguilhem, seu gosto pelo concreto, as áreas a que se refere - a medicina, o estudo da patologia, a fisiologia, a biologia - parecem longe dos grandes estudos metafísicos do "primeiro" Deleuze e de seu interesse pela sistematização conceitual abstrata. Mas nos situaremos aqui num outro nível: o dos problemas e projetos filosóficos. Sobre esse plano, apresentamos o entrecruzamento das leituras do Essai e de Nietzsche et la philosophie, para ver como é esclarecedor: enquanto um Canguilhem (...) menos exclusivamente racionalista aí aparece, vemos na pesquisa filosofia efetivada por Deleuze algo distinto de um gesto que eleva a reflexão a um grau suplementar de abstração. Mais profundamente, tal aproximação coloca sob novas perspectivas a tripla significação da refundação do criticismo kantiano como uma filosofia de valores, de sua relação com uma "filosofia de vida" e de seu ponto culminante na problematização da imagem do pensamento. (shrink)

This volume explores the relationship between physics and metaphysics in Descartes' philosophy. According to the standard account, Descartes modified the objects of metaphysics and physics and inverted the order in which these two disciplines were traditionally studied. This book challenges the standard account in which Descartes prioritizes metaphysics over physics. It does so by taking into consideration the historical reception of Descartes and the ways in which Descartes himself reacted to these receptions in his own lifetime. The book stresses the (...) diversity of these receptions by taking into account not only Cartesianisms but also anti-Cartesianisms, and by showing how they retroactively highlighted different aspects of Descartes' works and theoretical choices. The historical aspect of the volume is unique in that it not only analyzes different constructions of Descartes that emerged in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, but also reflects on how his work was first read by philosophers across Europe. Taken together, the essays in this volume offer a fresh and up-to-date contribution to this important debate in early modern philosophy. (shrink)

Bien qu’il ait été défini comme un ordre des successions, le temps leibnizien s’y réduit-il? Le recours à Deleuze permet d’en douter. D’une part, les mondes de verre de la fin de la Théodicée sont interprétés comme des cristaux, qui révèlent le temps dans son ensemble. Nous verrons pour Leibniz même, indépendamment de Deleuze, ce qui autorise une telle forme du temps. D’autre part, dès Logique du sens, Deleuze compte sur la topologie d’une courbe pour synthétiser les événements d’un monde. (...) La convergence de leurs points entraîne enfin que les mondes divergent en une bifurcation, dont nous demanderons si la Confessio philosophi ne l’autorisait pas déjà, dans sa conception de l’acte libre. (shrink)

Background:Even in countries with an opt-out or presumed consent system, relatives have a considerable influence on the post-mortem organ harvesting decision. However, their reflection capacity may be compromised by grief, and they are, therefore, often prone to choose refusal as default option. Quite often, it results in late remorse and dissatisfaction. So, a high-quality reflection support seems critical to enable them to gain a stable position and a long-term peace of mind, and also avoid undue loss of potential grafts. In (...) practice, recent studies have shown that the ethical aspects of reflection are rarely and often poorly discussed with relatives and that no or incomplete guidance is offered. No review of the literature is available to date, although it could be of value to improve the quality of the daily practice.Objectives:The objective was to review and synthesize the main concepts and approaches, theories and practices of ethical reflection support of the relatives or surrogates of potential post-mortem organ donors.Research design:A narrative review was performed in the medical, psychological and ethical fields using PubMed, PsycArticles and Web of Science databases (1980–2020).Results:Out of 150 papers, 25 were finally retained. Four themes were drawn: the moral status of the potential post-mortem organ donor, the principlistic approach with its limits and critics, the narrative approach and the transcendental approach.Discussion:This review suggests an extension of psychological support towards ethical reflection support. The process of helping relatives in their ethical exploration of post-mortem organ donation is psychologically and morally characterized. The need for specialized professionals educated and experienced both in clinical psychology and in health ethics to carry out this task is discussed.Practical impact:This review could contribute to optimize the quality of the ethical reflection support by initiating an evolution from an empirical, partial and individual-dependent support to a more systematized, professionalized and exhaustive support. (shrink)

Des magasins Disney aux boutiques de musées, les produits dérivés sont désormais incontournables. En réutilisant une grande variété de formes et de volumes, ces phénomènes marketing semblent se faire l’écho d’une situation culturelle particulière pour laquelle un personnage de bande dessinée et un tableau de maître peuvent être imprimés sur un mug ou un carnet sans aucune distinction. Malgré ces goûts éclectiques, les produits dérivés semblent dessiner un savoir-faire spécifique, motivé à première vue par des raisons commerciales. Quelle est l’histoire (...) des produits dérivés et comment pouvons-nous les définir? En regardant les pratiques des concepteurs de produits dérivés et en les replaçant dans leurs contextes de vente, nous comprenons que la reproduction n’est pas la seule raison de leur succès. Une motivation décorative fait également partie intégrante de leur nature. Cet aspect des produits dérivés, qui appartient plus au champ esthétique qu’économique, nous offre des informations sur la place des arts appliqués dans notre société et sur leur traduction par le capitalisme contemporain. (shrink)

René Descartes (1596-1650) is often presented as the founder of the "dualistic" thesis radically separating the soul from the body, in early modern philosophy. As such, he is likely to have initiated two kinds of revolutions: a revolution in the study of nature and living being(understood as inanimate), on the one hand; and a revolution in the study of the human mind(understood as the foundation of all knowledge), on the other. This entry focuses on his scientific work and overall reception, (...) as a way of understanding the interaction of these two fields. (shrink)

Trois dossiers distincts, mais complémentaires, et rattachés à la ville d’Éphèse sont convoqués pour éclairer des cas concrets de transmission de pratiques, de savoirs ou de vocabulaire rituels. Tout d’abord, les associations dionysiaques d’Éphèse permettent d’aborder la question des référents à partir desquels se constitue un rituel, vu que chaque association est un cas unique, au profil cultuel particulier. Ensuite, l’examen de la Lettre aux Éphésiens d’Ignace d’Antioche souligne l’utilisation par un des premiers auteurs chrétiens d’un vocabulaire associatif et mystérique (...) pour véhiculer son message chrétien. Cela suppose une large diffusion et une connaissance partagée de pratiques rituelles. Enfin, une inscription d’Éphèse met en lumière le rôle du hiérophante public comme indispensable « passeur de tradition » dans l’exécution des rites publics par les magistrats et insiste sur la séparation des tâches et des savoirs en matière rituelle. La mise en parallèle de ces trois cas permet de remettre en question la distinction entre un savoir proprement cultuel et des connaissances fondées plus largement sur des références culturelles : dans un savoir religieux en action, c’est le rite effectif qui devient lui-même référence culturelle. (shrink)

It is widely agreed that fiction is necessarily incomplete, but some recent work postulates the existence of universal fictions—stories according to which everything is true. Building such a story is supposedly straightforward: authors can either assert that everything is true in their story, define a complement function that does the assertoric work for them, or, most compellingly, write a story combining a contradiction with the principle of explosion. The case for universal fictions thus turns on the intuitive priority we assign (...) to the law of non-contradiction. My goal in this paper is to show that our critical and reflective literary practices set constraints on story-telling which preclude universal fictions. I will raise four stumbling blocks for universal fictionalists: the gap between saying and making true, our actual interpretive reactions to story-level contradictions, the criteria we accept for what counts as a story in our literary practices, and the undesirability of the universal fictionalist’s closure principles. (shrink)

Recent brain imaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have implicated insula and anterior cingulate cortices in the empathic response to another’s pain. However, virtually nothing is known about the impact of the voluntary generation of compassion on this network. To investigate these questions we assessed brain activity using fMRI while novice and expert meditation practitioners generated a loving-kindness-compassion meditation state. To probe affective reactivity, we presented emotional and neutral sounds during the meditation and comparison periods. Our main hypothesis (...) was that the concern for others cultivated during this form of meditation enhances affective processing, in particular in response to sounds of distress, and that this response to emotional sounds is modulated by the degree of meditation training. The presentation of the emotional sounds was associated with increased pupil diameter and activation of limbic regions (insula and cingulate cortices) during meditation (versus rest). During meditation, activation in insula was greater during presentation of negative sounds than positive or neutral sounds in expert than it was in novice meditators. The strength of activation in insula was also associated with self-reported intensity of the meditation for both groups. These results support the role of the limbic circuitry in emotion sharing. The comparison between meditation vs. rest states between experts and novices also showed increased activation in amygdala, right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), and right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) in response to all sounds, suggesting, greater detection of the emotional sounds, and enhanced mentation in response to emotional human vocalizations for experts than novices during meditation. Together these data indicate that the mental expertise to cultivate positive emotion alters the activation of circuitries previously linked to empathy and theory of mind in response to emotional stimuli.. (shrink)

This volume explores the philosophy of Étienne Bonnot de Condillac. It presents, for the first time, English-language essays on Condillac's philosophy, making the complexity and sophistication of his arguments and their influence on early modern philosophy accessible to a wider readership. Condillac's reflections on the origin and nature of human abilities, such as the ability to reason, reflect and use language, took philosophy in distinctly new directions. This volume showcases the diversity of themes and methods inspired by Condillac's work. The (...) chapters are divided into four thematic sections. Part 1 highlights themes and discussions that were central to Condillac's own philosophical thinking, thus laying the ground for the subsequent discussions that trace Condillac's influence in the 19th century and beyond. Part 2 focuses on the different ways in which Condillac's philosophy has been taken up, criticised and further developed in France. Part 3 discusses thinkers working in other European countries and parts of the world who took up Condillac's work. Finally, Part 4 looks at the practical applications of Condillac's philosophy in a variety of different fields, such as economics, psychology, psychopathology and deaf studies. Condillac and His Reception will appeal to scholars and advanced students working on early modern philosophy, history of science and intellectual history. (shrink)

Pasteur’s originality in the way he developed pure research is to have understood the importance, for society, of the underlying motivation. Curiosity, of course, is a strong motivation, which explains why we seek to understand the origin of life. But, in front of the immensity of the possible choices, why not, also, choose to start from questions of economic interest (diseases of beer and wine, diseases aVecting the silk industry . . . ) Finally, of course, health is a constant (...) preoccupation, but the diseases, which have no borders, often come from tropical countries and Asia especially. It is therefore necessary to settle there, but not to come and impose one’s point of view, but on the contrary to use the knowledge coming from the local culture in order to open new ways of understanding the reality of the world. (shrink)

The capacity to stabilize the content of attention over time varies among individuals, and its impairment is a hallmark of several mental illnesses. Impairments in sustained attention in patients with attention disorders have been associated with increased trial-to-trial variability in reaction time and event-related potential deficits during attention tasks. At present, it is unclear whether the ability to sustain attention and its underlying brain circuitry are transformable through training. Here, we show, with dichotic listening task performance and electroencephalography, that training (...) attention, as cultivated by meditation, can improve the ability to sustain atten- tion. Three months of intensive meditation training reduced variability in attentional processing of target tones, as indicated by both enhanced theta-band phase consistency of oscillatory neural responses over anterior brain areas and reduced reaction time variability. Furthermore, those individuals who showed the greatest increase in neural response consistency showed the largest decrease in behav- ioral response variability. Notably, we also observed reduced variability in neural processing, in particular in low-frequency bands, regardless of whether the deviant tone was attended or unattended. Focused attention meditation may thus affect both distracter and target processing, perhaps by enhancing entrainment of neuronal oscillations to sensory input rhythms, a mechanism important for controlling the content of attention. These novel findings highlight the mechanisms underlying focused attention meditation and support the notion that mental training can significantly affect attention and brain function. (shrink)

Au cœur de la pensée philosophique, une tension essentielle : des textes écrits dans une conjoncture donnée et incarnés dans des hommes singuliers conquièrent progressivement une forme d'intemporalité. Ils deviennent «classiques». L'objectif de ce volume collectif, réunissant une vingtaine d'études de cas, est de soumettre ces classiques à une double épreuve. D'une part, l'étude des réceptions et médiations intellectuelles montre que le travail de l'historien de la philosophie ne se résume pas à celui d'un antiquaire. D'autre part, la mise au (...) jour des mécanismes d'activations et d'actualisations intellectuelles des classiques atteste de ce que la pensée philosophique ne saurait se réduire à un inventaire d'arguments décontextualisés. Il s'agit, en somme, de proposer une approche anthropologique de la pensée philosophique. (shrink)

La faiblesse de la pensée politique, qui caractérise notre époque, tend à isoler toujours plus la propriété intellectuelle de l'environnement et à la séparer du public et de l'intérêt général. Pourtant, c'est bien l'intérêt général, le public et l'espace public qui fondent la propriété intellectuelle en général et la propriété littéraire et artistique en particulier. Le monopole d'exploitation conféré à un auteur ne peut se justifier que par l'intérêt général que lui porte son public et qui le récompense ainsi de (...) son travail. Impraticable pour la vie de l'esprit, le champ de la nature s'est opposé au champ de la culture et nos sociétés démocratiques reposent sur ce postulat que l'état de nature précède l'état politique. Réconcilions environnement et culture, étendons le champ de la légitimité démocratique à l'espace naturel, concevons la « propriété » intellectuelle, non plus tant comme autant de collections de propriétés privées, mais comme la structure d'un espace public. Ainsi pourrions-nous étendre cette « propriété » intellectuelle refondée, en conférant des droits intellectuels au bénéfice de personnes privées ou publiques qui réaliseraient un travail particulier au bénéfice de l'espace naturel, à savoir l'espace du vivant, dans l'intérêt général. Il ne s'agit plus d'avoir ou de posséder, mais bien d'être en conscience dans un espace commun partagé par tous et respectant notre environnement. (shrink)

It is widely believed, among philosophers of literature, that imagining contradictions is as easy as telling or reading a story with contradictory content. Italo Calvino’s The Nonexistent Knight, for instance, concerns a knight who performs many brave deeds, but who does not exist. Anything at all, they argue, can be true in a story, including contradictions and other impossibilia. While most will readily concede that we cannot objectually imagine contradictions, they nevertheless insist that we can propositionally imagine them, and regularly (...) do, simply by entertaining a text which prompts us to do so. I argue that this narrative does not bear scrutiny for two main reasons. First, because propositional imagining is beside the point, where truth in fiction is concerned; evaluating truth in fiction engages the cognitive architecture in ways that prohibit the mobilization of merely propositional imagination to that end. And second, because it is not obvious, given the strategies usually suggested, that we ever propositionally imagine contradictions in the first place—in fact, it seems we go out of our way to avoid directly imagining them. (shrink)

Navigation ability varies widely across humans. Prior studies have reported that being younger and a male has an advantage for navigation ability. However, these studies have generally involved small numbers of participants from a handful of western countries. Here, we review findings from our project Sea Hero Quest, which used a video game for mobile and tablet devices to test 3.9 million people on their navigation ability, sampling across every nation-state and from 18 to 99 years of age. Results revealed (...) that the task has good ecological validity and across all countries sufficiently sampled (N = 63), age is linked to a near-linear decline in navigation ability from the early 20s. All countries showed a male advantage, but this varied considerably and could be partly predicted by gender inequality. We found that those who reported growing up in a city were on average worse at navigating than those who grew up outside cities and that navigation performance helped identify those at greater genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease. We discuss the advantages and challenges of using a mobile app to study cognition and the future avenues for understanding individual differences in navigation ability arising from this research. (shrink)