RESUMO Este artigo procura mostrar como a linguagem e o estilo empregados por Dostoiévski já em seu romance de estreia, Gente pobre, contribuíram para a grande inovação realizada por ele na forma literária. Ao tomar como objeto de representação a realidade prática de camadas inferiores da sociedade e adotar em sua obra uma linguagem também considerada de nível inferior, própria à maneira de se expressar dessas camadas sociais, Dostoiévski não só transcende todas as regras literárias estabelecidas como também as já (...) transgredidas até então, porque ele leva a sério não só a realidade cotidiana como a linguagem, o nível de estilo próprio a elas. Com isso ele se aproxima da representação séria e elevada da realidade cotidiana sem mudar as regras de estilo, como fizeram os franceses. O que ele muda é o ponto de vista, o foco narrativo, de um modo que não encontra precedente nem mesmo na literatura Ocidental. ABSTRACT This article seeks to show how the language and style employed by Dostoevsky since his debut novel, Poor Folk, contributed to the great innovation that he introduced into literary form. By adopting the practical reality of the lower strata of society as his object of representation and, accordingly, a low-style language, Dostoevsky transcended all established literary rules, as well as others that were already being transgressed. He took seriously both the reality of everyday life and its language, the style level proper to it. In so doing, he approached the serious and elevated representation of everyday reality without changing the rules of style, as the French did. What he changed is the point of view, the narrative focus, and he did so in a way that had no precedent even in Western literature. (shrink)

Прояснення питання про можливість представлення системи художніх образів візуального мистецтва як особливого роду мови, а також про найбільш адекватні методи вивчення такої системи є вельми актуальним завданням для сучасної гуманітарної науки. Аналіз цієї проблематики показує, що композицію кожного зразка образотворчого мистецтва не потрібно розглядати як «висловлювання» в прямому сенсі цього слова, так само як і взагалі говорити про «візуальному мову мистецтва» у тому ж сенсі, в якому ми говоримо про мову природну. Бути знаком – означає бути репрезентацією чого-небудь, але не (...) всяка репрезентація є знаком у його спеціальному лінгвістичному розумінні. У втілених у межах візуального мистецтва образів часто бракує атрибутів лінгвістичного знака. Але якщо ми широко трактуємо поняття знака та мови, то герменевтика й структурно-семіотичний аналіз виявляють практично невичерпні інтерпретативні можливості, перетворюючи фактично всю зовнішню форму нашого соціокультурного існування на певну форму «тексту». Такий «маневр», у свою чергу, трансформує інтерпретації та аналіз знаково-символічних систем у різновид культурологічних досліджень, а також у певних випадках дозволяє їм служити теоретичною основою для соціальної критики в її творчій та політичній формах. (shrink)

This publication is the translation of the first fragment of F. W. J Schelling's Presentation of Philosophical Empiricism accompanied by the analytical translator's preface. In his treatise, Schelling assesses the history of modern philosophy. Namely, he treats it as history of experiments, the goal of which was in the search for the primary fact in the world. In Schelling's opinion, this fact is in the growing over-weight of the subjective over the objective. Only his philosophy of nature was able to (...) find this fact. However, it is not genuine fact but only pure fact, because it does not content in itself any ground for the over-weighting of the subjective over the objective. For resolve this problem, Schelling starts to use the concepts formed by Ancient philosophers, namely by Pythagoras and Plato. The concepts of the limitless and the limit are belonging to the series of the mentioned concepts. Accordantly, Schelling associates the notion of the objective with the one of the limitless being and the notion of the subjective with the one of the limit or limiting instance. His inquiry into the correlation between the limitless being and the limit, i.e. between the objective and the subjective leads him to the declaration of the existence of the free efficient cause, which determinates their interplay and the rise of that-what-should-be from that-what-should-not-be. Since the limitless is the objective and the limit is the subjective in accordance with Schelling, such efficient cause is also the cause of the progressive over-weighting of the subjective over the objective as well. It can explain the fact, which the Schelling's philosophy of nature has only found but not explained. The in his preface, the translator puts the question of the possibility as well as of a relevance of the Schelling's late philosophy to the phenomenological thought. In this context, he emphasizes few moments, by which the later Schelling' philosophy could be of interests for phenomenologists, namely the following ones: the concept of philosophical empiricism itself, the Schelling's division between the pure fact and the genuine fact, his treatment of history of philosophy as history of experiments. Moreover, he speaks about main difficulties connected with the translation of Schelling's text into Russian and gives a German-Russian glossary for utility of Russian readers. The translator gives also the commentaries by Arthur Drews, who reedited the Schelling's treatise in 1902, in their Russian translation. (shrink)

Kant scholars have rarely addressed the notion of optimism as it was interpreted by the Königsbergian philosopher in the mid-18th century. The notion originates from Leibniz’s Theodi­cy and from debates over whether the actual world is the best of all possible worlds. The first of a two-part series, this article studies the historical context in which appeared Kant’s 1759 lecture advertisement leaflet entitled An Attempt at Some Reflections on Optimism. The study describes the requirements of the 1755 Berlin Academy of (...) Sciences’ competition for a comparison of G. W. Leibniz’s and A. Pope’s systems and an assessment of optimism. Another focus is the philological difficulties of translating Pope’s proposition “Whatever is, is right” into the French language — which was part of the competition task. The author considers the ways the proposition was translated into the Russian and German languages. The article shows the contribution of Voltaire and his Poem on the Lisbon Disaster and Candide: or, Optimism to the post factum changes in the perception of the competition results and to the emergence of new shades of meaning in the concept of optimism. The Lisbon earthquake of 1755 had a profound effect on Europe and on the perception of optimism and of the idea that the actual world is the best of all possible worlds. However, Kant’s epistolary legacy leads one to the conclusion that the philosopher examined the problem in the framework of a polemic on Crusian philosophy. This article presents Crusius’s arguments against the theory that this is the best of all possible worlds and in favour of the theory that there are several good worlds. God’s choice of the actual world owes therefore to the freedom of contradiction (libertas contradictionis) and to the freedom of contrariety (libertas contrarietatis), which are eliminated in the teaching of optimism. (shrink)

The work is carried out in line with the Russian dialectology of the German language. Its relevance comes from the fact that it is devoted to one of the territorial forms of German, which was never before linguistically studied. The authors of the paper conducted the field work in the territory of Novosibirsk region and collected data that allow analyzing the language situation of the Germans residing there. In the proposed article, the first results of this analysis are presented, which (...) give an idea of the main social and linguistic characteristics of the native forms of the German language in Novosibirsk region. In particular, the main components of the linguistic situation of the ethnoterritorial community under consideration are identified, the communicative power of each component is described, and the dialect identification of the native forms of the German language in the surveyed region is carried out. When modeling the language situation of the Germans of Novosibirsk region, the phenomena caused by interlingual contacting are emphasized. The authors show that on the territory of Novosibirsk region there are German idioms long staying outside the main continuum of German language and representing unique language formations. These language formations show signs of West Central German, and also includes phenomena caused by language interference. The simulated language situation is characterized as unbalanced - the demographic and communicative capacities of German dialects in the region under consideration are much lower than those of languages with majority status. It is noted that the demographic and communicative capacities of the described territorial forms of German language are in the process of a rapid decline. (shrink)

Выделение языка делового общения в самостоятельный объект изучения стало возможным с развитием функциональной стилистики. При этом сам термин до сих пор является предметом лингвистических дискуссий, так как используется по отношению к очень разным типам текстов, которые оформляются в разных языках по-разному, с учетом национально-культурных особенностей и традиций. Однако в ситуации перевода и при сопоставительном анализе языков, в частности, русского и шведского языка, на первый план выходит то общее, что определяется функцией этих текстов и высокой степенью регламентации и клишированности их языкового (...) оформления и дает нам право объединить их под общим названием «язык официально-делового общения». (shrink)

В данной работе рассматриваются важнейшие вопросы о коллективном воображаемом и его отношениях с реальностью и истиной. Сначала мы рассмотрим эту тему в концептуальных рамках, а затем проведем соответствующий фактологический анализ наглядных поведенческих реалий. Мы будем опираться не только на методологию, но и, главным образом, на постулаты и положения аналитической философии, которые, безусловно, будут проявляться на протяжении всего исследования и могут быть идентифицированы по признакам, описанным Пересом : Рабосси (1975) отстаивает идею, что аналитическая философия может быть идентифицирована путем рассмотрения некоторых семейных (...) сходств. Он предлагает следующие семейные черты: позитивное отношение к научному знанию; осторожное отношение к метафизике; представление о философии как о концептуальной задаче, в которой в качестве метода используется концептуальный анализ; тесная связь между языком и философией; стремление к аргументированным ответам на философские проблемы; поиск концептуальной ясности. Эти базовые понятия включают в себя культурное, социальное, религиозное, научное, философское, моральное и политическое содержание, принадлежащее каждому и коллективному существованию. В данной статье мы не будем дискутировать и доказывать. Наша цель — не систематическая методология, не критика и не доказательство. Настоящая работа основана на аналитической рефлексии. Мы будем рассуждать как можно более полно и глубоко и излагать результаты своих размышлений. Несмотря на междисциплинарный характер темы и методологическую открытость к принятию вклада из любой области науки, данная работа относится к психологии и онтологии, или, другими словами, к социальной и онтологической психологии. Свободная методология, направляющая такие размышления, охватывает и рассматривает все, что приближается к согласованности с философской и психологической эпистемологией. Эта методология не гонится за доказательствами, а ищет взаимосвязь между существующими доказательствами любой природы и величины, выводя когерентный смысл реальных вещей. (shrink)

The paper discusses the origin of two Germanic terms for ‘Atlantic herring, _Clupea harengus _L.’. The Proto-Germanic noun _*siled- _m. ‘herring’, attested in most North Germanic languages (e.g. ON. _sild_, Far. _síld_, OSv. _sild_, Sv. _sill_, Norw. _sil_), cannot be treated as inherited. It seems to represent a Saami (or Laponian) borrowing, cf. Saa. (Northern) _sâlled_, (Lule) _sallēt _‘herring’.

Name der Zeitschrift: Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric Jahrgang: 45 Heft: 1 Seiten: 253-263.

Purpose. The signification of the theoretical grounds for the conceptual reconstruction of the dichotomy "spirit-body" in the field of postmodern notions in philosophy and culture, the identification of the location of the given dichotomy in the processes of the transition of philosophy from being classical to the postclassical one, simultaneously, culture – to the cultural forms of postmodernity. Theoretical basis. The changing systems of post paradigm relations, radically transforming human life in the postmodern world, represent the obvious transformations of the (...) fundamental conceptual schemes. For postmodern philosophers, the dichotomy "spirit-body" does not mean better interpretation of separate substances any more, but the development of the relationship between mental and physical properties. Feminist philosophers assert that the "spirit-body" opposition occupies the special place among classical dichotomies, as it acquires the key meaning in the patriarchal concepts of masculinity and femininity. In the post modernity, the body and corporality become dominant themes not only in the philosophy and "high" culture, but also in mass culture; at the same time, the emphasis on their common narratives and intertexts testifies to the fundamental transformations that reflect the "condition" of postmodernity. Originality of this research lies in the expose of the specific transformation features of the dichotomy "spirit-body" as a philosophic opposition closely connected with postmodernism and realized in the practices of mass culture. This research is reflectedof the idea of the absoluteness and invariabilityof this duality as thebasicdichotomy of the classical philosophy in its correlation with cultural logic of the postmodernity at the end of the 20 – the beginning of the 21st centuries. Conclusions. With the reinterpretation of the "spirit-body" dichotomy, the body is theorized as a cognitive agent with desires independent of the mind. In postmodernism, the body is the source of charm, and aversion and destruction, and restoration. At the same time, with the growth of the visualization factor and the change in the status of "high" culture, the "turn" in the status of mass culture is created: today both the former and the letter have many common discourses, narratives and intertexts. (shrink)

Michail Bakhtin’s philosophy of act is considered as a metaphysical project. Bakhtin’s conception is explored in a wider context of the metaphysical project of Russian existentialism. Interpretations of the term “truth”, which correspond to different versions of existentialism, are compared. Shestov’s existentialist particularism, Berdiaev’s actualistic personalism, Bakhtin’s ethical existentialism are analysed. Existentialist implications of Gregory Palama’s metaphysics of light are considered.

RESUMO O artigo é dedicado a um dos problemas centrais da ciência filológica moderna - o problema da palavra artística, no entendimento do qual vemos a interseção e interação frutífera da crítica literária e da linguística. O trabalho sistematiza conceitos relevantes para o estudo moderno da palavra artística, revelando sua natureza específica, bem como define as tendências gerais que são características de cada uma das abordagens existentes. A autora enfoca no conceito de palavra de Mikhail Bakhtin, que supera os extremos, (...) próprios do signo e das abordagens ontológicas, e esclarece as diferenças básicas entre as categorias de comunicação e diálogo presentes em Bakhtin. O artigo corrobora com a definição da palavra artística como uma estrutura semântica de dois vetores, na qual a comunicação-existência consiste e se desdobra. АННОТАЦИЯ Статья посвящена одной из центральных проблем современной филологической науки - проблеме художественного слова, в осмыслении которого плодотворно пересекаются и взаимодействуют литературоведение и лингвистика. В работе систематизированы актуальные для современного изучения художественного слова концепции, выявляющие его специфику, и определены общие тенденции, характерные для каждого из существующих подходов. В центре внимания автора - концепция слова М. М. Бахтина, в которой преодолеваются крайности, характерные для знакового и онтологического подходов, прояснены базовые отличия бахтинских категорий общения и диалога. Обосновано определение художественного слова как двухвекторной смысловой структуры, в которой заключается и развертывается бытие-общение. ABSTRACT The article is devoted to one of the central problems of modern philological science - the problem of the artistic word, in the understanding of which we see the fruitful intersection and interaction of literary criticism and linguistics. The work systematizes the concepts relevant for the modern study of the artistic word, revealing its specific nature, and defines the general tendencies characteristic of each of the existing approaches. The author focuses on the word concept by M. M. Bakhtin, which overcomes the extremes, characteristic of the sign and ontological approaches, and clarifies the basic differences between Bakhtin's categories of communion and dialogue. The article substantiates the definition of the artistic word as a two-vector semantic structure, in which being-communion consists and unfolds. (shrink)

In this article the questions under discussion are the properties of Descartes’s application of the first rule of his method, which requires not to agree with anything that could give rise to doubt. It is well known that Descartes came to the conclusion that only the truth “I think, therefore I am” is undoubted. The article examines the logical status of this truth and reveals that it is an entimeme where the major premise is unstated. An analysis of Descartes’s works (...) shows that the premise that he does not explicitly express is the proposition “If I think, therefore I exist, and if I do not think, then I do not exist.” It follows that Descartes’ complete syllogism would be like this: “I exist if and only if I think; I think; therefore, I exist.” In this paper, the discussion focuses on the proof of the certainty of the position “I exist,” proposed by St Augustin in his treatise The City of God. St Augustin proves the proposition “I am deceived that I exist” to be false in every possible interpretation. Hence the position “I exist” is true in every possible interpretation. According to Descartes, the only undoubted statements are those that are kept within the limits of “I think,” or within the limits of inner experience, while the data of external experience are always dubious. Thus, the statement “I walk” is not obvious, since it can only seem to me that I am walking. At the same time, the judgment “It seems to me that I walk” is undoubtedly. Ancient sceptics also believed that the data of internal experience are doubtless, and the data of external experience are not due to the fact that all objects of the external world are in fact not what they seem to be. However, there is a significant difference between the ancient sceptical approach and that of Descartes. I put forward the view that the ancient sceptics, although they are convinced that the things of the external world are not what they seem, still surely believe that each item in that world exists. But Descartes surpassed both ancient sceptics and academics in their scepticism, since he doubted the very existence of the external world. He was able to imagine that he exists exclusively as a thinking entity with no body, no world around him, and no space to store that world. It is by the fact that Descartes doubts the existence of the external world that he has cleared the way for transcendental philosophy and phenomenology. (shrink)

У статті подається короткий огляд прагматичного емпіризму Джеймса, емпіризму Дьюї, неопрагматистських ідей Рорті, огляд метамоделей Крейга щодо теорії комунікації. На основі даного огляду авторка обґрунтовує необхідність радикалізації прагматизму та аналізує його вплив на комунікаційні дослідження. Досліджується теорія комунікації Роберта Крейга, яку він розглядає як практичну дисципліну. Доводиться, що всі теорії комунікації є взаєморелевантними, якщо їх адресують у практичний життєвий світ, в якому «комунікація» вже є багатозначним терміном. Кожна традиція теорії комунікації походить з риторичних посилань на певні загальноприйняті уявлення про комунікації, (...) оскаржуючи інші переконання. Взаємодоповнення та напруженість традицій породжують теоретичний метадискурс, який перетинається з існуючим практичним метадискурсом у суспільстві та потенційно інформує про нього. За попередньою схемою комунікативного поля риторична, семіотична, феноменологічна, кібернетична, соціально-психологічна, соціокультурна і критична традиції теорії комунікації вирізняються властивими способами визначення комунікації та проблем спілкування, метадискурсивними словниками та метадискурсивними загальними поняттями. Запропоновано порівняльну аргументацію між традиціями, розглянуто результати для теоретичної роботи та дисциплінарної практики в цій галузі. (shrink)

RESUMO O ensaio revê a análise crítica de V. N. Volóchinov a respeito dos processos de transmissão discursiva, questionando estudos consagrados das categorias estilísticas e impressionistas. Ao descobrir formas em que o discurso citado tensiona a citação fazendo emergir um discurso quase direto, que tanto pode ser do narrador como da personagem, Volóchinov entende ter encontrado uma outra história do discurso, muito mais favorável à manifestação da bivocalidade como reação ativa ao discurso de outrem e como plena manifestação do ideologema. (...) Inferimos, por conseguinte, que o problema examinado pelo teórico se coloca como uma nova episteme discursiva nos estudos dialógicos. ABSTRACT This essay reviews the critical analysis of V.N. Voloshinov with respect to the process of discursive transmission, questioning consecrated studies of stylistic and impressionistic categories. Voloshinov, on discovering ways in which reported speech creates tension in the citation, causing a quasi-direct discourse to emerge, which can be attributed to both the narrator as well as the character, understands he has found another history of discourse that is much more favorable to the manifestation of bivocality as active reaction to the discourse of the other, and as a full manifestation of the ideologeme. We infer, thus, that the problem examined by the theorist establishes a new discursive episteme in dialogic studies. (shrink)

The aim of the research is to elucidate the key notions of the German mystic thinker Jacob Boehme’s linguistic-philosophical theory: language of Nature (Natursprache), Adamic language and sensual language in regard to each other and to post-Babel historical languages of humankind. This theory is considered in a dual context of the Late Renaissance “Adamicist” studies and of Boehme’s theosophical project as a whole. Since a considerable part of his work had a form of an extensive commentary on Genesis, Boehme’s interpretations (...) of the biblical stories are devoted to linguistic topics. Explaining the stories concerning Babel (Gen. 11), the theosophist gives some considerations to the essence of historic transformation and loss of the primordial language. Based on the story of Adam’s naming of the animals (Gen. 2:19–20), Boehme formulates his views on the substance of Natural and Adamic languages. It is argued that, according to the theosophist, the rise of polyglottism, caused by Babel catastrophe, was a culmination of spiritual disorientation of humankind. Having started from the Fall, that process led to a fundamental distortion of ideas about being and the Deity. Due to this, people decided to look for Him in a reified form by technical means. A cognitive and linguistic aspect of that disorientation consisted in alienating of still single primordial language from Natursprache as its ontological foundation. Boehme thought that this alienation mainly caused rapid development of linguistic pluralism. Meanwhile, the language of Nature was a unique “guide,” which made possible for Adam to create his epistemically perfect language, and his descendants could keep its understanding for some time. (shrink)

The paper addresses the problem of the place of deconstruction in the history of transcendental philosophy. J. Derrida’s project is considered as one of the most representative and consistent realizations of theoretical foundations of transcendentalism along with prominent conceptions such as Kant’s critique and Husserl’s phenomenology. The author suggests a number of attributes of transcendental thinking that allow historical reconstruction of the transcendental paradigm. Derridian approach is considered as a turn towards this tradition, conceived as a transcendental tradition par exellence, (...) guided by the attitude of «turning. Historical legacy of deconstructive «turning» is analyzed with respect to Husserlian Rückfrage: return-inquiry as method, idea and attitude, reproducing in deconstructive strategy of interpretative critique. A concept of hyperbolic transcendentalism is introduced in order to (1) define a deconstructive version of transcendental philosophy and (2) indicate an immanent tendency in the transcendental thought, constitutive for both Kantian critical project and Husserlian strive towards intellectual radicalism extending from methodological hyperboles (reduction and epoche) to radicalization of «transcendental motive». The author relies upon the concept of quasi-transcendental (thematized by Derrida himself), which defines a mode of de-dogmatization, critical purifying and preservation of proper transcendental foundations of philosophical thinking. (shrink)

The hypothesis of this paper is that language is one more Eigenform, the “external” description of which is impossible. It follows that the application of second-order cybernetics to Eigenform might be adequate. In this article, I would like to concentrate on one relatively small aspect of the idea of Eigenform suggested by Foerster, Kauffman and Spenser-Brawn. I will use Foerster`s recursive approach namely that neither observer nor the thing observed can precede each other, but instead mutually assume each other. In (...) my research, language would stand in the place of the observer, and in the place of the thing – the world itself. To specify further, I focus on the problem of noting, and in particular, on how signs correspond to things. Therefore, I will try to show that the sign and the object do not precede one another and do not exist isolated from each other, but on the contrary, condition each other. Thus, language creates the world of objects, but in turn, it is created by the world. Thus it is a model of self-referentiality, which arranges the form of language as Eigenform as the idea of “mutual referentiality,” as we see it in the relation between language and the world. (shrink)

The article provides a consecutive bibliographic account of the most salient trends and tendencies in research in the history of philosophy in Russia over the course of the last 20–25 years. We emphasise the dynamics of the research field, which is directly related to the changes that have taken place in Russian society. The afterword contains a general periodization of research in field of the history of philosophy in Russia and describes the basic characteristics of every period under consideration.

Классификация ментальных типов на основании субъект–объектных отношений. Several types of mentality may be distinguished based on the subject–object relations, among them schizophrenic, mystic, mythologic, eclectic and scientific or logic. Proposed classification of mentality is briefly exemplified in this essay that gives an outline of typology.

У статті з’ясовано проблему контекстної логіко-інтелектуальної експресивності та входження її до сфери категорії регулятивності. Із цією метою експресивність проаналізовано у двох її виявах – інгерентному та адгерентному. Доведено, що адгерентні експресивні засоби – стилістичні прийоми – беруть активну участь у регулюванні читацької діяльності. Продемонстровано інклюзивні відношення між експресемами та регулятемами, окреслено ядерно-периферійний ресурс регулятивних засобів.

У статті розглядаються основні дійсні та можливі трансформації глобальної культури в контексті техноінтелектуалізації антропосфери. Розкриваються умови реалізації гуманістичного потенціалу техноінтелектуалізації, що полягає в гармонійному розширенні можливостей для творчої самореалізації окремого індивіда, котрий в результаті більш активно включається в процесуальність культури. У той же час оптимістичний сценарій майбутнього антропосфери, що техноінтелектуалізується, не є напередвизначеним, залишаючи простір прояву свободи волі людини в подоланні, зокрема, проблеми надлишковості інформації; погіршуючого відбору інтелектуальних продуктів; ідеології панінформаціонізму; деструктивного потенціалу компʼютерної віртуальної реальності як нового специфічного елемента культурного (...) середовища; послаблення емоційних звʼязків, втрати «емоційної культури» за розширення інформаційних звʼязків. (shrink)

Present international relations are a complex of relatively particular varieties, especially political, diplomatic, economic, religious, cultural and media relations. Integration is a versatile and complex phenomenon. It is quite diffiult process which does not have defiitive typology. Integration determines patterns of development of the modern world, because it inflences the global structure, global governance. At the present, the development of integration organizations has great importance in international relations. These organizations exist in all regions. They have a great inflence on the (...) development of political, economic, social and cultural relations between states that are members of these associations. New integration structure should ensure an active human development in general. This is the main criteria and principles of the modern world, and according to this criteria, it is also an institutional functional mechanism. In particular, the process of integration is very popular in Latin America. In Latin America, there are a large number of different integration organizations. Among them are: Latin American Integration Association, Andean Community of Nations, Central American Integration System. All of these organizations inflence the development of integration processes on the continent. Latin American integration has one feature. The cooperation between states has an economic basis. The above organizations have not only economic interests, but also common political, cultural, eco and social projects. It can be argued that the process of integration in Latin America is developing rapidly and has great prospects. But there are some problems. First of all, there is no unity among the states. Different countries have different integration strategy. Also, Latin American countries do not develop uniformly. Argentina and Brazil are developing faster rate than other countries. Thus, it is obvious that the integration of Latin America has some problems. But there are many organizations that are developing and increase their potential. (shrink)

Статья посвящена исследованию event-менеджмента в управлении развитием туризма. Раскрыт потенциал event-менеджмента в сфере туризма. Изучен событийный туризм и его перспективы развития на украинском рынке туристических услуг.

В условиях обострения энергетического и экономического кризиса чрезвычайно актуальными являются проблемы энергосбережения и эффективного использования энергоресурсов. Потенциал развития технологий энергосбережения и повышения энергоэффективности во всех сферах человеческой жизнедеятельности человека можно сравнить в целом с потенциалом прироста экономических показателей всех первичных энергетических производств и ресурсной базы. Осуществление мероприятий по экономии энергоресурсов в 2,5 - 4 раза дешевле, чем производство и поставка потребителям такого же количества энергии. Одним из важнейших шагов успешного решения перечисленных проблем является стимулирование использования потребителями энергосберегающих технологий путем реализации (...) государственных программ на различных уровнях управления. (shrink)

This is a translation of an article published in the journal Argeiaki Ge, which was asked from me by the scientific journal Journal of Classical Studies Matica Srpska. The Argive Hapocration was a philosopher and commentator from the second century A.D. His origin is not disputed by any source. However, there is still a potential possibility that he might have descended from a different Argos: namely that which is in Amfilochia, Orestiko or that in Cyprus. Yet, the absence of any (...) additional geographical designation in his name in ancient sources is likely to disprove such claims. Simply mentioning ‘Argos’ can only indicate the most notable of the cities with this name, namely the Argive Argos. As will be revealed later in this paper, the close relationship between Hapocration with the Atticus family may well support his Argive origin. I support that it is obvious to assume that there is a close affinity of philosophical activity in Phlius and in Argos which remains to be investigated in more detail in the future. The research of written and archaeological sources can flourish further still. I hope that in the near future there will be evidence enough for a fuller presentation of philosophical activity in ancient Argos. (shrink)

Several Paul Ricœur’s texts of the 1970s and 1980s mention so-called “founding events”, “events-signs”, “events of deliverance”, “acts of liberation” or “great events of salvation”. As examples of such events, Ricœur mentions two episodes from the Holy Scriptures, the Exodus and the Resurrection. However, their religious specificity is not essential. Their meaning concerns the philosopher inasmuch as they are received by posterity, through a secular process of active hermeneutics, of interpretation by acts. The founding events generate sense by two ways, (...) as narratives and as symbols. As narratives, they consist of intentional acts produced by human or divine persons; as symbols they form essential totalities which belong to nobody and are subjected to incessant interpretation. They imply a rupture with the past and the beginning of a new epoch. In modern political history, their role is played by revolutions, endowed with a greater “interpretability” than other founding events and may be compared only to some military victories. Two forms of subjectivity correspond to these two ways of sense-making: a narrative subjectivity, which is temporal and retrospective and a symbolic subjectivity, tending either to the timelessness of abstract concepts or to the immersion into the immediate actuality of lived experience. (shrink)

While the Anglo-American tradition approaches speech acts mainly through the philosophy of language, Derrida relocates the field of analysis and considers speech acts within the broader context of political philosophy as well as the philosophy of subject. Instead of asking ‘how and under which conditions certain speech acts change the state of affairs’, Derrida questions the very nature of social links in order to reveal the ‘condition of possibility’ of performative acts in particular and of verbal communication in general. He (...) shows that this condition is the primordial trust between interlocutors. The primordial trust is based on two heterogeneous types of experience: experience of relation to the absolute Other and experience of a sacral universal law that ensures stability of society. The speech act as based of the trust is twofold: it is both an event and a reinstatement of an automatic process. This juxtaposition of the event and the mechanical forms of social life links Derrida’s political thought to that of Arendt. Their agreement, however, does not continue into the realm of the philosophy of subject. Derrida insists on the importance of the hidden conversion of the speaker who privately addresses the Other, whereas for Arendt the self has no genuine access to itself outside of the public domain of the political. (shrink)

Статья посвящена сравнению паремий русско-го, латышского, немецкого и английского языка, связанных с темой денег и богатства. Латышские пословицы приводятся совместно с латгальскими, поскольку латгальский письменный язык рассматривается как исторический подвид латышского языка. Деньги и отношение людей к ним, а также отношения между людьми по поводу денег играют большую роль в жизни и, соответственно, занимают значительное место в паремиях. Особое внимание уделяется специфике и различиям в паремиях рассматриваемых языков. В статье во многих случаях отмечается сходство смыслов паремий всего набора языков при (...) варьировании используемых образов. (shrink)

Reklama – vienas iš dažniausiai šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje aptinkamų tekstų tipų. Lietuviškose interneto svetainėse skelbiamos reklamos sintaksės bruožai nedaug tyrinėti. Remiantis Lietuvos telekomunikacijų bendrovių interneto svetainių medžiaga straipsnyje pateikiamas internetinės reklamos tekstų atributinių junginių struktūros tyrimo apibendrinimas. Atlikus internetinėje reklamoje vartojamų atributinių junginių struktūros tipologinę analizę, nustatyta, kad sudėtingesnės sandaros atributiniai junginiai šiek tiek būdingesni negu elementarios sandaros atributiniai junginiai. Neretai viename internetinės reklamos tekste vartojami keli vientisiniai ir keli sudėtingesnės sandaros atributiniai junginiai. Vientisinio atributinio junginio priklausomasis dėmuo dažniausiai reiškiamas būdvardžiu, (...) kuriuo siekiama ne tiek perduoti objektyvią informaciją – charakterizuoti įvardytą prekę ar paslaugą, – kiek paveikti adresatą emociškai. Pastebimas polinkis formuoti atributinių junginių pluoštus – pagrindinis dėmuo keliais santykiais susiejamas daugiau nei su vienu savarankišku žodžiu. Nemaža dalis atributinių junginių yra sudėtiniai – pagrindinis ryšys vienija visą atributinį junginį į nominacinį bloką. Dažnas atributų sankaupas, išplėstas atributines grupes sąlygoja internetinės reklamos tekstų specifika ir intencijos – informuoti, įtikinti ir priminti vartotojams apie įmonę ar jos prekes. (shrink)

The political process is being scrutinized by media nowadays. Communicative environment that comprises television, blogosphere and social networks is a political factor itself, either directly or indirectly shaping the agenda of creating a picture of the world, offering ways of interpreting reality. That’s why foreign policy activity of state leaders is acted in terms of public policy when there is a need not only to publicly assess reactions, but also to form the so-called ‘negotiating environment’ on certain issues. All these (...) taken into consideration condition the relevance of research. Russian President Vladimir Putin’s speech at the Munich Conference on Security Policy that was made on February 10, 2007 is one of the manifestations of the public ploicy in question. The public policy in the article refers to mediatisated political practices that aim primarily to obtain the effect of publicity, awareness, ability to be taken in the sense of consent with the implementation of policies directly in any field. The public policy arises in response to political and social demands, and policy statements are its formal expression or articulation. The basic approach in the analysis of media discourse assessment used in the article is a critical discourse analysis. The critical discourse analysis considers the discourse as a form of social practice. Discourse description as a social practice means dialectical discursive relationship between a separate discursive event and a situation, an institution and a social structure which it is formed by. Here we face the emergence of ideological effects in the language use. Ukrainian, Russian and Anglo-American corpuses of stock media discourse are under analysis in this work. The author concludes that the media shape semantic space; impose interpretative models associated with the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. The discourse itself is filled with words that are semantically aggressive like an attack, a war, a conflict, weapon, a fighting, aggression, a collision, etc. This analysis continuation can provide a basis for speech and text understanding in the social space. (shrink)

In this article the linguistic processes of consciousness are discussed at the informational and semantic levels. The key question is devoted to the distinction between the information, meaning and sense in the physical, logico-semantic and historic levels of brain and consciousness. The principal point runs that the human linguistic process of sense producing takes the variety and indistinctness in the cultural presupposition. The modern theories of philosophy of mind relying on the theories of Soviet psychological school propose some new solutions (...) in the pragmatic questions of the semantic noncomputability. In this review we will try to justify the dualistic correlation between the cultural base and the communicative semantic process. (shrink)

Theory of social events is a new attempt to create a general sociological theory. Now it should be better substantiated than it was done on the initial states of the research. One has to pay more attention to the different modes of use of the concept event in a few schools of sociological methodology.

The key issue of social life is the problem of solidarity. This problem, as the recent events show, will grow more acute in the near future, both in Russia and around the world, which is especially evident in the crisis. The paper will consider the question of solidarity in the context of the theory of sociology. As the outcome of this investigation the increase both in the knowledge of social life and in the theoretical resources for its study is expected (...) to be. Thus, the research is considered to become, first of all, the contribution to the theory of sociology, but not formal sociology — rather pithy one, oriented towards the current issues’ resolving. (shrink)

The paper provides an outline of the Durkheimian cultural sociology of the body as a particular program in corporeal sociology. Rapid development of the sociological theories of body, which takes place during the last quarter century, indicates that body somehow appears to be an arena for the events which are particularly important for the changes in contemporary social life. The problems of bioethics, prominent shifts in lifestyles, wider distribution of the new forms of body care, the new meanings of the (...) sport, transformations in sexual behavior, and the new kinds of violence — all those and many other events and tendencies shape particular “enclaves” of the corporeality as well as huge shifts in the representations of the “natural” with respect to the body. The paper proceeds from the presupposition that the fundamental cause for the mentioned changes to be recognized is that the body remains as most stable, shared and generally valid locus of the sacred, which is being progressively fragmenting and achieving all the more fluid shapes. If the presupposition is correct, then cultural sociology, based on the Durkheimian theory of the sacred, obtains a certain epistemic priority in the field of the sociological studies of body, which is to be resulted in future researches. Accordingly, the paper is to be seen as an invitation to such researches as well as discussions and the argument development. The preliminary outline is performed that situates the suggested program of the cultural sociology of the body in the context of contemporary sociological theory. The statements and hypotheses are made, and the most promising research areas are suggested. (shrink)

Article is an extract of afterword to forthcoming translation of Carl Shmitt’s Political Romanticism. This book is the first Schmitt’s writing which attracted mass attention of intellectuals. It contains ideas which he elaborated whole his scientific career. However it is impossible to understand Political Romanticismwithout proper context – both of epoch and of intellectual and political biography of Schmitt. Before he started criticizing romanticism Schmitt goes through the enthusiasm with romanticism. This enthusiasm of young jurist is a key issue of (...) this extract. (shrink)

Добре відомо, що Пауль Тілліх є одним з співзасновників екзистенціальної христології. З цієї причини не викликає сумніву, що христологія є центральною частиною тілліховської систематичної теології та філософії. Автор показує, що христологія Тілліха залежить від біблеїстики Рудольфа Бультмана і в особливості від академічного дослідницького проекту більш відомого як «Пошук історичного Ісуса».

Reveals that communities temporality as the ability to deploy policy processes over time shows the extent of a special type of existence of its institutions, relations ruling and opposition elites, individual and group actors, government and international organizations. Temporality characterizes political communities organize themselves as undulating, rhythmic and uneven process. It is found logic of the community as a nonlinear wave process, which has certain rhythms period, amplitude, speed and pace. This makes special demands: self-organizing processes in the community by (...) means of administrative actions must be in some way harmonized. Determined that the effectiveness of self-organizing communities depends largely on the extent to which management entities account for divergence amplitude controlled vibration modes. Three main types of wave amplitudes processes: optimal, is too small and too large. As the rhythms of social processes may be different – slow, asymmetric, arrhythmic, then an administration should provide symmetry and uniformity of dynamics driven processes, seek, where possible, smoothed amplitude, which would not have the sharp deviations from the «golden mean». Emphasized that communities can develop resonant, quickly and over quickly. The idea of resonance shows that there is a real opportunity to reduce the time of system at a future desired shape its organization, accelerating the development of the control system. For effective community self-important, not so much size and power control action as its distribution, spatial and temporal organization topology that this effect. However, the «topological» management will inflence the desired effect only if they do not conflct with its own rhythms, pulsations and trends of self-control system; otherwise, the external forces lead to unintended results. (shrink)

After obtaining autonomy from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1831; the Serbian Orthodox Church gradually established and strenghtened its position by means of constitutions and laws of the Principality of Serbia which were passed in the course of the XIX century. The established status of an official state church implied considerable priviledges but also the readiness to accept potential candidates designated by the Prince or the Government for the highest hierarch positions as well as the state’s control over practically (...) all segments of religious life. This relationship in which provisions of the Canon Law were frequently ignored; forged a kind of partnership enabling the state to strenghten its economy and democratic institutions while at the same time providing the church with an opportunity to improve its internal organization; the quality of candidates entering priesthood and to create favourable conditions for its spiritual mission. The dissatisfaction with the Russian politics after the Congress of Berlin and the shift towards a new foreign policy relying heavily on the support of Austria-Hungary; soon took toll on the relations between Prince Milan and Metropolitan Mihailo who was a notorious Russophile and a fervent advocate of the Pan-Slavic solidarity. Dissatisfied with the Metropolitan’s activities in Bosnia; the new ally demanded that the Prince remove the dangerous opponent which proved to be a daunting task; due to the Metropolitan’s popularity and his demonstrated leadership skills. In 1881; under the pretext that the Church opposed the Tax law; the Prince’s Government; led by the Progressive Political Party first removed Metropolitan Mihailo which was followed by the removal of all other remaining disobedient Episcopes in 1883. The 1882 amendments to the Law on Church Authorities of the Eastern Orthodox Religion which resulted in changes of the composition of the Assembly of Bishops and included more lay people in the body tasked with the election of the Metropolitan; represented a genuine coup against the Church unprecedented in its centuries long history and practically annulled the canonical order governing the life and functioning of the Orthodox Churches. Having elected the new Metropolitan and Episcopes; the Government led by the Progressive Party established such an organization of the Church which was utterly dependent on the will of the state and the balance of powers on the Serbia’s political scene. The altered political circumstances brought about by King Milan’s abdication and normalization of relations with the Radical Party; enabled Metropolitan Mihailo’s return and reestablishment of previous order in the Church. The ancient Canons; which were ignored at one point in history; proved their vitality; but these events were also convenient for the growing middle class to send a clear message to the Church that the old times of harmonized activity were gone and that the new forces were taking over the public and state affairs. (shrink)