El fuera de campo constituye uno de los elementos centrales del funcionamiento formal del cine. Su centralidad en el proceso de creación y en las formas en que produce rendimientos cinematográficos a veces no encuentra el centro de gravedad intelectual suficiente en los análisis académicos de lo cinematográfico, muchas veces más centrados en “lo que aparece en pantalla” que en lo que “no aparece”. Este artículo pretende mostrar la centralidad de lo “que no aparece”, su radical importancia e, incluso, su (...) capacidad para reescribir, por completo, lo que de facto aparece en la imagen. Esto llevaría, incluso, a difuminar la entidad ontológica “de lo que aparece”, llevando a que lo que aparezca sea, precisamente, lo que en principio estaba fuera. (shrink)

L’exemple espagnol de Podemos montre comment sortir positivement des limites de l’horizontalité du mouvement, à la fois si riche et infructueuse, et comment agencer un geste politique d’autoconstitution, d’organisation et de représentation. Ce passage de l’horizontalité à la verticalité, de l’agitation et de la résistance du mouvement vers le travail de gouvernement pose non seulement des questions de spatialité, mais surtout des questions de temporalité, de durée. L’important passe par la (re)création d’un flux de mouvement politique, un système ouvert de (...) gouvernance depuis le bas qui maintient unis mouvement et gouvernement – par le débat constituant constant et par une extension de ce débat aux citoyens. (shrink)

This research presents an educational experience that was developed in a private university in Santiago of Chile. The problematic issues respond to the need of tense the role of the literature in the formal education and the transforming capacity through its creative potential. The general objective is to analyze the didactic process of the lecture connecting the artistic products that students created, in a dramatic writing project context, supported by The Literary Education as an emerging paradigm.

Commentators believe that the COVID-19 pandemic reveals the inconveniences of capitalism and that the end of “neoliberalism” could be near. In this article we show that a capitalist ethics is capable to deal with the challenges of pandemics and comes with important advantages such as the prevention of overreactions. We apply both utilitarian and rights-based ethics to the case of epidemics in general and COVID-19 in particular. First a libertarian natural law ethics is used to assess the government interventions in (...) the Corona pandemic. We maintain that these interventions cannot be justified from a libertarian point of view despite of the possible objections that are discussed such as the “potential threat argument”. Moreover, the utilitarian argument in favor of government lockdowns is evaluated. The negative effects of lockdown on mental health, addictions, domestic violence, etc. have to be taken into account. The utilitarian argument in favor of lockdown is far from convincing, as economic calculation is not possible. (shrink)

The question of whether the entrepreneur is born or made, forces us to respond that the entrepreneurial culture clearly breaks with the myth that entrepreneurs are born. Currently, it is considered that entrepreneurial skills can be acquired like any other discipline and that is why it should be taught. Their teaching and learning are key to the well-being of the teacher and to the positive achievement of the students. The entrepreneurial culture is an educational objective of developed societies and has (...) its origin in the business culture. There are two current models, American and European. The one that develops in the Extremadura region, based on the European model, tries to create a vital state in the participating students that enhances competences such as creativity, personal initiative or self-confidence, elements that try to generate a true motivation to undertake. The motivated, accomplished and positive teacher contributes to that achievement and achieving it favors the well-being of teachers. It’s a round trip. It is a “do ut des.” In our research, we evaluated four entrepreneurial culture programs in the classroom: “Junioremprende,” “Teenemprende,” “Experemprende,” and “Youthemprende.” The teachers involved in the programs are 356, and the valid questionnaires are 154. The students enrolled in the programs are 4800, and the questionnaires valid 1198. In the questionnaire, one of the key questions is “general teacher satisfaction,” with 17 common questions for all the programs. An essential question posed is: “I am satisfied with the achievements obtained by my students to participate in the program” The results of our research, according to a seven-point Likert scale, gives a very high degree of teachers’ satisfaction. Their satisfaction was centered on the perception of their teachings are conducive to the achievement of his students. The degree of teacher satisfaction for each of the programs and significantly means differences were found with Junior program resulted the more satisfied for teachers. For students, participation in the programs resulted in high development of entrepreneurial competencies. Similarly to teachers results, Junior program was found more significant in developing students’ entrepreneurial competencies indicating that entrepreneurial education is very appropriate for children. Findings of this study suggest that entrepreneurial education should be encouraged for students at every stage of education. (shrink)

Este trabajo presenta los resultados preliminares obtenidos en la conformación del Atlas Iberoamericano en Bioética que ha desarrollado el Centro Anáhuac de Desarrollo Estratégico en Bioética (CADEBI) respecto a la identificación y análisis de las instituciones de Bioética existentes en la Región. Se realizó una revisión documental a través de motores de búsqueda, bases de datos, redes sociales y otras fuentes. La información obtenida se agrupó en seis diferentes categorías de acuerdo con la estructura, objetivos y actividades que desarrollan. De (...) esta manera, se realizó un diagnóstico inicial con base en las fuentes documentales disponibles en la Web. Como parte de los resultados, se identificaron 157 instituciones en 25 países; así como la variación en la densidad institucional, concentrándose principalmente en España (29 instituciones), México (26 instituciones), Argentina (17 instituciones), Brasil (13 instituciones), Chile (11 instituciones) y Colombia (8 instituciones). Además, se resalta la importancia de las comisiones nacionales de bioética en el desarrollo institucional, señalando la relación entre el avance científico y tecnológico de los países y el desarrollo de la bioética. El texto concluye con la propuesta de crear un Observatorio de la Red Iberoamericana de Bioética para documentar y promover el intercambio institucional y científico en la Región, así como algunas recomendaciones derivadas del desarrollo de este trabajo. (shrink)

La presencia de Unamuno y Antonio Machado en la propuesta filosófica de María Zambrano invita a redefinir la filosofía primera como tarea que todo ser humano debería asumir para dar pleno cumplimiento a la llamada que, manifestándose en su interioridad, invita a hacerse cargo de la alteridad y, por eso, piedad y misericordia, a fundar adecuadamente caminos de diálogo en busca de esa verdad, que por no uniformar y sí pedir unidad, abre proyectos de verdadera comunidad: diferentes buscando fraternidad.

El fenómeno turístico es uno de los elementos más importantes en relación a los vectores de cambio social. Como objetivo se plantea un análisis bibliométrico-descriptivo sobre el turismo activo y su relación con las prácticas deportivas mediante el estudio de la producción académica en Scopus. Las conclusiones ofrecen un perfilado de los intereses de investigación, temas, tópicos y elementos distintivos de los artículos centrados en esta línea de investigación, resaltando que existen publicaciones muy diversas sobre el tema de la relación (...) entre turismo activo y deporte, donde se contemplan distintos eventos deportivos como oferta turística en una gran variedad geográfica. (shrink)

This paper is a critical and comparative legal historical study, which offers a global vision of the U.S. Legal System, according to the religious factor impact and its complex dimensions (e.g. religious liberty, Church-State relations, welfare state & solidarity). The principal goal is the deconstruction of the fake official History, elaborated after the Second World War (e.g. inferences, impostures, fallacies). At the same time, it shows the social development (and the kind of commitment in each period), and how it happens (...) the consolidation of the system thanks to the regulation. In this way, it is possible to pay attention to the American experimental evolution (not lineal or exceptional –as many U.S.hand-books pretend): from colonial Blue Laws (or Sunday regulation), up to the current regulation on freedom of religion and non-discrimination. Also, this paper offers a systematic set of diverse legal sources (e.g. Executive orders & rules, Legislative statutes, Judicial cases & resolutions). Another goal of this paper is the evaluation of the allegedly paradoxical policies and regulations in this field, during the last two Administrations (Clinton and W. Bush); both of them, from extreme views (linked at the end), they used incorrectly the religious factor, and they confused the institutions. The result seems to be a landed in the Postmodernity (less realistic and more speech based). (shrink)

Tras el inesperado fallecimiento de la reina María de las Mercedes de Orleans el 26 de junio de 1878, las muestras de dolor y respeto se vivieron tanto dentro como fuera del Reino. De especial importancia fueron las exequias y el aparataje simbólico que la Colonia Española de Ciudad de México ofreció por el descanso de la reina en el templo de la Profesa de la capital mexicana. El objetivo de este trabajo, es analizar los valores artísticos e iconográficos de (...) las decoraciones efímeras realizadas en Ciudad de México, con motivo del fallecimiento de la esposa de Alfonso XII. (shrink)

el concepto de estabilidad económica desde una doble perspectiva macro y microeconómica nos sirve como instrumento para situar la primera crisis financiera internacional y nacional del siglo XXI.

Several fields of research associated with the history of the early modern Iberian world have experienced a significant boost in recent decades: Iberian science as it relates to the Atlantic world, the history of European colonial empires, and the study of knowledge production in Latin American cultures. This expansion has coincided with a renewed interest of historians of the early modern period in practical knowledge and artisanal cultures. This paper presents an updated historiographic review of both lines of research as (...) well as of their close interconnections. In addition, it offers a re-interpretation of Iberian imperial science in the context of the European maritime expansion through the lens of artisanal epistemology. (shrink)

The current literature shows great interest in the issue of gender diversity on boards of directors. Some studies have hypothesized a direct relationship between diversity and the value of the firm, but not many examine the intermediate mechanisms that may exert an influence on such relationships. We employ two stages of GMM estimation methodology to exhibit evidences of the relationship between gender diversity and compensation of top managers in the Spanish context. Results show that gender diversity positively affects the effectiveness (...) of boards—in terms of composition, structure, size and functioning—influencing a proper design of top managers compensation linked to company performance. Evidences suggest that legislative actions aimed at increasing the presence of women on boards of directors are justified not only for ethical reasons, but also for reasons of economic efficiency. (shrink)

Health‐related data uses and data sharing have been in the spotlight for a while. Since the beginning of the big data era, massive data mining and its inherent possibilities have only increased the debate about what the limits are. Data governance is a relevant aspect addressed in ethics guidelines. In this context, the European project BRIDGE Health (BRidging Information and Data Generation for Evidence‐based Health policy and research) strove to achieve a comprehensive, integrated and sustainable EU health‐information system. One of (...) the aims of the project was to evaluate the requirements to construct a data‐linkage infrastructure for the secure management of health information. In a blueprint provided for this infrastructure, the topics ethics and the intimately related governance occupied a whole section, where the recent ethics guidelines by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) and the World Medical Association (WMA) were referenced. We explore what has changed in the latest versions of the ethics documents adopted by CIOMS and WMA regarding the management of health data and human tissues, the appropriateness of their application in new forms of research and infrastructures as the proposed in the BRIDGE Health project, and whether society should be so concerned about this topic, in the digital era of social exchange. (shrink)

Chemosensation and mechanosensation cover an enormous spectrum of processes by which animals use information from the environment to adapt their behavior. For pragmatic reasons, these sensory modalities are commonly investigated independently. Recent advances, however, have revealed numerous situations in which they function together to control animals’ actions. Highlighting examples from diverse vertebrates and invertebrates, we first discuss sensory receptors and neurons that have dual roles in the detection of chemical and mechanical stimuli. Next we present cases where peripheral chemosensory and (...) mechanosensory pathways are discrete but intimately packaged to permit coordinated reception of external cues. Finally, we consider how chemical and mechanical signals converge in central neural circuitry to enable multisensory integration. These insights demonstrate how investigation of the interplay between different sensory modalities is key to a more holistic and realistic understanding of sensory‐guided behaviors. (shrink)

For several decades, historians have realized the limitations of analysing the historical past of science as a mere succession of theories. One of the most stimulating messages that the reinvention of the discipline has launched is that although there are obvious intellectual elements that promote the development and progress of science, there are also social, economic, and institutional aspects to consider. The history of science is no longer just a history of scientific ideas and theories, but also a history of (...) institutions, communities, spaces, objects, and practices as well as a history of the complex interaction among all these dimensions. Accompanying this new panorama is a broad consensus among scholars to accept that major social changes have inexorably some impact on scientific practice and vice versa. This premise, now widespread, is especially relevant to the history of early modern science and the question of its roots because it has allowed the introduction of new agents and spaces previously excluded from the domain of scientific development. In other words, this enriched perspective has multiplied both the processes of knowledge construction and the arenas in which these processes were undertaken. More specifically, historical research is no longer limited to spaces traditionally linked to the construction of science; it now embraces less orthodox ones. Within this broadened field of inquiry, practical knowledge and the objects of material culture have come to occupy a central place. This special issue explores how the new directions in which the history of science has expanded have a direct impact on the study of Iberian science in the Atlantic world. (shrink)

En este artículo nos proponemos exponer, a partir de los límites conceptuales encontrados a los planteamientos arqueo-genealógicos de Michel Foucault, la posibilidad de plantear, en dos momentos –arqueo-genealógico y gubernamental–, una “ética de la insubordinación reflexiva”. Es decir, una “ética de la libertad inmanente” al débil que al decir su palabra, denuncia y al denunciar cuestiona al tirano y su mundo al habar y actuar con –y por– los otros. Esta ética de la intersubjetividad planteada como una ética de la (...) insumisión concertada, crítica y deliberada, pensamos, puede derivar de ciertas “condiciones enunciativas” encontradas en las dos últimas investigaciones concernientes al “decir veraz” o el “hablar franco” expuestos en El gobierno de sí y de los otros y El coraje de la verdad. (shrink)

El campo de la comunicación es un área de estudio de transcendencia global y con el desarrollo y auge de importantes tecnologías, han devenido en nuevos paradigmas sociales causales de los procesos de cambio impulsados por la mayor circulación de información y comunicación en un entorno global en el que la alfabetización mediática vista como un dominio progresivo promoviendo la comunicación, ha sido un desafío en su práctica y la investigación. El artículo ofrece una propuesta para incorporar en aulas universitarias (...) procesos de alfabetización mediática e informacional, revirtiendo así en prácticas atractivas y reales adaptadas a los nuevos retos educativos. (shrink)

RESUMENDesde su perspectiva nominalista, Dield sostiene que la utilidad de los enunciados matemáticos en el mundo físico no proporciona razones suficientes para creer que sean verdaderos; en realidad, las matemáticas no son algo que pueda evaluarse adecuadamente en términos de verdad o de falsedad. Por ello, tiene que negar la existencia de entidades matemáticas y rebatir la tesis de que estas entidades sean teóricamente indispensables. En su lugar, argumenta que la utilidad de las matemáticas puede justificarse solamente por su carácter (...) conservativo, esto es, que cualquier inferencia que pueda hacerse a partir de premisas nominalistas con su ayuda, podría haberse hecho sin ella. El principal objetivo de este artículo es mostrar que los aspectos más importantes del planteamiento de Field han sido mantenidos, hasta cierto punto, por Carnap y los empiristas lógicos.PALABRAS CLAVEEMPIRISMO LOGICO-NOMINALISMO-CARNAP-FIELDABSTRACTFrom his nominalistic point of view, Field claims that the utiity of mathematical assertions in the physical world gives no ground for believing in their trith; actually, mathematics is not the sort of thing that can be appropiately evaluated in terms of truth and falsehood. So, he has to deny that mathematical entities exist, and undermine the thesis that these entities are theoretically indispensable. he argues, instead, that the utility of mathematics can be accounted for only by its conservatiness, i.e., that any inference from nominalistic premises that can be made with the help of mathematics, could be made without it. The goal of this paper is to show that Field's main claim have been maintened, up to a point, by Carnap and the logical positivists. KEYWORDSLOGICAL EMPIRICISM-NOMINALISM-CARNAP-FIELD. (shrink)

Behavioral interventions have shown promising neuroprotective effects, but the cascade of molecular, brain and behavioral changes involved in these benefits remains poorly understood. Projecte Moviment is a 12-week multi-domain, single-blind, proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial examining the cognitive effect and underlying mechanisms of an aerobic exercise, computerized cognitive training and a combined groups compared to a waitlist control group. Adherence was > 80% for 82/109 participants recruited. In this study we report intervention-related changes in plasma biomarkers and structural-MRI and how they (...) related to changes in physical activity and individual variables and their potential role as mediators in the cognitive changes. Our results show that although there were no significant changes in molecular biomarker concentrations in any intervention group, changes in ICAM-1 and SDF1-α were negatively associated with changes in physical activity outcomes in AE and COMB groups. Brain volume changes were found in the CCT showing a significant increase in precuneus volume. Sex moderated the brain volume change in the AE and COMB groups, suggesting that men may benefit more than women. Changes in molecular biomarkers and brain volumes did not significantly mediate the cognitive-related benefits found previously for any group. This study shows crucial initial molecular and brain volume changes related to lifestyle interventions at early stages and highlights the value of examining activity parameters, individual difference characteristics and using a multi-level analysis approach to address these questions. (shrink)

¿Quiénes son los laicos en la Iglesia? ¿Encajan en la estructura de la vida religiosa? Este artículo intenta responder a estas preguntas analizando el significado como la teoría y connotaciones prácticas de los legos para la vida del Inspectoría Salesiana de Córdoba (España) después del Concilio.

This article explains the History (past reality), the Historiology (the theories and methods to study the past), and the Historiography (the academic literature) about Cross-Cultural Studies in the U.S.A., from traditional and native subjects (i.e. American Studies), until the current version. It pays attention to religion, as a relevant factor in the evolution of U.S. culture and its model of social relations. En este artículo se explica la Historia (la realidad pasada), la Historiología (las teorías y métodos con los que (...) se estudia dicho pasado), y la Historiografía (la literatura académica al respecto) de los estudios interculturales en los EE.UU., desde las primeras disciplinas tradicionales y nativistas (e.g. Estudios Estadounidenses), hasta los actuales estudios interculturales. Se presta especial atención al factor religioso, pues ha sido muy influyente en el devenir de la cultura estadounidense y en sus relaciones sociales. (shrink)