About this topic
Summary There are four philosophical issues surrounding toleration: (1) What is it? (2) What does it require? (3) When is it required? and (4) Why is it of value?  The first two are conceptual questions and often--perhaps entirely, in contemporary work--conflated.  It is now assumed that whatever its complete definition, toleration requires non-interference.  That was not always the case.  The third question is of paramount importance in normative political work.  Disagreements about how to answer this question divide liberals and other moral and political thinkers into different camps.  The fourth question seems to many today to be unnecessary since everyone proclaims to think toleration important.  There are good arguments that defenses of toleration are still needed; historically, of course, they were extremely important. 
Key works Historically, the most important figures discussing toleration are, arguably: Saint Augustine (Letters), Baruch Spinoza (Tractatus Theologico-Politicus), Pierre Bayle (A Philosophical Commentary), John Locke (Letters Concerning Toleration), and John Stuart Mill (On Liberty).  For a recent conceptual analysis of toleration, see Cohen 2004. For a collection with a good indication of various recent debates, see Williams & Waldron 2008.
Introductions Rainer Forst, Toleration
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  1. Neutrality and Excellence.Mark R. Reiff - 2022 - In Without Trimmings: The Legal, Moral, and Political Philosophy of Matthew Kramer. Oxford, UK: pp. 271-296.
    In Liberalism with Excellence, Matthew Kramer makes an argument for how excellence may enter in into liberalism, despite liberalism’s strong commitment to neutrality. Kramer seeks to challenge not only the uncompromising rejection of this position by liberals such a Jonathan Quong, but also the so-called “blended” approach of “soft-perfectionist” scholars such as Joseph Raz and George Sher. In this essay, I do not so much challenge Kramer’s approach as offer an alternative for accomplishing the same thing. Under my proposal, certain (...)
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  2. 12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos. [REVIEW]Scott D. G. Ventureyra - 2018 - Crisis Magazine.
    This link contains two reviews of Jordan Peterson's 12 Rules for Life. My review is the second one.
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  3. Democratic Deliberation in the Absence of Integration.Michael Merry - 2023 - In Johannes Drerup, Douglas Yacek & Julian Culp (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Democratic Education. Cambridge: Cambridge. pp. 230-249.
    In order for democratic deliberative interactions in educational settings to fruitfully occur, certain favorable conditions must obtain. In this chapter I chiefly concern myself with one of these putative conditions, namely that of school integration, believed by many liberal scholars to be necessary for consensus-building and legitimate decision-making. I provide a critical assessment of the belief that integration is a necessary facilitative condition for democratic deliberation in the classroom. I demonstrate that liberal versions of democratic deliberation predicated on this condition (...)
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  4. Diversity, Secularism, and Religious Toleration.Ashwani Kumar Peetush - 2013 - IIC Quarterly 40 (3&4):158-173.
  5. Locke and Rorty on Cultural Pluralism.Keunchang Oh - 2021 - Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 57 (1):45-64.
    This article aims to investigate Alain Locke and Richard Rorty’s accounts of cultural pluralism. First, I argue that Rorty’s anti-foundationalism and Locke’s critique of absolutes are similar with respect to the nature of value. I then explain their respective conceptions of culture and cultural pluralism. Finally, I argue that their fundamental differences with each other in regards to culture and cultural pluralism lie in their differing theories of value. Whereas Rorty’s nominalist understanding of value only finds the relativity and contingency (...)
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  6. Das Paradox der Toleranz.Pablo Hubacher Haerle & Martin Beckstein - 2019 - Zeitschrift Für Politische Theorie 10 (2):169-192.
    How should civil society deal with radical actors such as populists? Should democrats engage in an open dialogue or avoid confrontation? Should they listen to them, let them speak and try to expose them argumentatively, or should they deny them any kind of public platform? Rather than providing a normative answer to these questions, this article analyzes and systematizes responses that are already circulating in public discourse. In particular, we focus on reactions to the invitations of the AfD politicians Alice (...)
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  7. The simplicity of toleration.Peter Königs - 2021 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 24 (1):5-24.
    Toleration is one of the core elements of a liberal polity, and yet it has come to be seen as puzzling, paradoxical and difficult. The aim of the present paper is to dispel three puzzles surrounding toleration. First, I will challenge the notion that it is difficult to see why tolerance should be a virtue given that it involves putting up with what one deems wrong. Second, I defuse the worry that the ideal of toleration is not fully realizable as (...)
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  8. Education, epistemic virtues, and the power of toleration.Johannes Drerup - 2021 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 24 (1):108-131.
  9. Rescuing toleration.Anna Elisabetta Galeotti - 2021 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 24 (1):87-107.
  10. Toleration and modus vivendi.John Horton - 2021 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 24 (1):45-63.
  11. The politics and ethics of toleration: introduction.Johannes Drerup & Michael Kühler - 2021 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 24 (1):1-4.
  12. Can a value-neutral liberal state still be tolerant?Michael Kühler - 2021 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 24 (1):25-44.
    Toleration is typically defined as follows: an agent (A), for some reason, objects to certain actions or practices of someone else (B), but has outweighing other reasons to accept these actions or practices nonetheless and, thus, refrains from interfering with or preventing B from acting accordingly, although A has the power to interfere. So understood, (mutual) toleration is taken to allow for peaceful coexistence and ideally even cooperation amongst people who disagree with each other on crucial questions on how to (...)
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  13. Pluralism and the authority of groups to discriminate.Avigail Eisenberg - 2021 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 24 (6):909-930.
  14. The Politics of Hypocrisy: Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle on Hypocritical Conformity.Amy Gais - 2020 - Political Theory 48 (5):588-614.
    Contemporary political theory has increasingly attended to the inevitability, and even advantage, of hypocrisy in liberal democratic politics, but less consideration has been given to the social and psychological repercussions of this ubiquitous phenomenon. This article recovers Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle’s critiques of hypocritical conformity to demonstrate that their influential theories of toleration and freedom were shaped considerably by concerns with enforced conformity. Reframing Spinoza and Bayle as theorists of hypocrisy, moreover, suggests that recent redemptive accounts of hypocrisy in (...)
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  15. Complicity and hypocrisy.Nicolas Cornell & Amy Sepinwall - 2020 - Politics, Philosophy and Economics 19 (2):154-181.
    This article offers a justification for accommodating claims of conscience. The standard justification points to the pain that acting against one’s conscience entails. But that defense cannot make sense of the state’s refusal to accommodate individuals where the law interferes with their deeply meaningful but nonmoral projects. An alternative justification, we argue, arises once one recognizes the connection between conscience and moral address: One’s lived moral convictions determine when and with what force one can hold others to account. Acting against (...)
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  16. Lack of pluralism and post‐secularism in Catholic countries.Sebastián Rudas - 2020 - Constellations 27 (2):258-272.
  17. Book Review: Montaigne and the Tolerance of Politics, by Douglas I. Thompson. [REVIEW]Ingrid Creppell - 2020 - Political Theory 48 (3):405-410.
  18. Toleration, neutrality, and freedom: a reply.Peter Balint - 2020 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23 (2):224-232.
    In defending toleration against its many critics, Respecting Toleration has both conceptual and normative aims. Conceptually, I defend and explain the coherence of political toleration. This involves, in part, highlighting a distinction between two forms of toleration; one of which always involves objection, and one which does not. Normatively, I defend a particular understanding of toleration as the best way of accommodating contemporary diversity. In brief, the state should be guided by an active ideal of neutrality, and citizens must at (...)
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  19. Toleration, neutrality, and exemption.Peter Jones - 2020 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23 (2):203-210.
    I focus on some controversial features of Peter Balint’s stimulating and provocative reassessment of the place of toleration in contemporary diverse societies. First, I question his argument that we must enlarge the concept of toleration to include indifference and approval if toleration is to be compatible with state neutrality. Secondly, I suggest that his idea of active neutrality of intent risks encountering the same difficulties as neutrality of outcome, although these will be mitigated the more the state’s neutrality takes a (...)
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  20. Introduction to a Symposium on Peter Balint’s Respecting Toleration.Jonathan Seglow - 2020 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23 (2):188-190.
  21. Conceptualising toleration.John Horton - 2020 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23 (2):191-196.
  22. Accommodating toleration: on Balint’s classical liberal response to the multiculturalism challenge.Sune Lægaard - 2020 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23 (2):211-217.
  23. Respecting multiculturalism? Respecting religion?Jonathan Seglow - 2020 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23 (2):218-223.
  24. Montaigne and the Tolerance of Politics.Biancamaria Fontana - 2018 - Contemporary Political Theory 19 (S1):79-81.
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  25. Abolishing asylum and violating the human rights of refugees. Why is it tolerated? The case of Hungary in the EU.Felix Bender - 2020 - In Elżbieta M. Goździak, Izabella Main & Brigitte Suter (eds.), Europe and the Refugee Response. London, UK: Routledge.
    Why are human rights abuses of refugees at the EU’s geographical periphery tolerated by other EU states? This chapter uses the case of Hungary and Germany to explore how the former abolished the institution of asylum, shedding light on the human rights abuses of refugees, and why states such as the latter seem to condone such actions. It argues that core EU member states condone human rights abuses at the geographical periphery of the EU as long as they contribute to (...)
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  26. La religion libérale pour les personnes et pour les groupes : Droits fondamentaux et accommodements.Michel Seymour & Jérôme Gosselin-Tapp - 2019 - ThéoRèmes 1 (15).
    Cet article vise à enrichir l’approche désagrégative proposée par Cécile Laborde dans Liberalism’s Religion [HUP, 2017] à l’aide de certaines intuitions rawlsiennes provenant de notre ouvrage La nation pluraliste [PUM, 2018]. En partant de la notion d’« accommodement raisonnable » telle que comprise dans le contexte légal du Québec et du Canada, nous parvenons à une interprétation des fondements normatifs de la distinction entre droits fondamentaux et accommodements qui repose sur la raison publique. La perspective que nous défendons permet ultimement (...)
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  27. The Arrogant Eye and the French Prohibition of the Veil.Daniel Alejandro Restrepo - 2019 - Ethic@ - An International Journal for Moral Philosophy 18 (2):159-174.
    Evânia Reich presents the argument that the veil laws in France—the banning of the full-face coverings in public and the banning of the headscarf in public schools—are consistent with the emancipatory project of French Laïcité. According to this argument, the veils that Muslim women wear are symbols of their oppression, whereas French education seeks to liberate each individual and Laïcité serves as a bulwark against the creeping oppressive influence of religion. Unveiling Muslim women, then, is an act of emancipation. In (...)
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  28. Three cheers for liberal modesty.Cécile Laborde - 2020 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23 (1):119-135.
  29. Three cheers for liberal modesty.Cécile Laborde - 2020 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23 (1):119-135.
  30. Individual integrity, freedom of association and religious exemption.Peter Jones - 2020 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23 (1):94-108.
  31. Perfectionism: Political not Metaphysical.Collis Tahzib - 2019 - Philosophy and Public Affairs 47 (2):144-178.
  32. Two bad halves don't make a whole: On the crisis of democracy.Rainer Forst - 2019 - Constellations 26 (3):378-383.
  33. God is a Man Eater.Abby Riehl - 2019 - Constellations (University of Alberta Student Journal) 10 (2).
    This article explores the relationship between Christian persecution under Roman authorities in Late Antiquity and the role that consumption rituals played within it. Considering the similarities between condemned pagan and gnostic consumption rituals, which were often accused of being cannibalistic orgies, this paper determines whether comparisons drawn between these condemned rituals and Christian ones had any tangible similarities, or if Roman authorities projected their prejudices and knowledge of pagan rituals onto the Christian in order to justify their continued persecution.
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  34. Book Review: Tolerance among the Virtues, by John R. Bowlin. [REVIEW]Stephen S. Bush - 2019 - Political Theory 47 (3):439-444.
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  35. The good of toleration: changing social relations or maximising individual freedom?Emanuela Ceva - 2020 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23 (2):197-202.
    In this paper, I take issue with Peter Balint’s recent account of the value of toleration as an instrument for securing freedom-maximising outcomes in pluralistic societies. In particular, I question the extent to which the ideal of toleration can be entirely reduced to someone’s intentional withholding of negative interference whose value lies in the protection of individual negative freedoms. I argue that couching the value of toleration entirely in these freedom-maximising terms fails to do justice to the relational value of (...)
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  36. UnMuted: Conversations on Prejudice, Oppression, and Social Justice.Myisha Cherry - 2019 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    Why do people hate one another? Who gets to speak for whom? Why do so many people combat prejudice based on their race, sexual orientation, or disability? What does segregation look like today? Many of us ponder and discuss urgent questions such as these at home, and see them debated in the media, the classroom, and our social media feeds, but many of us don't have access to the important new ways philosophers are thinking about these very issues. Enter UnMute, (...)
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  37. Handbuch der Politischen Philosophie und Sozialphilosophie (HPPS) [A Companion to Political Philosophy and Social Philosophy].Stefan Gosepath, Wilfried Hinsch & Beate Roessler - 2008 - Berlin, Deutschland: de Gruyter.
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  38. Fanaticism and Sacred Values.Paul Katsafanas - 2019 - Philosophers' Imprint 19:1-20.
    What, if anything, is fanaticism? Philosophers including Locke, Hume, Shaftesbury, and Kant offered an account of fanaticism, analyzing it as (1) unwavering commitment to an ideal, together with (2) unwillingness to subject the ideal (or its premises) to rational critique and (3) the presumption of a non-rational sanction for the ideal. In the first part of the paper, I explain this account and argue that it does not succeed: among other things, it entails that a paradigmatically peaceful and tolerant individual (...)
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  39. Toleration and groups.Peter Balint - 2018 - European Journal of Political Theory 17 (3):375-384.
  40. Book ReviewsHans. Oberdiek, Between Forbearance and Acceptance.Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. Pp. ix+182. $24.95. [REVIEW]Harry Brighouse - 2003 - Ethics 113 (3):716-718.
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  41. Book Review: Mere Civility: Disagreement and the Limits of Toleration, by Teresa Bejan. [REVIEW]Douglas Casson - 2018 - Political Theory 46 (3):498-502.
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  42. The Evanescence of Neutrality.Cécile Laborde - 2018 - Political Theory 46 (1):99-105.
  43. Individuality and hierarchy in Cicero’s De Officiis.Michael C. Hawley - 2016 - European Journal of Political Theory:147488511665769.
    This essay explores a creative argument that Cicero offers to answer a fundamental question: how are we to judge among different ways of life? Is there a natural hierarchy of human types? In respon...
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  44. Religious accommodation law in the UK: five normative gaps.Jonathan Seglow - 2018 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 21 (1):109-128.
  45. Democratizing Organized Religion.Chiara Cordelli - 2017 - Journal of Politics 79 (2).
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  46. Demanding Recognition.Cillian McBride - 2009 - European Journal of Political Theory 8 (1):96-108.
    This article argues that we must distinguish between two distinct currents in the politics of recognition, one centred on demands for equal respect which is consistent with liberal egalitarianism, and one which centres on demands for esteem made on behalf of particular groups which is at odds with egalitarian aims. A variety of claims associated with the politics of recognition are assessed and it is argued that these are readily accommodated within contemporary liberal egalitarian theory. It is argued that, pace (...)
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  47. Interculturalism and Informed Consent: Respecting Cultural Differences without Breaching Human Rights.Perihan Elif Ekmekci & Berna Arda - 2017 - Cultura 14 (2):159-172.
    Interventions in medicine require multicenter clinical trialson a large rather than limited number of subjects from various genetic and cultural backgrounds. International guidelines to protect the rights and well-being of human subjects involved in clinical trialsarecriticizedforthe priority they place on Western cultural values. These discussions become manifest especially with regard to the content and methodology of the informed consent procedure. The ethical dilemma emerges from the argument that there are fundamental differences about the concept of respect for the autonomy of (...)
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  48. Onto-Epistemological Pluralism, Social Practices, Human Rights And White Racism.Mónica Gómez Salazar - 2017 - Cultura 14 (2):89-106.
    Based on onto–epistemological pluralism and social practices this work maintains that the proclamation of cultural neutrality originating in the idea of equality without any distinction of color, sex, language, religion or political opinion, really favors white racism and cultural imperialism of the liberal way of life. This article argues that the process of reasoning which justifies human rights is distorted by particular interests, such as the colonization of American territory in the case of the Declaration of the Good People of (...)
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  49. Religious identity and workplace discrimination: A national survey of American Muslim physicians.Aasim I. Padela, Huda Adam, Maha Ahmad, Zahra Hosseinian & Farr Curlin - 2016 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 7 (3):149-159.
  50. Religious Voices in Public Places.Esther Mcintosh - 2007 - Journal of Scottish Thought 1 (1):121-134.
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