El avance de las biotecnologías, la ingeniería genética, y la biología sintética ha permitido alterar y modificar las capacidades de los seres humanos a voluntad. En este contexto, surge un debate entre transhumanistas y bioconservadores sobre si la mejora del ser humano a través de las biotecnologías es deseable o si la llamada naturaleza humana debe ser protegida como la base de derechos, valores, y preceptos morales. El siguiente artículo se ocupa de analizar el concepto de naturaleza humana, que está (...) en el centro de esta discusión, y se pregunta si es un criterio adecuado para extraer indicaciones morales para restringir las mejoras biotecnológicas en los seres humanos. (shrink)

This article addresses the issues related to the problem of classification of mental disorders in psychiatry in the context of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. First, some background information is provided on the history of the classification of mental disorders and the evolution that DSM has had over time is shown. Secondly, the delimitation of the normal and the pathological in psychiatry is investigated through Canguilhem's medical-philosophical thought. Thirdly, the biopolitical management of psychic (...) sufferings is reflected in the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-V and its increasing medicalization. Finally, an approach to the concepts of health and disease in Canguilhem is made as it incorporates existential and experiential variables absent in the DSM-V classifications and in the psychiatric diagnosis. (shrink)

This article aims to make a philosophical interpretation of the phenomenon of stress based on Heidegger’s thought. Firstly, I present a general review of the scientific concept of stress as well as the main theories about it. Secondly, the concept of stress in Heidegger’s thought is analyzed and I propose to understand it as a load or requests that are directed to the Dasein in its openness to the entities of the world. Finally, this shows that the approach to the (...) phenomenon of stress from Heidegger’s phenomenological-existential perspective allows us to overcome the causal and physiological explanations that do not consider stress as a fundamental way of being typical of human beings in so far as they are a Dasein. (shrink)

Resumen: El presente trabajo investiga la forma en que las ciencias sociales, principalmente chilenas, están respondiendo a las dispares demandas que reciben actualmente y que consisten en aportar a la comprensión crítica de fenómenos relevantes para la sociedad y adecuarse a las recientes transformaciones en la forma de producir y comunicar conocimiento científico incorporando mayores niveles de internacionalización, globalización, especialización y complejización. Para ello se realiza una revisión sistemática de la producción científica publicada sobre el movimiento estudiantil chileno, que constituye (...) uno de los movimientos sociales más relevantes de la historia reciente de Chile. Se sistematizaron 149 publicaciones editadas entre el año 2000 y el 2016. Los resultados muestran que la capacidad de las ciencias sociales chilenas para abordar estas demandas contradictorias es parcial, pues sus análisis críticos tienden a ser uniformes y de alcance temporal limitado, mientras que sus estudios empíricos no siempre poseen los niveles de internacionalización y complejidad demandados actualmente para participar en los circuitos internacionales de publicación.: The present work investigates the way in which social sciences, mainly Chilean, are responding to different demands that they are currently receiving and that consist of contribute to the critical understanding of phenomena relevant to society and adapt to recent transformations in the way of producing and communicating scientific knowledge, incorporating higher levels of internationalization, globalization, specialization and complexity. To this end, a systematic review of the scientific production published on the Chilean student movement is made. This movement is one of the most relevant in Chile's recent history. 149 publications were systematized, published between 2000 and 2016. The results show that the capacity of the Chilean social sciences to deal with these contradictory demands is partial, since their critical analyzes tend to be uniforms and limited in time, while their empirical studies do not always have the levels of internationalization and complexity currently demanded in international publishing circuits. (shrink)

En este artículo defendemos la existencia de un perspectivismo ontológico pluralista inherente a la filosofía de Baruch Spinoza. Indispensable para la constitución de esta noción es la relación establecida entre su teoría general de composición de los cuerpos y los conceptos de “afecto”, “inmanencia”, “potencia” y “multitud”. El objetivo de este análisis es una fundamentación interior del concepto de “puntos de vista”: es imposible pensarlo como una característica epistemológica de un individuo aislado, pero tampoco es posible unificarlo mediante el postulado (...) de una propiedad común. En consecuencia, el perspectivismo ontológico espinosista implica una teoría del punto de vista pluralista que elude los problemas planteados por la clausura del modelo Uno-Todo. (shrink)

En este trabajo se presenta una explicación para el problema de las versiones abstractas de la tarea de selección de las cuatro tarjetas de Peter Wason: los discretos resultados de los participantes cuando se enfrentan a ellas. Nuestra explicación apunta a que los sujetos no comprenden la regla de la tarea como un condicional, sino como un bicondicional, provocando tal circunstancia que no elijan las tarjetas correctas. Santamaría planteó una objeción para todo enfoque que defienda que en la tarea de (...) selección se produce una interpretación bicondicional de la regla, pero nosotros también respondemos aquí a dicha objeción atendiendo a la primacía que en el razonamiento humano puede tener la regla lógica del modus ponens. Igualmente, exponemos un estudio, basado en diálogos de seminario tutoriales al modo socrático, realizado por nosotros con el propósito de comprobar si nuestra explicación puede ser viable y comentamos los resultados obtenidos. In this paper, we present an explanation for the problem of the abstract versions of Peter Wason’s four-card selection task: modest subjects’ results when they are confronted with these tasks. Our explanation poses that individuals do not comprehend the task rule as a conditional sentence, but as a biconditional one, causing that subjects do not choose the correct cards. Santamaría presented an objection for any approach that suggests a biconditional interpretation in the task selection. In this work, we discuss this objection based on the apparent primacy of a logical rule in human reasoning: modus ponens. Additionally, we present a study based on Socratic dialogue seminars with a tutorial style, developed by us, to check whether our explanation is viable or not, and discuss the results achieved. (shrink)

Este ensaio procura demonstrar no livro O Personagem Encalhado (2006), de Angela Lago (1945-2017) a ilustração como recurso atrativo e sedutor. Pela ilustração encenam-se a própria escrita em metáforas que recorrem ao livro para figurar a criação ficcional dentro da própria narrativa. Sob essa perspectiva, inserem-se representações e imagens da construção criativa do texto literário, como também se ilustram situações discursivas, metatextuais, paratextuais e que se inscrevem nas práticas de leitura, escrita e literatura infantojuvenil contemporânea.

En este libro, John Perry elabora una teoria "reflexivo-referencial" de los indexicos, los demostrativos y los nombres propios. La Filosofia del Lenguaje del siglo veinte se vio condicionada por dos tradiciones enfrentadas en torno a esos temas: el descriptivismo y el referencialismo. Los textos referecialistas clasicos de, entre otros, Saul Kripke, Keith Donnellan y David Kaplan son de los anos 70. Curiosamente, parece que ya habian sido refutados casi un siglo antes por los problemas de co-referencia y no-referencia planteados por (...) Frege y Russell. La teoria de Perry, que toma prestadas ideas de ambas tradiciones asi como de Burks y Reichenbach, situa el origen de los problemas en la atencion exclusiva a un tipo de contenido: el contenido llamado referencial o completamente incremental. La tradicion referencialista se caracteriza por la tesis de que los indexicos proporcionan un contenido que involucra a individuos pero no a sus condiciones de identificacion. La tradicion descriptivista se caracteriza por la tesis de que el contenido referencial no explica todas las condiciones de identificacion que ofrecen los nombres y los indexicos. Perry nos propone una familia coherente y estructurada de contenidos -desde contenidos reflexivos que imponen condiciones a la proferencia hasta contenidos completamente incrementales que ponen condiciones solo a los objetos de la referencia-que sirve para reconciliar lo mejor de ambas tradiciones. Book jacket. (shrink)

Since at least Hume and Kant, philosophers working on the nature of aesthetic judgment have generally agreed that common sense does not treat aesthetic judgments in the same way as typical expressions of subjective preferences—rather, it endows them with intersubjective validity, the property of being right or wrong regardless of disagreement. Moreover, this apparent intersubjective validity has been taken to constitute one of the main explananda for philosophical accounts of aesthetic judgment. But is it really the case that most people (...) spontaneously treat aesthetic judgments as having intersubjective validity? In this paper, we report the results of a cross‐cultural study with over 2,000 respondents spanning 19 countries. Despite significant geographical variations, these results suggest that most people do not treat their own aesthetic judgments as having intersubjective validity. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for theories of aesthetic judgment and the purpose of aesthetics in general. (shrink)

As corporate social responsibility (CSR) grows increasingly well known and accepted worldwide, organizations attempt to make sense of their social strategies bridge the gap between their current situation and what their stakeholders expect of them. If social strategies represent a potential stepping stone to more sophisticated forms of CSR, then research must investigate the strategies that organizations have adopted. After defining a framework for classifying and analyzing organizations' social strategies, this article considers empirical evidence from 10 case studies in Colombia (...) to reveal how organizations might build on their social involvement to engage in more sophisticated CSR practices. The framework also suggests some different trajectories that organizations might follow. (shrink)

Resumen: El artículo estudia los aspectos fundamentales de la crítica de Dussel al modelo formal de hegemonía desarrollado por Laclau. En este contexto, se presenta la propuesta de una hegemonía popular ligada a la centralidad de la reproducción de la vida como criterio normativo de la política y se denuncia el decisionismo abstracto de la teoría populista laclauniana. Pero también en este texto se ofrece, siguiendo la lectura de Castro-Gómez, una crítica de las tesis de Dussel desde un punto de (...) vista postfundacionalista, lo que supone cuestionar la idea misma de un universal incondicionado. Finalmente, concluimos exponiendo una crítica a algunas de las coordenadas teóricas compartidas por ambos autores, identificando las limitaciones del concepto mismo de hegemonía.: This article studies the fundamental aspects of Dussel’s critique of the formal model of hegemony developed by Laclau. In this context, a concept of popular hegemony tied to the centrality of the reproduction of life as a normative criterion in politics is proposed, as well as an argument against the abstract decisionism of the populist theory of Laclau. The text also offers -as suggested by Castro-Gomez’s reading- a critique of Dussel’s ideas from a post-foundationalist perspective, which leads to questioning the very idea of an unconditional universal. Finally, we conclude by positing a critique of some of the theoretical viewpoints shared by both authors, identifying the limitations of the very concept of hegemony. (shrink)

This paper examines the outcomes of Preserving the Past Together, a workshop series designed to build the capacity of local heritage managers to engage in collaborative and community-based approaches to archaeology and historic preservation. Over the past two decades practitioners of these approaches have demonstrated the interpretive, methodological, and ethical value of integrating Indigenous perspectives and methods into the process and practice of heritage management and archaeology. Despite these benefits, few professional resources exist to support the development of collaborative relationships (...) between local heritage managers and Tribal nations. Filling this need, Preserving the Past Together’s interactive workshops and keynote lectures involved participants in a discussion of the central themes in collaborative and Indigenous approaches to archaeology today, highlighting the local challenges and opportunities that exist for archaeologists, heritage managers, and Tribal nations to work together to care for the past. This paper presents an overview of the event series’ goals, the strategies it used to foster collaboration among the diverse stakeholders of the Salish Sea, and the next steps the project’s co-directors are taking to further support communication and collaboration between stewards and stakeholders in the Pacific Northwest. (shrink)

Em Ser e Tempo, Heidegger argumenta que o conhecimento primordial do Dasein se dá no manuseio de entes mundanos. Merleau-Ponty, por sua vez, descreve na Fenomenologia da Percepção que o conhecimento é, antes de tudo, uma intencionalidade corporal intraduzível em termos proposicionais. Mais tarde, em What Computers Can’t Do, Hubert Dreyfus usa a obra de ambos para apontar os equívocos do paradigma cognitivista, isto é, a abordagem dominante do então nascente campo da inteligência artificial. Finalmente, em The Embodied Mind: Cognitive (...) Science and Human Experience, a noção de enativismo - elaborada por Francisco Varela, Evan Thompson e Eleanor Rosch - surge como uma tentativa de tomar do cognitivismo e do conexionismo a hegemonia nas ciências cognitivas. Dito isso, o objetivo do artigo consiste em descrever o enativismo e apontar sua herança fenomenológica. (shrink)

Langton’s (1998) and Allais’ (2015) metaphysical interpretations of Kant’s idealism have given special relevance to Kant’s analysis of the inner/outer dichotomy in the Amphiboly of the Concepts of Reflection, for they agree that this dichotomy is key to correctly grasping Kant’s distinction between appearances and things in themselves. In this article I argue that Langton’s and Allais’ accounts of Kant’s analysis of the inner/outer dichotomy have major limitations, and therefore that the text should not be read in the way they (...) propose. In order to show these limitations, I examine the overall structure of Kant’s argument in the Amphiboly. Furthermore, I aim to establish the contribution brought by the Amphiboly to the issue of noumenal knowledge and the nature of things in themselves. Langton’s and Allais’ accounts of the relation between appearances and things in themselves as the inner nature of things not only prove to be unwarranted, but indeed to some extent opposite to what I claim to be Kant’s actual stance on things in themselves in the Amphiboly. (shrink)

I analyze the theoretical tenets of early ethology and the criticisms leveled against it from comparative psychology. Early ethology had a clear research object, the study of behavioral adaptedness. Adaptedness was explained by the functional rules and programs that underlie the relation between a given organism and its natural environment (the function cycle). This research object was lost during the redefinition of ethology that took place after the Second World War, a redefinition that led to an emphasis on physiological and (...) evolutionary explanations instead of functional ones. This loss happened because early ethologists did not make their aims sufficiently clear and because of fundamental epistemological and semantic misunderstandings between ethologists and comparative psychologists. I argue that the behavioral explanation of adaptedness is different from both physiological and ecological research and that it needs functional concepts similar to the ones of early ethology. I defend the idea of function cycles and causal centers defined in terms of perceptual selection and behavioral response tendencies and I try to show that these functional concepts may be fruitfully combined with learning theories. I suggest calling this line of research Comparative Behavioral Ethology. (shrink)

Durante los últimos años se ha venido desarrollando una nueva reflexión epistemológica, proveniente esta vez de la biología, y que ha vuelto a sugerir algunas nociones respecto del estatuto de la realidad que ya se hallaban esbozadas en los filósofos escépticos presocráticos: se trata de l..

This paper explores the antecedents of intra-organizational social capital from a comprehensive perspective that integrates leadership as the main antecedent. To be precise, we propose that intra-organizational social capital is a direct consequence of an organizational ethical and community context to which leadership in the servant dimension plays a transcendental role. Indeed, since the seminal work of Greenleaf the servant leadership concept has been widespread among business academics and professionals for the value it brings to the organization not only in (...) ethical but also in excellence terms. Among the recent styles and theories on leadership up to date, servant leadership fits perfectly an organizational ethical context both at the organizational or group level, acting in addition as a main promoter of that context. Furthermore, servant leadership is linked to the cultivation of helpful, altruistic and servant attitudes among the employees which are useful elements in the generation of social capital inside the organization. A model then for understanding the causes of intra-organizational social capital with a focus on servant leadership is here elaborated from which conclusions and implications for Management will be delineated. (shrink)

O presente artigo aborda a situação do ensino da filosofia na conjuntura histórica da educação brasileira. Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental propõe-se a investigar as condições que o ensino da filosofia tem de se (a)firmar como condição à promoção do pensamento autônomo no ensino básico, dentro do espaço que lhe é reservado no atual contexto educacional brasileiro, marcado por reformas de cunho neoliberal, voltadas aos interesses do mercado. Partindo da concepção de filosofia como criação de conceitos, compreende-se (...) como sua principal função em sala de aula, entre outras, apresentar-se como um ambiente livre das demandas externas estabelecidas pelos programas oficiais de ensino, no qual os estudantes tenham possibilidades de desenvolver o pensamento autônomo e construir sua subjetividade de forma desprendida. Essa atribuição requer determinados requisitos como a presença da filosofia enquanto disciplina, professores especializados na área e tempo livre e de qualidade o suficiente para o exercício do pensar autônomo, as quais se encontram ausentes, em sua maioria, no modelo de ensino que está sendo implementado. No atual cenário, marcado por reformas guiadas por tendências neoliberais que submetem a educação aos interesses da economia, o espaço da filosofia no ensino básico encontra-se reduzido e ameaçado. Tais mudanças reforçam o dualismo presente na educação brasileira, o qual atribui uma formação geral à classe privilegiada e outra de cunho laboral à trabalhadora, impedindo a implantação de uma formação humana integral para todos(as), na qual a filosofia ocupa papel fundamental. Compreende-se por fim que, apesar do cenário desfavorável, resta à filosofia criar formas de resistência, dentro e fora da escola para poder se (a)firmar. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como propósito discutir sobre as origens e os desdobramentos da maquinação na história do pensamento ocidental. Para tanto, fazemos uma leitura ontológica-fenomenológica da questão da técnica a partir das meditações de Heidegger, sobretudo na obra Contribuições à Filosofia, publicada em 1989. As reflexões aqui presentes pensam a maquinação como uma disposição que, em sua gênese, revela-se como um acontecimento além da força e da vontade do homem, destacando o abandono e o esquecimento do ser como eventos (...) fundantes da história. Buscamos evidenciar o verdadeiro sentido da condição histórica dos entes no contexto contemporâneo ao demonstrarmos como o ocultamento e a ausência do ser representam o fundo originário da existência. Assim, o ponto fundamental deste texto é a indicação de que o vigor da ausência essencial pode possuir robustez mais profunda do que a presença de qualquer ente. (shrink)

In this paper we show that in every |T |+-resplendent model N , for every A ⊆ N such that |A | ≤ |T |, the group Autf of strong automorphisms is the least very normal subgroup of the group Aut and the quotient Aut/Autf is the Lascar group over A . Then we generalize this result to every |T |+-saturated and strongly |T |+-homogeneous model.

Resumen: El presente artículo propone una visión estructural de la e-justicia por contraposición al reduccionismo metodológico e instrumental actual que la concibe como la simple incorporación de los dispositivos tecnológicos de la información y de la comunicación a la función pública judicial de impartir justicia, cuando más, a una transformación cultural del órgano judicial. El análisis plantea que la justicia es un concepto medular de la estabilidad social, que no se agota en la funcionalidad judicial, que depende de las asignaciones (...) estimativas acerca de aquello que para cada sociedad significa la armonía o la armonización social en relación con la interferencia de las conductas entre los individuos que la conforman. Con la introducción de la teoría de la impetración de la justicia se propone que la sociedad sea un componente activo de la gestión conflictiva a partir de la idea de justicia que se construye de igual forma, sin permitir que se le conciba como un simple receptor de la demanda de justicia que de forma vertical entrega la organización pública al margen de la realidad social, que ha adquirido una nueva configuración con la eclosión de la tecnología en todos los ámbitos de la vida humana.: This paper proposes a structural vision of e-justice as opposed to the current methodological and instrumental reductionism that conceives it as the simple incorporation of information and communication technology devices to the judicial public function of imparting justice, or at most, to a cultural transformation of the judicial body. The analysis suggests that justice is a core concept of social stability, which is not exhausted in the judicial functionality, which depends on the estimative allocations about what for each society means harmony or social harmonization in relation to the interference of behaviors between the individuals that comprise it. With the introduction of the theory of the impetration of justice, it is proposed that society be an active component of conflict management based on the idea of justice that is constructed in the same way, without allowing it to be conceived as a simple receiver of the demand for justice that is delivered vertically by the public organization at the margin of social reality, which has acquired a new configuration with the emergence of technology in all areas of human life. (shrink)

En los diálogos entre las diferentes voces que aparecen en los medios de comunicación la relación es desigual, y es posible ver cómo se da preponderancia a algunos actores sociales en desmedro de otros. Dicha relación se vuelve todavía más compleja cuando los participantes son de culturas diferentes. La siguiente investigación pretende, por medio de una herramienta metodológica ligada al Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD) desarrollado por Teun van Dijk, develar los procesos y formas de representación con los que se (...) mira a los bolivianos, a través de las noticias de los diarios de cobertura nacional El Mercurio y La Tercera, durante el mes de junio de 2008. El estudio, por tanto, intenta descubrir cómo la prensa escrita colabora en la representación y construcción de la realidad (Berger y Luckmann 1972) intercultural de sus lectores, formando y promoviendo prejuicios y estereotipos socioculturales. (shrink)

La acción de los medios de prensa de construir y representar realidades socioculturales genera --en reiteradas ocasiones-- relaciones desiguales, promoviendo e institucionalizando unas identidades en desmedro de otras. La situación se complejiza cuando se trata de países vecinos, con sus respectivas tradiciones socio-histórico-culturales, pasados comunes y límites bisagra. Bajo este escenario se analizaron las producciones noticiosas de cobertura nacional publicadas en los periódicos de mayor tirada de dos países limítrofes: “El Mercurio” de Chile y “El Comercio” de Perú. De este (...) modo, y por medio de una herramienta metodológica ligada al Análisis Crítico y Complejo del Discurso, esta investigación busca comprender los procesos de construcciones noticiosas y representaciones que los medios de prensa chilenos y peruanos hacen en torno a los “discursos de la diferencia” que se institucionalizan en la relación entre ambas naciones. The action of the press media of constructing and representing socio-cultural realities generates --on numerous occasions-- unequal relationships, which promote and institutionalize certain identities in detriment of others. The situation becomes more complex when it deals with neighboring countries and their corresponding socio-historical-cultural traditions, shared pasts, and “hinge-like” borders. Under this scenario, the production of national news by two nationwide press media of the neighboring countries will be analyzed: “El Mercurio” of Chile and “El Comercio” of Perú. In this manner, and using a methodological tool based on the Critical and Complex Analysis of the Discourse, the main objective of this research is to understand processes of construction of news and representations that the Chilean and Peruvian press make linked to the “discourse of the differences” which have been institutionalized in the relationship between them both. (shrink)

This paper addresses two methodological paths in Artificial Intelligence: the paths of Babbage and anti-Cartesianism. While those researchers who have followed the latter have attempted to reverse the Cartesian dictum according to which machines cannot think in principle, Babbage’s path, which has been partially neglected, implies that the replacement of humans—and not the creation of minds—should provide the foundation of AI. In view of the examined paths, the claim that we support here is this: in line with Babbage, AI researchers (...) have recently concentrated upon the replacement of human labour, and thus upon the creation of Machine Learning systems. After presenting and analysing the paths, we characterise Machine Learning via its developments and an illustrative example. Then, we put forward an argument that shows that total replacement of human labour will not be feasible for practical and conceptual reasons despite the successful developments in recent AI systems. Our discussion finally leads to optimism and awareness: AI’s advances allow humans to dedicate themselves to higher level tasks, but these advances also require that we be vigilant about the responsibilities granted to ML-based systems. (shrink)

A pesquisa aponta as condições que motivaram as mudanças nos processos de disseminação da ciência, apresentando o ambiente das redes sociais digitais como espaços unificados de comunicação e de divulgação científicas. A partir deste contexto, busca evidenciar como esses espaços estão vulneráveis à desordem da informação. Para tanto, foram levantados os principais fatores relacionados à desordem no espaço digital, especialmente, nesses processos, e indicados alguns cuidados que precisam ser considerados para evitar ou minimizar esse problema. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica (...) de natureza qualitativa, que buscou, a partir de uma revisão de literatura, de inferências e de interpretações, conectar a desordem da informação aos descuidados com as terminologias usadas na comunicação e na divulgação científicas. Considera-se que, para que a promoção da ciência mediada pelas redes sociais não seja permeada de desordens, é preciso que produtores e disseminadores de conteúdos científicos considerem que esse espaço possui peculiaridades que combinam um público heterogêneo e uma forma particular de comunicação e divulgação. (shrink)

Axel Honneth considers the contemporary political scenario in terms of a struggle for recognition among different individual or collective identities. But if recognition is based on a normative framework of intelligibility, then it can only be sensitive to those political claims that are already identified by that framework. Then the recognition paradigm is limited in terms of the possibility of making visible claims that are not intelligible. This paper discusses Honneth’s conception of recognition through two different authors and traditions: on (...) the one hand the paper uses Judith Butler's conceptions of ‘recognizability’ and ‘apprehension’ in order to re-think recognition in the political domain and, on the other hand, it uses Lacan’s conception and criticism of the recognition paradigm to argue with Honneth in the psychoanalytical domain. So, the main hypothesis of this paper is that a certain re-reading of Gorgio Agamben’s conception of testimony through Judith Butler’s criticism of the recognition paradigm can produce a new approach to exclusion in the political field as well as in psychoanalytical practice. In this sense, the act of witnessing would be a type of recognition that, instead of confirming the intelligibility framework, performs and offers to the excluded the limit of the framework. (shrink)

Self-harm is a potentially lethal symptom of borderline personality disorder (BPD) that often improves with dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). While DBT is effective for reducing self-harm in many patients with BPD, a small but significant number of patients either does not improve in treatment or ends treatment prematurely. Accordingly, it is crucial to identify factors that may prospectively predict which patients are most likely to benefit from and remain in treatment. In the present preliminary study, twenty-nine actively self-harming patients with (...) BPD completed brain-imaging procedures probing activation of the prefrontal cortex during impulse control prior to beginning DBT and after seven months of treatment. Patients that reduced their frequency of self-harm the most over treatment displayed lower levels of neural activation in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex prior to beginning treatment, and they showed the greatest increases in activity within this region after seven months of treatment. Prior to starting DBT, treatment non-completers demonstrated greater activation than treatment-completers in the medial prefrontal cortex and right inferior frontal gyrus. Reductions in self-harm over the treatment period were associated with increases in activity in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex even after accounting for improvements in depression, mania, and BPD symptom severity. These findings suggest that pre-treatment patterns of activation in the prefrontal cortex underlying impulse control may be prospectively associated with improvements in self-harm and treatment attrition for patients with BPD treated with DBT. (shrink)

The term communion, coming from the Latin translation of the Greek word koinonia is used as the basis for many concepts in Christianity and, more specifically, in the Catholic tradition. This article aims, althoug very briefly, conduct the study of the term, since its Hellenistic origin and its incorporation, with different nuances, in the Christian tradition. Therefore, in addition to resort to the etymology of the word, briefly covers its use in various environments of ancient Greek culture to raise possible (...) changes in the general concept that the word indicates: communion, participation. Still, aims to through the various uses in the New Testament literature and the Patristic period, the contribution of Christianity to the extension of the concept Hellenistic. (shrink)

Escrito em 1703, no ano anterior à morte de John Locke, este breve ensaio nos fornece uma visão das concepções pedagógicas maduras de Locke, que de certa forma complementam aquilo que podemos depreender da leitura dos seus “Alguns Pensamentos sobre a Educação”, obra datada de 1693. Estritamente ancorado nas concepções empiristas de Locke, este último tratado se ocupa da educação da criança e de sua relação com os pais ou, alternativamente, os preceptores. O texto que o leitor tem em mãos, (...) por seu turno, destina-se a não a educadores de crianças mas ao homem – ou, mais precisamente, ao “cavalheiro” (gentleman) inglês sequioso de obter uma boa educação. De caráter eminentemente prático, os conselhos de Locke aqui não se baseiam fundamentalmente nas suas teorias epistemológicas mas antes na sua vasta experiência como um homem de cultura e um homem do mundo, bem versado nas artes da política e da diplomacia. Nunca é demais enfatizar que a contribuição de Locke para o sucesso da Revolução Gloriosa, de 1688, não foi puramente teórica. Locke participou da conspiração que depôs Jaime II e levou ao trono Guilherme de Orange. (shrink)

Este artículo tiene por objetivo realizar una crítica inmanente a la obra de Freud. Su principal hipótesis es que el concepto antropológico hobbesiano del estado de naturaleza, como la guerra de todos contra todos, infl uencia Freud y produce algunos impasses mayores en su obra: la imposibilidad de fundar una clínica que no dependa de la sugestión y la imposibilidad de pensar un lazo social ateo, es decir, no regulado por la culpa. Para llevar adelante este encuentro entre Freud y (...) Hobbes, este artículo recurre al concepto de “paradigma inmunitario” de Roberto Esposito. En este sentido el artículo muestra, junto a la lectura que René Girard hace de Totem y Tabú, que el concepto freudiano de sacrifi cio, lejos de apaciguar la ley totémica, la produce retroactivamente. La consecuencia de esta relación invertida entre ley y sacrifi cio ha sido caracterizada como la inevitable deriva tanatopolítica del liberalismo moderno: para conservar la vida, hay que sacrifi carla; para conservar la ley, hay que fundarla y refundarla con violência ilegítima. Es decir, una vez que la obra de Freud asume los presupuestos antropológicos hobbesianos, queda atrapada entre el fantasma del retorno destructivo del salvaje pre-social y la ley superyoica que, si bien parece ser la única capaz de controlar al salvaje, no hace sino que perpetuar su violencia y la necesidad de repetir el sacrificio. (shrink)

Los siglos del gótico final de la Edad Media fueron, en el género pictórico en concreto, una época de continuidad de presupuestos en el terreno del arte y de incorporación de elementos naturalistas, pero también reflejaron la importancia del influjo del pensamiento en boga, por ejemplo, el del hermetismo. The artist-craftsman and microcosm in late Middle Age The centuries of the final Gothic of the Middles Ages were, particularly in the pictorial genre, a time of continuity of presuppositions in the (...) realm of arts as well as incorporation of naturalistic elements. However, they also reflected the significant influence of ways of thinking in vogue, such as hermeticism, for instance. (shrink)

Empirical data from studies with both heterosexual and homosexual individuals have consistently indicated different tendencies in mating behavior. However, transgenders’ data are often overlooked. This exploratory study compared levels of sociosexuality and self-esteem between transgenders and non-transgender (cisgender) individuals. The aim was to verify whether either sexual genotype or gender self-perception had more influence on the examined variables in transgenders. Correlations between self-esteem and sociosexuality levels were also investigated. The sample consisted of 120 Brazilian individuals (51 transgenders) from both sexes. (...) Sociosexuality scores indicated mostly sex-typical patterns for transgenders of both sexes across the construct’s three dimensions (behavior, attitude, and desire), except for female-to-male transgenders’ behavioral sociosexuality. Unique associations between the dimensions of sociosexuality were found for transgender participants. No differences in self-esteem were observed and no correlations between self-esteem and sociosexuality were found. The results suggest that transgenders’ sociosexuality is largely influenced by their sexual genotype despite their incongruent gender self-perception and that the relationships between behavior, attitude, and sociosexual desire are different from those observed in cisgenders. (shrink)

O domínio persistente das elites políticas no âmbito de diferentes governos representativos contemporâneos, aliado à descaracterização da natureza programática dos partidos políticos têm levado a uma intensa reflexão, nos últimos anos, acerca dos limites e capacidades da democracia como sistema de governo. Problemas como a persistência de profundas desigualdades sociais e a incapacidade de inclusão das minorias – e até mesmo de maiorias, como no caso brasileiro – apontam para um processo de “oligarquização” das democracias, marcado por uma tentativa de (...) “neutralização política do povo”, em todo incompatível com os valores republicanos e democráticos. Em um caso de tamanha sub-representação, no qual setores majoritários da sociedade são governados sistematicamente por setores minoritários, como garantir que o ideal de não-dominação seja assegurado? Partindo da constatação dos limites práticos dos governos representativos contemporâneos em geral, e do caso brasileiro, em particular, o propósito deste artigo é debater em que medida a proposta de “democracia aberta” de Hélène Landemore, que propõe a recuperação da prática do sorteio como expressão do elemento democrático, é compatível com o pensamento republicano. (shrink)

RESUMOO artigo científico visa esclarecer a fundamentação kantiana da doutrina da incorporação do Bill of Rights. A Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos estendeu o Bill of Rights aos Estados. Neste trabalho pretendemos demonstrar a fundamentação kantiana na doutrina da incorporação do Bill of Rights, abordando a corrente filosófica do utilitarismo e do contratualismo. Em primeiro lugar, examinaremos o precedente da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) e em seguida analisaremos filosoficamente o precedente. Em relação aos procedimentos metodológicos (...) esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como qualitativa e descritiva, uma revisão de literaturas por meio de livros, revistas especializadas e periódicos.Palavras-Chave: Bill of Rights; Doutrina da Incorporação; Utilitarismo; Contratualismo; Imperativo categórico kantiano. ABSTRACTThe scientific article aims to clarify the Kantian foundation of the doctrine of incorporation of the Bill of Rights. The United States Supreme Court has extended the Bill of Rights to the states. In this paper we intend to demonstrate the Kantian grounding in the doctrine of incorporation of the Bill of Rights, addressing the philosophical current of utilitarianism and contractualism. First, we will examine the precedent of the United States Supreme Court Gideon v. Wainwright and then we will philosophically analyze the precedent. Regarding the methodological procedures this research is characterized as qualitative and descriptive, literature review through books.Keywords: Bill of rights; Doctrine of Incorporation; Utilitarianism; Contractualism; Kantian categorical imperative. (shrink)