تتناول هذه الدراسة البحث في متغيرات أو ظواهر أمبريقية وإنما موضوع بحثها يركز على بنية حقل معرفي هو السياسة المقارنة ومحاولة تحليل نظرياته تحليلا ابستمولوجيا يركز بصورة أساسية على المبادئ والفرضيات الكامنة والنتائج، ويدمج ذلك بمقولات تاريخية العلم وعلم اجتماع العلم وفلسفة العلم. وحيث أن أي دراسة تتخذ شكل نص قابل للفهم، فإنه لا بد وأن تقوم على فرضيات معينة سواء كانت ظاهرة أو ضمنية واعية أو غير واعية، لذلك فهناك خلاف حاد حول تعريف الفروض وحول تحديد المفاهيم التي تطلق (...) عليها فتارة يطلق عليها hypatheses وأخرى propositions وثالثة assumptions. ومن ثم تعدد تعريفاتها ابتداء من كونها مقولات لم يثبت صدقها من كذبها أو علاقة بين متغيرين... الخ، وأكثر تعريفاتها معقولية أن الفرض يتكون من ثلاثة عناصر: طرفين وعلاقة بينها، والعلاقة دائما منطقية، أم الطرفان فتارة يكونان امبريقيين وأخرى يكونان نظريين وثالثة أحدهما امبريقي والآخر نظري ولذا يكون هناك افتراض أمبريقي، وآخر نظري، وثالث فلسفي. وفي هذه الدراسة سوف يتم صياغة الفروض في صورة تساؤلات أو قضايا إشكاليّة تقود البحث وتوجه الباحث في التحليل والتفسير وذلك لأن الفروض بالمعنى السابق الإشارة إليه هي موضوع هذه الدراسة. (shrink)

We are pleased with the thought-provoking discussion that our article has stimulated. All of the discussants agree that the state of education and infusion of ethical principles and practices into psychiatric decision making is currently suboptimal. The ethical questions raised by the discussants, writ large, have been analyzed, reduced to a seemingly manageable 'core,' or expanded to capture nuance and subtlety, and it is invaluable for clinicians, patients, and others to explore them together.In modern times, where the prevailing Western ethical (...) theories were developed, the aim of ethics was to do the right thing. For example, we ought to aim to maximize overall usefulness based on consequences of actions, or to... (shrink)

Study of rationalism in Urdu literature.

This case consultation offers three cases that illustrate a collaborative consultation model for psychiatric ethics that we have developed in outpatient clinic and in emergency psychiatry over the last 10 years. After we present these cases, we discuss three points of interest: 1) the characteristics we found to be important to our collaborative project, 2) the benefits of an integrative approach, and 3) ways that our collaborative moral reasoning developed our awareness of and sensitivity to ethical issues. We end by (...) raising some topics on which commentators could engage.Potter began working with El-Mallakh more than 10 years ago. Her impetus was that she was writing a critique of the criteria used in borderline... (shrink)

Study of the religious and philosophical views of Sir Muḥammad Iqbal, 1877-1938.

Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, 1201-127 ; Risālah-i is̲bāt al-ʻaql - Criticism and interpretation.

The increasing use of technological advances in business operations very often leads to the displacement of the employee whose skills become obsolete in light of such advances. There is no doubt that the interests of both company and employee are significantly affected by the implementation of laborsaving devices. Given that those interests are pursued in an environment which is usually, if not essentially, competitive, then there arises the serious question of what rights should be accorded the employee and the company (...) in the event that the employee is likely to be displaced by technological innovation. I argue that, given the constraints of a competitive environment, certain rights might be justified through a very limited application of the highly morally intuitive principles of utility, respect for persons, fairness, and the honoring of contracts. (shrink)

Critical study of of the addresses of Sir Muhammad Iqbal, 1877-1938 from philosophical and religious point of view.

On Islamic religious life and Islamic ethics in view of various Islamic stories.

2. Fī al-quṭb wa-al-aqṭāb wa-al-ghawth wa-dhikr al-abdāl -al-awtād wa-al-nuqabāʼ wa-al-nujabāʼ wa-ghayrihim --.

Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm, d. 1641- Criticism and interpretation ; Ḥikmat-i Mutiʻālīyah ; Islamic philosophy.

In this empirical paper, Jay, Stone, Meksin, Merck, Gordon and Hirst examine whether jury deliberations, in which individuals collaboratively recall and discuss evidence of a trial, shape the jurors’ memories. In doing so, Jay and colleagues provide a highly ecologically valid baseline for future investigation into why, how and when selective recall either facilitates remembering or leads to forgetting during jury deliberations. In particular, Jay et al. explore the specific social and cognitive mechanisms that might lead to either memory facilitation (...) (RIFA – Retrieval Induced Facilitation) and forgetting (RIF ‐ Retrieval Induced Forgetting) during jury deliberation. (shrink)

Deontic modals are the topic of my dissertation. All deontic modals, yes, but justification in particular, and epistemic justification even more specifically. Deontic modals operate upon performances—they appraise performances. Positively appraised, a performance is appropriate, decent, justifiable, right, permissible, or proper; negatively appraised, inappropriate, indecent, unjustifiable, wrong, impermissible, or improper. Belief and knowledge and performances in exactly the same sense that action and intention are performances: all are products of powers that are in some sense responsive to reasons. The principal (...) difference is the direction of fit between mind and world. Knowledge and belief the product of cognitive powers aimed at adapting mind to world, action and intention the product of conative powers aimed at adapting world to mind. All are normatively evaluable and the characteristic normative appraisal of each is deontic. Epistemology, ethics, and rational choice all investigate the nature of deontic modals, differing only insofar as the central aims are epistemic, moral, or prudential in nature. In this sense, the general theory of deontic modals is the parent to epistemology, ethics, and rational choice. My project is to develop and defend a schematic theory of justification. I achieve this end by developing and defending a general theory of deontic modalities. Riffing on two pithy turns of phrase, the deontic theory may be tersely sloganized: value first and one must do the best one can. It is a teleological theory that defines all deontic concepts from the theoretically foundational notions of ability and value. Roughly, a belief is epistemically justifiable if, and only if, it is part of an epistemically optimific belief set the agent is able to have. Roughly, an act is morally justifiably if, and only if, it is part of a morally optimific action set the agent is able to perform. My pet interest is in the former. The resultant framework is enormously fruitful, especially in epistemology. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Remembering Richard J. Bernstein (1932–2022)Tara Mastrelli and Mark SandersRemembrance for Richard J. BernsteinMy name is Tara Mastrelli. I am a graduate student at the New School for Social Research.1 Dick Bernstein was my teacher and my friend. I was also the TA for his final seminar on American Pragmatism this past spring, an experience that I want to share with you today.In the months leading up to this seminar, (...) Dick said something shifted for him in the way he understood pragmatism—a sort of awakening on his part. He redesigned his syllabus into two parts—the first, working through the classical pragmatists, namely, Peirce, James, and Dewey, as he had done for sixty-eight years. And then the second half would—in Dewey's words—turn toward "the problems of men" (though Dick would always say human beings), engaging with themes and texts from Black and feminist thinkers. To be clear, for Dick, this was not an expansion of the canon or an exercise in who should or should not count as a pragmatist. Rather his aim was something different altogether—to see if we could begin to understand pragmatism not as a canon at all, but rather as a living, evolving movement.Now the point is not that this was the perfect syllabus—it wasn't. The point is what redesigning his syllabus can tell us about the type of person and teacher that Dick was. At almost 90 years old, teaching a subject he had taught for almost seventy years, he did not sit back and say that he knew everything. He wanted to learn more—from his colleagues, his students, the world around him—to experience more, to challenge his assumptions, to understand more. [End Page 103]Beyond the syllabus, another factor that made this seminar unique was Dick's health. His illness started at the beginning of the semester. He taught our first class from an emergency room in New York City during the Omicron wave of COVID-19. He was wearing a mask and breathing tubes. Machines were beeping all around him. Nurses came in from time to time to check on him. Nonetheless … his enthusiasm was not remotely diminished. Laying out his aims and ambitions for the course, he referred to it as "an exciting adventure"—for him and for us.The syllabus was not perfect, and Dick's health ebbed and flowed throughout, and yet—as the course itself progressed—it evolved into the very thing he was hoping for, which was pragmatism as a living, evolving movement. He read and added new work from a colleague examining Black feminist pragmatism and its relationship to the Movement for Black Lives, adding a full session dedicated to it. On certain days, when his breath was weak, he asked me to lead our discussions, which took on more of an almost jazz-like character—my classmates and I riffing off each other as we tried to wrestle with concepts such as DuBois's color line against the backdrop of gentrification in our own neighborhoods. When I decided to run a progressive stack for our discussions on feminism, Dick replied, "Good for you!" and enthusiastically used the hand-raising function, patiently waiting his turn.At the end of the semester, he seemed to be feeling better—his voice was strong and his eyes were bright during our final session. He conveyed his sense that, despite his recurring lament that we did not have more time (he had always envisioned the course as two semesters, or sometimes two full years), the seminar had achieved what he had wanted to achieve: "Philosophy has come alive." A return to philosophy, "not just as a discipline to master, but something to be caught up in; the excitement of dealing with life—a return to a genuine Socratic conception of philosophy."I am sure many of you may know that Dick wrote his dissertation on Dewey. What you may not know is that he originally wanted to write it on Plato. (Phaedrus was his favorite.) But once he sat down, he realized he did not want to write something about Plato that, as he said... (shrink)

Este trabajo analiza el lenguaje subjetivo empleado por el intelectual y político andalusí Lisān al-Dīn Ibn al-Ḫaṭīb (m. 1375) en su obra de exilio Nufāḍat al-ǧirāb. El objetivo es explorar la utilidad de un enfoque lingüístico en la comprensión del lugar que ocupa este texto dentro del proceso de transición cultural del Occidente islámico hacia el paradigma moderno europeo. El estudio se divide en tres partes: en la primera, se hace una breve introducción al autor, a su contexto socio-político y (...) al contenido de la obra; en la segunda, se plantea una metodología cuantitativo-cualitativa a través de la cual se estructura el texto misceláneo digitalizado en función de sus géneros y se especifica un esquema de anotación que permite extraer las instancias de los fenómenos lingüísticos más destacados; y en la tercera, se procede al análisis de los datos obtenidos en torno a la acción, la emoción y la evaluación. El análisis muestra una compleja codificación de la subjetividad en la Nufāḍa donde, a diferencia del Taʿrīf de Ibn Ḫaldūn, las marcas de expresión en primera persona, aunque significativas, son escasas. Sin embargo, se identifica un abundante uso de adjetivos evaluativos a lo largo de la obra, con una riqueza léxica que permite revelar de forma explícita el punto de vista del sujeto autor. Este hallazgo demuestra la utilidad de una metodología híbrida en la aproximación a textos histórico-literarios premodernos, así como la necesidad de incorporar el análisis lingüístico, empírico y comparativo al estudio de la transición epistemológica señalada. (shrink)

The article by Potter and Rif S. El-Mallakh read empathically, invokes a sense of fulfilment in their experiences, serving as inspiration for others to learn and practice ethics better. It describes their growth that has culminated to this sense of fulfilment and inspirational dignity. Crucial for this desirable growth has been, I want to highlight, their good investment in virtuous relationships and diligent processes. I also highlight from their article a potential conceptual restriction to growing in our learning and practicing (...) of ethics. That is, the restriction that occurs when blinded by too narrow a view on what ethics is about or where its emphasis is supposed to be. (shrink)