"Bu araştırmada Meraga Rasathanesi'nin kurucusu Nasîrüddin Tûsî'nin öğrencisi, meşhur alim, matematikçi, astronom ve İşrâkî filozof Kutbüddîn-i Şîrâzî'nin hayatı, eserleri, öğrencileri ile XIII. Yüzyılın son çeyreğinde İlhanlı nüfuzu altında bulunan Selçuklu Türkiye'sindeki faaliyetleri incelenmiştir. Şîrâzî, Sivas'ta kadılık ve Gök Medrese'de müderrislik yapmış, daha sonra İslamı kabul eden ilk İlhanlı hükümdarı Ahmed Tekudar tarafından elçi olarak Memluk sultanı Kalavun'a gönderilmiştir. Siyasi görevleri bununla sınırlı olmayan Şirazî, Argun Han tarafından Yakın-Doğu haritasını çizmekle vazifelendirilmiş, o da bu görevi başarıyla ifa ederek İlhanlı Devletinde önemli (...) bir konuma yükselmiştir. Ancak Şirazî bu siyasî görevleriyle pek anılmamaktadır. Nitekim onun ilim adamı sıfatı daha önde olmuş, siyaseti bazı nedenlerle tercih etmiştir. Şirazî Anadolu'da aklî ilimler sahasında dersler vererek Meraga matematik ve astronomi ekolunun buraya taşınmasını sağlamıştır. Daha sonra Tebriz'e giderek yetiştirmiş olduğu öğrenciler ve telif ettiği eserleriyle Anadolu, İran ve Türkistan coğrafyasında ilmî ve fikrî bir birliktelik oluşturmuştur. Daha sonra Semerkant matematik astronomi okulu mensuplarının Osmanlı ülkesine göçmeleriyle, Şirazî'nin astronomi ve matematik sahasındaki eserleri Osmanlı medreselerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur."--Back cover. (shrink)

Ortaçağ İslam Dünyasında yöneten ve yönetilenler arasındaki bağı âlimler sağlamaktaydı. Sultan ve emirin halka adaletle muamele etmesini, Kuran-ı Kerim ve Sünnet-i Şerife göre yaşamasını ve toplumsal hayatı düzenlemesine yardımcı olurdu. Zaman içerisinde yöneticilerde görülen kusurların ortaya konulmasına yönelik çözüm önerileri sunan âlimler, eserler kaleme almaya başlamış ve bu eserlere siyasetname ve nasihatname denilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu eserlerden bazıları gayet hacimli olup sultana arz edilmekteydiler. Bazısı ise risale şeklinde ve daha kısa yazılarak toplumun huzurunu bozan veya toplumda çok acil çözülmesi gereken unsurları (...) ihtiva etmekteydi. Selçukluların XI. Yüzyıldan itibaren İslam Dünyasına geniş bir hâkimiyet sahası oluşturmaları üzerine siyasetname telifi artmıştı. XIII. Yüzyıl hadis âlimlerinden Ziyâeddin el-Makdîsî’nin yaşadığı Eyyubiler Dönemine kadar bu eser yazım türü yaygınlık kazanmıştır. El-Makdisî, Dimaşk Eyyubî meliki el-Melikü’l-Eşref Musâ’nın düşkün bir hayat sürmesi üzerine özellikle toplumda bozulmalar meydana gelmesi ve devlet yönetiminde zaafa düşülmesi gibi sebeplerle bir nasihatname yazmış ve halkın üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri azaltmayı gaye edinmiştir. Nasihatname sultanın konumuna uygun, yumuşak bir dille ve nazik bir üslupla kaleme alınmış olup eserde ayet ve sahih hadislere yer verilmiştir. (shrink)

Araştırmada lise öğrencilerinin geleneksel ve kültürel din algılarını belirlemek için uygun bir ölçek geliştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma AFA için 324 ve DFA için 320 olmak üzere toplam 644 lise öğrencisiyle yürütülmüştür. Verileri toplamak için geleneksel ve kültürel din algısı ölçek formu (GEKDÖ) ile kişisel bilgi anketi kullanılmıştır. Uzman görüşleri ve pilot uygulama sonuçlarına göre AFA öncesi 35 maddeden oluşan bir ölçek formuna ulaşılmış ve uygulanmıştır. AFA sonrası 20 maddeden oluşan ölçek formu elde edilmiştir. DFA sonucu 4 madde ölçekten çıkarılarak 16 maddeli (...) son yapıya ulaşılmıştır. GEKDÖ, üç boyut (Kaynak ve Belirleyicilik Boyutu, Rehberlik ve Eğitim Boyutu ve Kültürel Boyut) ve 16 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin toplam varyansı %58,13 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin KMO değeri,938; Barlett test değeri, 4212,113’tür. Güvenirlik çalışmaları sonucunda Cronbach Alpha güvenirlik katsayısı,931; ikiye ayırma güvenirlik analiz değeri,833 ve boyutların ayırt edicilik düzeylerini belirlemek için %27’lik alt-üst grup puanları arasında yapılan t-test sonuçları sırasıyla t(88) = –43,51 –38,90 – 36,47 –30,94 p<,01 olarak tespit edilerek anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu görülmüştür. DFA sonuçları temel ölçüt olan model uyum indekslerini oldukça iyi düzeyde karşıladığı için oluşturulan yapının istatistiksel ve kuramsal açılardan da uygun olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. Sonuç olarak lise öğrencilerine yönelik geliştirilen 16 maddelik GEKDÖ’nün geçerli ve güvenilir olduğu belirlenmiştir. (shrink)

Islamic ethics and education; social life; Turkey; congresses.

It is expected that the determining role of values, which are accepted as the main reference point in guiding their behaviors, in real life will also be effective on social media posts. However, with the increase and diversification of the opportunities offered by social media to its users, the perception of privacy, which is one of the important values in society, is subject to change and privacy is disclosed based on personal consent. Although there are studies in the literature on (...) the negative effects of increasing social media use on the perception of privacy, there is no study that examines the issue from the perspective of Religious Culture and Ethics Knowledge (RCEK) teachers within the framework of values education. In this study, whether and in what direction the determining role of values in life has changed with the widespread use of social media is examined based on the views of RCEK teachers in the example of privacy value. The aim of the study is to examine the views of RCEK teachers on privacy and the transformation of privacy in the context of social media posts. In this direction; it is aimed to determine the privacy perceptions of RCEK teachers in terms of the definition of privacy, situations that are considered private, social media posts that violate privacy and the criteria that should be in these posts, and to examine their views on what kind of education can be given to students about social media and privacy. The research was designed according to the phenomenology design in qualitative research method. The study group of the research consists of 19 RCEK teachers working in various provinces. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by dividing them into themes, categories and codes by content analysis method. As a result of the research, it was concluded that privacy is violated through social media posts, and the perception of privacy has changed depending on many factors related to social media. It was revealed that today's sharing culture negatively affects the perception of privacy. It is thought that the results of the research have important implications for researchers, teachers, parents and authorities.In this study, whether and in what direction the determining role of values in life has changed with the widespread use of social media is examined based on the views of Religious Culture and Ethics Knowledce teachers in the example of privacy value. The aim of the study is to examine the views of Religious Culture and Ethics Knowledge teachers on privacy and its transformation in the context of social media posts. Based on this purpose; it is aimed to determine the privacy perceptions of RCEK teachers in terms of the definition of privacy, situations that are considered private, social media posts that violate privacy and the criteria that should be in these posts, and to examine and reveal their views on how students can be educated about social media and privacy. The research was designed according to the phenomenology design in qualitative research method. The study group of the research consists of 19 RCEK teachers working in various provinces. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by content analysis method by dividing into themes, categories and codes. As a result of the research, it was concluded that privacy is violated through social media posts, and the perception of privacy has changed depending on many factors related to social media. It was revealed that today's sharing culture negatively affects the perception of privacy. It is thought that the results of the research have important implications for researchers, teachers, parents and authorities. (shrink)

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of Pythagorean fuzzy valued neutrosophic set (PFVNS) and Pythagorean fuzzy valued neutrosophic (PFVNV) constructed by considering Pythagorean fuzzy values (PFVs) instead of numbers for the degrees of the truth, the indeterminacy and the falsity, which is a new extension of intuitionistic fuzzy valued neutrosophic set (IFVNS). By means of PFVNSs, the degrees of the truth, the indeterminacy and the falsity can be given in Pythagorean fuzzy environment and more sensitive evaluations are made by (...) a decision maker in decision making problems compared to IFVNSs. In other words, such sets enable a decision maker to evaluate the degrees of the truth, the indeterminacy and the falsity as PFVs to model the uncertainty in the evaluations. (shrink)

Hadislerin doğru anlaşılması ve yorumlanması çabası ilk defa Hz. Peygamber döneminde başlamış, tâbiîn ve tebeu’t-tâbiîn döneminde hadislerin tedviniyle birlikte hız kazanmış ve bu hususta önemli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. İlerleyen süreçte fıkıh usulünün verilerini kullanarak ahkâm hadislerinden hüküm çıkarma ve lafız-mâna ilişkisi konusunda hakikat-mecaz ekseninde yeni yorum yöntemleriyle uygulamalı olarak ele alınan eserler telif edilmiştir. Bu eserlerin başında İbn Dakīkulʿîd’in, Şerḥu’l-İlmâm bi-eḥâdîs̱i’l-aḥkâm’ı gelmektedir. Şerḥu’l-İlmâm hadis şerh edebiyatında muhteva zenginliğini artırarak ve kullanılan yöntemleri geliştirerek daha önceki şerhleri geride bırakmış bir eserdir. Bu çalışmada (...) İbn Dakīkulʿîd’in hadisleri anlamada bir yöntem olarak kullandığı hakikat-mecaz konusu ele alınmıştır. Böyle bir konunun tercih edilmesindeki ana etmenlerin başında mezkûr eserde hüküm istihrâcında hakikat-mecaz bağlamında diğer çalışmalara nispetle, analitik yaklaşımların ön plana çıkması ve alana katkı sağlaması gelmektedir. Çalışmanın hedefi, Şerḥu’l-İlmâm’da hakikat-mecaz ekseninde İbn Dakīkulʿîd’in hadisleri nasıl yorumladığını ortaya çıkarmak ve elde edilen bulgularla yeni yorum imkânlarına alan açmaktır. Lafzın mânaya delaleti konusunda hakikat ve mecaz arasındaki ilişki ve kesişim noktaları çoğu zaman bir problem olarak durmaktadır. Hadis metinlerinin yorumlanmasında hakikat ve mecazın birlikte kullanım alanlarının tespit edilmesi ve hakikat-mecaz ayırımının işlevsel yönünün ortaya çıkarılması, hadislerin doğru anlaşılmasına ve yorumlanmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Araştırmada öncelikli olarak Şerḥu’l-İlmâm’ın hadis ve fıkıh sahasındaki önemi ve değeriyle ilgili bilgi verilmiş, sonra hakikat ve mecaz kavramlarının tanımlarına geçilmiştir. Mecaz türleri arasında sadece İbn Dakīkulʿîd’in atıf yaptığı istiare, teşbih, teşbîhu’l-mânevî ve teşbîhu’s-sûrî gibi kavramlara yer verilmiştir. Son olarak İbn Dakīkulʿîd’in hakikat ve mecazı bir yöntem olarak nasıl kullandığı konusu örnekler çerçevesinde tahlil edilmiştir. Araştırmada, İbn Dakīkulʿîd’in hakikat ve mecazın zamansal boyutuna, hakikat ve mecaz ayırımında tazmînin rolüne, hakikat ve mecazın cemʿine, hakikate en yakın mecazlara ve hakikat-mecaz arasındaki tercih sebeplerine değinerek hakikat ve mecazı bir yöntem olarak kullandığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. İbn Dakīkulʿîd’in hakikat ve mecazı birlikte kullanmasının işlevsel yönleri ve faydaları arasında; lafızların lugatlerde geçtiği anlamları keşfetmek, lafzın anlamında derin ve net açılımlar yapmak, tekellüflü mânaları ayıklamak, mecaza hamledilmeyi gerekli kılan alâkaları/bağları belirlemek, çözümlemeci yaklaşımla muhtemel mânaları ortaya çıkarmak gibi hususlar yer almaktadır. Eğer İbn Dakīkulʿîd, 57 hadisi değil de İlmâm’da yer alan tüm hadisleri şerh etme fırsatı, bulabilseydi bugün hadislerin hakikat ve mecaz eksenli şerh edildiği en çok konuşulan eserlerin başında Şerḥu’l-İlmâm gelebilirdi. (shrink)

This study deals basically with a critique of ideological and policy-oriented approaches in area studies, and problems of political interventions and ideological inclinations in the Middle Eastern studies. Politics and ideology not only makes the area more complex to understand, since they aim to meet the needs of the governments, but also prevents the academic studies to develop independently. The study aims at putting forth a historical analysis required both to take the issues of the Middle East studies within their (...) unique socio-economic settings, and to regard them from the historical point of view. Central for the paper is to propose bases for the development of area studies depending on the interactions of regional histories and politics with each other. The study argues that Middle East studies in particular and area studies in general would produce reasonable knowledge and add up to the literature within a working relationship with world history, and in a comparative and multi-dimensional manner. (shrink)

It has long been suspected that attentional processes differ between olfaction and the other senses. Here, we test whether voluntary dishabituation, seen, for example, when we re-attend to the ticking of a clock, can occur in olfaction. Participants were seated in an odorized room, where at various intervals they had to evaluate what they could smell. An experimental group had one nostril open and the other closed, except during the evaluations, so that the closed side was subject to centrally driven (...) habituation, but not peripheral adaptation. A control group had both nostrils closed except during evaluations. Following exposure, the experimental group could not report the room's odor in either the centrally habituated nostril or the nostril that remained open, while the control group could. This effect could result from a number of causes, including olfaction's unique neuroanatomy, functional constraints imposed by detecting volatile chemicals, and as a consequence of limited cortical resources, with implications for the functional value of consciousness. (shrink)

``I am therefore I have rights," argues this paper. Mere existence qualifies a human being for universal human rights. Yet human beings do not live in solitude; they are always embedded in a network of social relations which determines their rights and duties in its own terms. Consequently, the debate about the universality and relativism of human rights can be best understood by combining legal and sociological perspectives. Such an approach is used in this article to explore the tensions and (...) contests around the universality of human rights in Islamic law. Whether all human beings or just citizens are qualified for the inviolability of human rights is a question which divided Muslim jurists into two schools: Universalistic School, emanating from Abu Hanifa, advocated for the universality of human rights, while Communalistic School, originating from Malik, Shafii and Ibn Hanbal, advocated for civil rights. Universalistic School was adopted by such great cosmopolitan empires as Umayyads, Abbasids, Mughals and Ottomans. It was also reformed by the Ottomans during the nineteenth century in the light of the new notions of universal human rights in Europe to purge remaining discriminatory practices against non-Muslim citizens and to justify constitutionalism and democracy. Yet the universalistic tradition in Islamic law has been forgotten as the chain of memory was broken after the collapse of Ottoman Empire. This article briefly unearths the forgotten universalistic approach in Islamic law to build upon it a modern universalistic human rights theory for which there is a pressing need at this age of globalization. (shrink)

Göçmenlerin farklı kimliklere sahip olmaları ötekileştirilme deneyimlerini arttırmaktadır. Başka bir deyişle; göçmenlerin farklı kültürel, etnik ya da dini kimliklere ilişkin olarak ötekileştirilmeleri daha olasıdır. Bu önermenin sonucu olarak ötekileştirme, onunla mücadeleyi merkeze alan politikalar tarafından “aşılması olası” ve yapaylığı ima eden bir olgu olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu çalışma; “öteki”nin varlığını kimliğin oluşumu açısından kaçınılmaz görerek ötekileştirmeyi “olumsuz bir doğal” yapan unsurun sosyal bilişsel bir süreç olan “stereotipleştirme” üzerinden okunması ve çözümün burada aranması gerektiği savını, Henri Tajfel ve John Turner’ın Sosyal (...) Kimlik Teorisini temel alarak günümüzde “öteki” sıfatının atfedildiği göçmenler bağlamında ele almaktadır. İnsanların tarih boyunca doğal, sosyal, politik ve ekonomik sebeplerle başvurduğu göç eyleminin günümüzde yoğun kitlesel hareketliliğe dönüşmesi göçmen kimliğinin görünürlüğünü arttırmış ve bu kimliği küresel ölçekte ötekileştirmenin nesnesi tayin etmiştir. Ötekileştirmenin psikolojik ve politik bileşenlerinin etraflıca tetkiki, söz konusu fenomenin toplumsal çıktılarının ayrıştırıcı etkisini bertaraf edebilmek için bir başlangıç noktasıdır. Bu gaye ile çalışmada ötekileştirme pratiğine farklı bir zaviyeden yaklaşılmış, ötekileştirmeyi toplumsal yaşam açısından olumsuz sonuçlara eviren bilişsel sürecin tespitleri göçmenler üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. İlgili alanlarda teorik ve ampirik kaynakların taranması neticesinde edinilen bulgularla çalışma, sosyal psikolojik unsurların politik uygulamalara dâhil edilmesine dair yöntemlere ulaşma çabası ve toplumsal bütünlüğün tesis/muhafaza edilmesi için sunduğu politik psikolojik çözümler ile literatüre eklenmeyi hedeflemektedir. (shrink)

According to a classical narrative, early geneticists, failing to see how Mendelism provides the missing pieces of Darwin’s theory, rejected gradual changes and advocated an implausible yet briefly popular view of evolution-by-mutation; after decades of delay (in which synthesis was prevented by personal conflicts, disciplinary rivalries, and anti-Darwinian animus), Darwinism emerged on a new Mendelian basis. Based on the works of four influential early geneticists – Bateson, de Vries, Morgan and Punnett –, and drawing on recent scholarship, we offer an (...) alternative that turns the classical view on its head. For early geneticists, embracing discrete inheritance and the mutation theory (for the origin of hereditary variation) did not entail rejection of selection, but rejection of Darwin’s non-Mendelian views of heredity and variation, his doctrine of natura non facit saltum, and his conception of “natural selection” as a creative force that shapes features out of masses of infinitesimal differences. We find no evidence of a delay in synthesizing mutation, rules of discrete inheritance, and selection in a Mendelian-Mutationist Synthesis. Instead, before 1918, early geneticists had conceptualized allelic selection, the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, the evolution of a quantitative trait under selection, the probability of fixation of a new mutation, and other key innovations. Contemporary evolutionary thinking seems closer to their more ecumenical view than to the restrictive mid-twentieth-century consensus known as the Modern Synthesis. (shrink)

This study discusses the formation of national identity and the nation state in the modern Middle East in comparison with Turkey, one of the earlier models of national state formation in the region. The basic aim of the study is to examine the position of religion and religious identity as the source of legitimacy in the modern state. In order to have a better understanding of the relationship between nationalism and religion in the Middle East, the study attempts to look (...) at the development of Egyptian nationalism and the role of religion in the making of modern state in Egypt. The study also attempts to make a comparative historical work by analyzing the history of the early Republican Turkey and the consolidation of the modern Turkish state by legitimacy other than religion hitherto the basic source of authority. (shrink)

This study deals basically with the combination of religion and politics in American foreign policy in the Near East in the immediate aftermath of the First World War. The diplomatic activities regarding the protection of American religious, educational, philanthropic institutions, the safety of American interests and missionary activities and the safeguarding of a future for the Ottoman Armenians are examined in two parts: the first dealing with the spread of Protestant missionary activities in the Ottoman Empire, and the second, coping (...) with the US political struggle for protecting American political, religious and commercial interests during the Paris Peace Conference through an analysis of diplomatic correspondence in the US archives. (shrink)

el-Bâcî is one of the leading jurists and hadith scholars of the Malikis who lived in the tenth century. He contributed to the formation of Andalusian Malikism and was accepted as the leader of Andalusian Malikiism during his time. He came to the fore and was known for his hadithism and proceduralism. He is known for his works in the field of hadith and procedure. He played an important role in authentic hadiths reaching today and understanding Imam Malik's work named (...) al-Muwatta’. el-Bâcî wrote many works in the field of fiqh methodology. He introduced the method of fiqh in his works on methodology and systematically discussed the evidence on which his method is based. He is one of the rare methodologists who explains his fiqh proofs after giving them in a systematic way. The evidence on which it is based in that procedure; he examined it by dividing it into three parts: the original (el-asl), the reasoning of the original, and istishâbu'l-hâl.” He divided his primary evidence, which he expressed with the phrase “al-Asl”, into three parts: the book, the sunnah and the ijma. He divided the understanding of the original (el-asl) into four parts. İstishābul-hāli is discussed in a single part. Unlike the hierarchy of evidence established in the understanding of Islamic procedure, he evaluated qiyas in the part of reasoning about the original (el-asl). In addition to these evidences, el-Bâcî also included the evidence of seddü'z-zerâi' and istihsan; He accepted the istihsan as a weak evidence and the seddü'z-zerâi as confined to a limited area. In his works on procedure, el-Bâcî mentioned the sunnah among the primary evidence, which he called al-asl. He mentioned the dictionary meaning of sunnah and the meaning of the term according to hadith scholars and methodologists. He generally evaluated the sunnah by dividing it into three parts: actual, verbal and confirmation (takriri). He did not directly define the parts of the sunnah, but explained what he meant by the types of sunnah through summary information and some examples. He discussed following the Sunnah on the basis of power and obedience. Cited many verses as evidence in his works on procedure el-Bâcî argued that obedience to the Sunnah is in the same position as obedience to the Quran. He concluded that the sunnah, whose source is certain, ultimately turns into the Quran, and that although it comes after the Quran in the hierarchy of evidence, the sunnah is as effective as the Quran in determining the provisions. Therefore, el-Bâcî defended the view that the verses that command obedience to Allah also implicitly command obedience to the Prophet. He argued that, unlike the common view of the sunnah in the Islamic society, that there is reward in doing it and there is no sin in skipping it, the sunnah is close to the ruling of wajib, not the rule of mandub, and therefore the sunnah cannot be abandoned arbitrarily. He differed from the majority on this issue by accepting the view that the Sunnah abrogates the Quran in some matters. He also focused on the topic of news in order to accurately determine the position of the Sunnah. He evaluated the news as the source of the sunnah by dividing it into two parts: mutawatir and ahad khabar (news from one person). He used mutawatir not only as news that a large group of people transmitted from the Prophet from generation to generation, but also to express situations that were known by everyone and could not be denied. In his understanding of usul, mutawatir khabar conveys essential knowledge. He put forward three conditions for mutawatir to express essential knowledge: the narrator must be intelligent, he must necessarily have the knowledge of what is reported, and the narrators must reach a certain number. Ahad accepted the news as the narration of a single person and as evidence from which no knowledge can be derived. However, he discussed it from a broad perspective in terms of impact. In el-Bâcî's understanding of procedure, ahad khabar explains the summary of the Quran and mutawatir; it allocates the whole of the Quran. He examined the ahad khabar meticulously in order to determine the deed in general. According to whether it requires knowledge and action or not, ahad khabar is divided into two parts: ahad khabar, with which knowledge is formed, and ahad khabar, with which knowledge does not occur. Through whom knowledge was formed, listed six forms of ahad khabar. In order to accept the ahad, he generally took into consideration the narration's narration. He did not accept the Hanafis' principle of umumu'l-balwa. Also he did not mention the condition that ahad news should be in accordance with the practice of the people of Medina and preferred to remain silent on this issue. He claimed that ahad khabar could abrogate the Quran. He cited various examples of this actually happening. (shrink)

Âlemin zaman içinde vücûda gelip gelmediğine dair tartışma düşünce tarihinde kadim bir geçmişe sahiptir. Platon öncesi döneme kadar izleri sürülen söz konusu tartışma İslâm düşünce tarihinde de önemli bir yer işgal eder. Kelam ile felsefe ekolleri arasında cereyan eden münazaralarda kelamcılar, âlemin yokluğu üzerinde bir zaman geçtikten sonra yaratıldığını ileri sürerken filozoflar ise Allah’ın âlemden zamansal olarak değil zatî bir öncelikle mukaddem olduğunu savunurlar. Klasik dönem sonrası devam eden tartışmalarda probleme dair yeni çözümler ortaya konulmuştur. Bu makale klasik dönem sonrası (...) İslam felsefesinin önemli simalarından biri olan Molla Sadrâ’nın hudûs anlayışını konu almaktadır. Kendinden önceki hudûs yaklaşımlarını değerlendiren Molla Sadrâ, hareket-i cevherî teorisi bağlamında probleme yeni bir yorum getirir. Hareket ve zamanı, seyyal varlığın birer boyutu olarak gören Sadrâ’ya göre hareketin bizzat kendisi anlamına gelen yaratmanın olmadığı mevhum bir zamanın varlığı söz konusu olamaz. Bu anlamda âlem, öncesinde yokluk olan muayyen bir zaman diliminde yaratıldığı anlamda hâdis değil, yaratmanın zaman mecrasında gerçekleştiği anlamda hâdistir. Metafiziğin en girift meselelerinden biri olan bu problem hakkında Molla Sadrâ’nın yorumu kelamcılar ile filozoflar arasında kısırdöngüye dönüşen tartışmalarda bir uzlaştırma ve inkişaf sadedinde görülebilir. (shrink)

This paper compares attitudes towards achievement and power orientation as between Turkish, British and Irish managers and discusses the issue from a business ethics point of view. The concept of achievement and power orientation and its impacts on business ethics is discussed. This research is part of a larger cross‐cultural study that examines leadership styles and managerial attitudes in Britain, Turkey and Ireland. Intensive structured interviews were conducted for data gathering process. Results revealed that Irish and Turkish managers show a (...) higher achievement orientation level than their British counterparts. On one hand this situation may give some advantages to Turkish and Irish managers in developing leadership qualities, on the other hand, it can also lead to some difficulties in ethical business practices. Therefore, corporate social responsibility becomes a more important issue to be pursued in Turkey and Ireland. British and Irish managers, however, showed a higher power orientation level than Turkish managers. The low level of power orientation of Turkish managers can be explained by cultural and historical conditions that still affect modern Turkish society. Previous cross‐cultural studies support the results of this paper. (shrink)

Ikhwan-i Safa is known as a group of thinkers who wrote treatises in the style of the first scientific encyclopedia in the history of Islamic thought. Ikhwan-i Safa, which emerged in the vicinity of Basra at a time when religious and political conflicts were intense, aims to clean the religion, which they believe has moved away from its essence with false information and false thoughts, with philosophy. For this purpose, the Ikhwan's views on science and wisdom, who use all kinds (...) of religious, philosophical and scientific knowledge with an eclectic approach, are important in understanding the scientific understanding of the classical age of Islamic thought. Ikhwan-i Safa, who states that they are the heirs of every thought they find true, regardless of its source, advises its members not to be hostile to any of the sciences, not to turn their backs on any of the books, and not to be attached to any of the sects with bigotry. In this study, the approaches of İhvân-ı Safâ to the science of logic will be discussed within their understanding of science based on this broad acquis. According to Ikhwan-i Safa, who defines logic as the measure of philosophy and the instrument of the philosopher, since philosophy is the highest of human endeavours after Prophethood, logic, which is the measure of philosophy, must also be the highest of measures and instruments. In the study, it will be emphasized how the Ikhwan approached the science of logic in his treatises in the context of concept, proposition and syllogism, which are the main subjects of classical logic, and whether they made a unique contribution to this science. (shrink)

Ikhwan-i Safa is known as a group of thinkers who wrote treatises in the style of the first scientific encyclopedia in the history of Islamic thought. Ikhwan-i Safa, which emerged in the vicinity of Basra at a time when religious and political conflicts were intense, aims to clean the religion, which they believe has moved away from its essence with false information and false thoughts, with philosophy. For this purpose, the Ikhwan's views on science and wisdom, who use all kinds (...) of religious, philosophical and scientific knowledge with an eclectic approach, are important in understanding the scientific understanding of the classical age of Islamic thought. Ikhwan-i Safa, who states that they are the heirs of every thought they find true, regardless of its source, advises its members not to be hostile to any of the sciences, not to turn their backs on any of the books, and not to be attached to any of the sects with bigotry. In this study, the approaches of İhvân-ı Safâ to the science of logic will be discussed within their understanding of science based on this broad acquis. According to Ikhwan-i Safa, who defines logic as the measure of philosophy and the instrument of the philosopher, since philosophy is the highest of human endeavours after Prophethood, logic, which is the measure of philosophy, must also be the highest of measures and instruments. In the study, it will be emphasized how the Ikhwan approached the science of logic in his treatises in the context of concept, proposition and syllogism, which are the main subjects of classical logic, and whether they made a unique contribution to this science. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to analyze the reflections of anti-Islamic rhetoric, in Norwegian society, towards Muslims in the context of Islamophobia and Anti-Islamism, which have recently increased in Europe. In this context, by taking the near-historical background into consideration, this paper first examines the issues of freedom of expression and freedom of religious believes in Norway, then it tries to analyze how Islam is perceived in this country. Thirdly, by exploring the history of Islamophobia from a general perspective, (...) it pays attention on anti-Islamic rhetoric and socio-political factors reinforcing it. Finally, the paper explores the links between this rhetoric and recent events such as “Cartoon Crisis” and “Berwick Terror Attack” and discusses how each one of such events affect the Norwegian society and Muslims living in that country. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to determine the criticism to Mushabbiha and Mujassima on the basis of al-Faṣl fī l-milal wa-l-ahwāʾ wa-l-niḥal whose writer is Ibn Ḥazm (d. 456/1064), one of the eminent scholars of the Andalusian civilization. In this work, Ibn Ḥazm gives systematic information about the non-Islamic religions as well as the sects emerging under the Islamic roof, criticizing the views of religion and religious sects from various perspectives. In doing so, he approached the views of the (...) sects with his identity as a kalam theologian, and he made his critics in the light of classical conception of the Ahl al-Sunnah. Ibn Ḥazm pointed out that Mushbbiha and Mujassima had an anthropomorphic understanding of God, and emphasized that this understanding does not correspond with the belief in monotheism. He strongly emphasizes that God is one and nothing is equal to Him.Summary: Islamic Civilization of Andalusia was the most important representative of Islam in the West and enlightened Europe for centuries, has made important successes in science-technic, art and literature. Also made improvements on other areas such as religous and philosophical knowledge, in these eras raised important Islam scholars who made important contributions to those areas. One of those scholars undoubtedly is Ibn Ḥazm who was born in Andalusia (d. 456/1064). The aim of this paper is to analyze and determine Ibn Ḥazm’s critiques on Mushabbiha and Mujassima, based on Ibn Ḥazm’s thought found in his al-Fasl,who was one of the leading scholars of Anatolia civilization and played an important role in development of Islam thought nearly in all areas by his precious writings.Ibn Ḥazm, in his work gives systematic information on sects under Islamic thought and beliefs and religions out of Islam, their relations and differences with Islam, which he accepts as one and unchangeable, and analyzes them gives in an analytic, defensive and rejective method, puts them under critique. In other words, with his theologian identity and dialectical method, under the Sunnī classical tradition, he criticizes other sects’ thoughts. Ibn Ḥazm used a very sharp language and rough method in his critiques. This kind of attitude was symbolized by a traditional saying “Ibn Ḥazm’s language is sharper than Hajjāj’s sword”. As it very well known in the Qurʾān, oneness (tawhīd) was emphasized very much, God does not look like anything ever created, and does not have any resemblance or sameness with anything, in order to eliminate polytheist (shirk) belief. On the other hand, in some verses representations and resemblances were used that does not seem in line with oneness (tawhīd). This problem which seems to be contradiction at first sight has been subject to many debates of how that can be solved. In the center of discussion informing attributes (revealed attributes) that drive people to comparison (tajsīm) and anthropomorphism (tashbīh) that recall humanly attributes if they are understood in artificial meanings. In history of Islamic thought, in order to understand those kind of attributes, in their artificial meanings or their changed and decided meanings (ta’wīl), has been subject to discussion and to understand the attributes different methods have been used. One of these method which is the main subject of this paper is tajsīm and tashbīh method and was accepted by Mushabbiha and Mujassima. They take informing attributes artificial meanings as base and were against the changing of the meaning. As a natural conclusion of this, they resemble God to the created and asserted God has concrete parts such as hand, face, eye, leg, etc. In his work al-FaṣlIbn Ḥazm mentions ideas of Mushabbiha and Mujassima, and criticized whether it is appropriate for Sunnah or not. His critique against these sects are mostly based on the informing attributes being taken as visual attributes in nasses, where as a result the God imagination turns to be anthropormorphist imagination. According to Ibn Ḥazm, the verses “… He does not resemble anything…” (Ṣūra 42/11) and “He is not equal to anything” put forward the onlyness and soleness of God and they do not give attention to this and try to prove the attributes fall into anthropormorphism (tashbīh) and corporealisim (tajsīm). Ibn Ḥazm believes and says that their God imagination is not in line with oneness (tawhīd) understanding and puts the verses into the center. In his critiques he emphasizes God’s oneness, he does not have pair, not resemble anything, does not have equal and tried to explain how his attributes should be understood. In this respect, in qualification of God his main principle was exploitation (tanzīh) and asserts that humanly attributes (face, eye, foot) in their visual understandings cannot be attributed to God and tried to prove that names like object (jism), accident (symptoms), substance (ore) he cannot be put into qualification. Ibn Ḥazm’s consideration of nass through an exterior perspective, his criticism of Mushabbiha and Mujassima, who take visual attributes as principles, and his re-interpretation (ta’wīl) of some nass whenever necessary may be seen as a contradiction but it is consistent in his system. Because he is not definitely against re-interpretation (ta’wīl) but he rejects re-interpretation without proof, he accepts ta’wīlthat comes from nasses and rational necessity with a proof. From this perspective if there is an occasion a word’s meaning in the Qurʾān that needs understanding different from its written meaning and there is a proof for that, he sees this a requirement for re-interpretation (ta’wīl). He practically used this theory of him in informing attributes. As a result, in attributes of God, he follows the madhhab of the Salaf (predecessors), where as in informal attributes and their understanding, he uses ta’wīlmethod and takes the path of Halaf (successors). By this way, he departed from the madhhab of the Salaf and created his own method. In this context while he was criticizing anthropormorphist and corporealist methods. Also he defended that since comprehension of God is not possible without re-interpretation of these attributes, it is necessary. He explained these attributes in verses with their dictionary meanings and related verses, with appropriate Arabic grammar and God’s greatness. From that perspective Ibn Ḥazm’s Salafī and artificial understandings, we cannot say he is from Salafī which rejects rationale and explanation all together. In addition to that when necessary in informal attributes he uses ta’wīland uses reason and the function he put upon reason, shows his position against sect like Mushabbiha and Mujassima who underestimates the value of reason. (shrink)

This study is an investigation of the views of medical students (N=15) and physicians (N=14), in Turkey, on conscientious objection through elaboration on their experiences in medical practice within the framework of conscientious objection, and evaluation of the data from an ethical perspective. The data received from in‐depth interviews were evaluated by using the thematic content analysis method. They were then divided into contexts and themes as follows: “Refusal to provide healthcare services,” “scope of conscientious objection,” and “impact of conscientious (...) objection (in case of legal entitlement).” The opinions of our research participants suggest that conscientious objection has become widespread in medical practices. It is argued that the tendency of healthcare providers and patients to find temporary resolutions to ethical dilemmas only complicates such resolutions. It is imperative, therefore, to set a rational limit on conscientious objection so as to prevent the adoption of an attitude shaped completely by the personal beliefs of the physician or the patient. (shrink)