El presente trabajo pretende aportar una serie de recomendaciones prácticas consonantes con el respeto de los derechos humanos para el trabajo periodístico al momento de abordar el fenómeno de la inmigración. Para ello se recogen aportes teóricos y conceptuales acerca del análisis de discurso, la teoría del framing y teoría de los derechos humanos, y con ello evidenciar la importancia que tienen los enfoques periodísticos al momento de exponer noticias relacionadas con el fenómeno de la inmigración.

Filosofoek, ia ahobatez, bi egia moten arteko bereizketa onartu ohi dute. Alde batetik egia beharrezkoak eta egia kontingenteak bereizi eta bereizten dira. Lan honetan aipatutako bereizketaz ari gara, batez ere txanponaren alderdi bat jorratuz, egia beharrezkoak zertan diren aztertuz hain zuzen ere. Irakurleak bereizketaren jarraipen historikoa ere aurkituko du. Horrez gain, hiru testu berri-klasikoen itzulpena burutu dugu: Quineren enpirismoaren bi dogma, Tarskiren egia eta froga eta Kripkeren identitatea eta beharrezkotasuna.

David Wong has introduced the notion of moral ambivalence in the philosophical debate. In this paper, we focus on the nature of moral ambivalence and on its interpretation. We hold that moral ambivalence is not a phenomenon that provides evidence for relativism, as Wong claims, and as relativism is usually understood. Rather, ambivalence denotes a pluralist attitude, an attitude characterized by the thought that two different, even incompatible, courses of action can both be permissible when considered from a single perspective. (...) We distinguish pluralism from relativism and argue that it is more appropriate to consider Wong’s position as an objectivist pluralism. We also highlight the similarity between Wong and Hume’s accounts. (shrink)

In recent years, several studies have advocated the need to expand the concept of patient autonomy beyond the capacity to deliberate and make decisions regarding a specific medical intervention or treatment (decision-making or decisional autonomy). Arguing along the same lines, this paper proposes a multidimensional concept of patient autonomy (decisional, executive, functional, informative and narrative) and argues that determining the specific aspect of autonomy affected is the first step towards protecting or promoting (and respecting) patient autonomy. These different manifestations of (...) autonomy are not mutually dependent; there may be patients who have problems in one dimension, while at the same time being fully autonomous in others. Nevertheless, a close interaction has been observed between the various dimensions and indeed, a phenomenological analysis shows that damage to or a reduction in one aspect of people’s capacity for self-government generally affects other aspects of their autonomy, which in turn disrupts their identity and the way in which they see themselves and are seen by others. In this paper, I shall examine some of these interactions and show how they may lie at the heart of the problem of poor treatment adherence (where adherence is defined as being the extent to which a patient’s behavior over time coincides with the recommendations made by and agreed with their health professional). One example given is that of psoriasis, a chronic skin disease with a very poor adherence record. In Spain, it is calculated that 85% of patients diagnosed with mild to moderate psoriasis fail to comply properly with their treatment, and figures from other parts of the world are similar. Although there are many possible causes for non-adherence among psoriasis patients, assessing their decisional, executive and narrative capacities and taking appropriate action based on the results may help increase adherence rates. (shrink)

En la primera parte de esta conferencia veremos el contexto en el quedesarrolla Ryle su concepto de errores categoriales aplicado al problema de la mente. Examinaremos luego la propiedad del mismo, especialmente encontraste con las críticas que se le han dirigido. Finalmente, introduciremosalgunos comentarios, respecto de esta problemática y de la filosofía analítica.

Nuestro objetivo es examinar el tratamiento que ofreció Ludwig Wittgenstein en Sobre la certeza al problema escéptico del mundo externo, el cual consiste en la imposibilidad de conocer el mundo empírico. Reconstruiremos este problema a partir del argumento del sueño de René Descartes. Wittgenstein responde que la existencia de un mundo circundante al observador forma parte de las asunciones de los juegos del lenguaje, de modo que el problema es inadmisible. Evaluaremos el abordaje wittgensteiniano y lo entenderemos como una propuesta (...) contextualista que disuelve el problema mediante una reconsideración de sus presupuestos. La lectura contextualista que ofreceremos defiende que los estándares de atribución de verdad, significado y sentido son sensitivos a un contexto de enunciación, que en la obra wittgensteiniana toma el nombre de juego de lenguaje. (shrink)

ResumenEn este trabajo tratamos de esclarecer en qué sentido Hume es relativista con relación a la ética y a la estética. El sentimentalismo inherente a su ética y estética hace que, desde el punto de vista de algunos intérpretes, Hume sea un relativista radical con respecto a dichos ámbitos. Sin embargo, tanto el innegable sentimentalismo de Hume como su supuesto relativismo requieren un profundo estudio. Nos valdremos del concepto de regla general para analizar las relaciones entre sentimentalismo y relativismo, y (...) finalmente argumentaremos que si bien tiene sentido calificar a Hume como relativista, su relativismo es moderado y sensato.Palabras claveRelativismo, Hume, regla general, Ética, EstéticaAbstractIn this paper we will try to elucidate in what sense Hume is a relativist concerning ethics and aesthetics. According to some interpreters’ views, Hume’s sentimentalism with respect to ethics and aesthetics implies that Hume is what we could call a radical relativist. However, both Hume’s sentimentalism and his alleged relativism need a deep analysis. We will analyze the relationship between sentimentalism and relativism based on the concept of general rule. Finally we will argue that, even though Hume may be labelled as a relativist, his relativism is moderate and sensible.Keywords Relativism, Hume, general rule, Ethics, Aesthetics. (shrink)

This article examines the changing landscape of public service provision in the UK during austerity. Austerity is presented through the notions of retrenchment, decentralisation and shifts in governance. The analysis shows that retrenchment and decentralisation eroded the capacity of public institutions to protect the provision of vital public services. This is revealed through the reduced provision of non-statutory services and the reinforcement of inequalities in service provision. Shifts in governance have led to mixed outcomes in the quality of services. This (...) article also addresses how austerity influenced many of the problems observed in service provision during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vital public services in the UK faced the pandemic with a diminished resource base, heightened inequalities and significant fragmentation in service provision. (shrink)

In this paper, we argue for an objectivist pluralist interpretation of Hume’s moral philosophy. We begin by approaching the pluralist/relativist distinction in aesthetics. Then we move to ethics, and present some reasons which justify considering Hume a normative pluralist, and, in particular, an objectivist pluralist. Our argument will make use of Hume’s idea that there are foru sources of value, and of his notion of artificial lives/moralities.

Background The Regional Committee for Africa of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2001 expressed concern that some health-related studies undertaken in the Region were not subjected to any form of ethics review. In 2003, the study reported in this paper was conducted to determine which Member country did not have a national research ethics committee (REC) with a view to guiding the WHO Regional Office in developing practical strategies for supporting those countries. Methods This is a descriptive study. The (...) questionnaire was prepared and sent by diplomatic pouch to all the 46 Member States in the WHO African Region, through the WHO country representatives, for facilitation and follow up. The data were entered in Excel spreadsheet and subsequently exported to STATA for analysis. A Chi-Squared test (χ 2) for independence was undertaken to test the relationship between presence/absence of Research Ethics Committee (REC) and selected individual socioeconomic and health variables. Results The main findings were as follows: the response rate was 61% (28/46); 64% (18/28) confirmed the existence of RECs; 36% (10/28) of the respondent countries did not have a REC (although 80% of them reported that they had in place an ad hoc ethical review mechanism); 85% (22/26) of the countries that responded to this question indicated that ethical approval of research proposals was, in principle, required; and although 59% of the countries that had a REC expected it to meet every month, only 44% of them reported that the REC actually met on a monthly basis. In the Chi-Squared test, only the average population in the group of countries with a REC was statistically different (at 5% level of significance) from that of the group of countries without a REC. Conclusion In the current era of globalized biomedical research, good ethics stewardship demands that every country, irrespective of its level of economic development, should have in place a functional research ethics review system in order to protect the dignity, integrity and safety of its citizens who participate in research. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer una perspectiva histórico-filosófica del idealismo y el Romanticismo. La estrategia que emplearemos en esta investigación consiste en analizar dichas corrientes intelectuales a partir del problema, propio de la Modernidad filosófica, de incorporar la libertad dentro de la estructura de la subjetividad humana. El idealismo y el Romanticismo surgieron gracias a la influencia que ejerció el espíritu libre de la Revolución francesa. El espacio donde se desarrolló esta revolución cultural alemana fue el Círculode Jena, (...) un grupo que concentró a muchos de los intelectuales más influyentes en la historia de la filosofía y la literatura. Y fueron las ideas de Immanuel Kant —en específico, con los temas referentes a la apercepción (Yo pienso), la libertad y el genio— la influencia más determinante para los idealistas y losrománticos. (shrink)

Este artículo aborda el antiguo problema de la diferencia entre filosofía y poesía partiendo de una interpretación del arte narrativo personificado por Ulises en la Odisea. Una lectura del episodio de las Sirenas permite reconstruir la trama de voces diversas que compone el relato homérico y comprender la significación de esta estructura polifónica en el imaginario odiseico. Frente a la neta oposición entre autofonía y alofonía que propone la filosofía platónica, la poesía homérica implica una idea de heterofonía que apunta (...) más allá de una lógica binaria y sugiere la irreductibilidad de la voz poética a un juego entre extremos contrarios. La heterofonía consiste más bien en una voz figural que crea la «lógica difusa» del mundo ficcional mediante la neutralización de las diferencias entre sujetos enunciativos. (shrink)

Based on published works and unpublished materials, this article analyses how cybernetics was received by two Spanish thinkers exiled in Mexico: José Gaos (1900–1969) and Eduardo Nicol (1907–1990). This reception is particularly intriguing especially when considering the substantial presence and social impact that Norbert Wiener had in Mexican society because of his friendship with Arturo Rosenblueth. Gaos and Nicol are the first philosophers to develop a complex and original diagnosis of cybernetics in Mexico. It will be shown how the exiled (...) thinkers take on the philosophical implications of this science in the light of their respective theoretical projects, and finally, it will be defended how the critical perspective they develop is particularly significant for Mexico’s political and academic context since it illuminates some negative aspects of cybernetics that Wiener did not foresee and that had not been reported there until then. (shrink)

In this paper I will argue that when Aristotle uses the word ‘ἀρχή’ he is often referring to what we call a condition, whether necessary, sufficient or necessary and sufficient. To this end I will discuss how conditions for being, change, and knowledge, as identified by Aristotle, can be equated to ontological, physical and noetic principles, respectively.

My purpose in this paper is to show the evolution of the relationship between nonmonotonic logic and logic programming. I think that there are two periods in the evolution of this relationship. The first one isthe point of contact between these two fields that had been developed independently. In the second period, as I will show, the motivation to propose three-valued nonmonotonic logic comes from the study of the relationship between these two fields, and not from the study of nonmonotonic (...) logic itself. (shrink)

In his last book about Locke{\textquoteright}s philosophy, E. J. Lowe claims that Frege{\textquoteright}s arguments against the Lockean conception of number are not compelling, while at the same time he painstakingly defines the Lockean conception Lowe himself espouses. The aim of this paper is to show that the textual evidence considered by Lowe may be interpreted in another direction. This alternative reading of Frege{\textquoteright}s arguments throws light on Frege{\textquoteright}s and Lowe{\textquoteright}s different agendas. Moreover, in this paper, the problem of singular sentences (...) of number is presented, and Frege{\textquoteright}s and Lowe{\textquoteright}s views are confronted with it. (shrink)

In his last book about Locke’s philosophy, E. J. Lowe claims that Frege’s arguments against the Lockean conception of number are not compelling, while at the same time he painstakingly defines the Lockean conception Lowe himself espouses. The aim of this paper is to show that the textual evidence considered by Lowe may be interpreted in another direction. This alternative reading of Frege’s arguments throws light on Frege’s and Lowe’s different agendas. Moreover, in this paper, the problem of singular sentences (...) of number is presented, and Frege’s and Lowe’s views are confronted with it. (shrink)

Reseña de Nys, T., Denier, Y., Vandevelde, T. (eds.): 2007, Autonomy and Paternalism. Reflections on the Theory and Practice of Health Care. Lovaina: Peeters.

Pensar el asunto del deber moral en la ética profesional es el objetivo central de este trabajo, el cual es llevado a cabo, partiendo del análisis y desarrollo de los conceptos que lo fundan como problema filosófico; el concepto de profesión a través de la historia, la deontología como ética profesional y el concepto de deber moral en la praxis profesional, son los tres momentos lógicos que guían este estudio.