Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Hermann J. Cloeren - Otto Friedrich Gruppe 1804-1876: Philosoph, Dichter, Philologe - Journal of the History of Philosophy 43:3 Journal of the History of Philosophy 43.3 367-369 Ludwig Bernays, editor. Otto Friedrich Gruppe 1804–1876: Philosoph, Dichter, Philologe. Freiburg: Rombach, 2004. Pp 279. Paper, € 39,90. Two hundred years after his birth, Otto Friedrich Gruppe is commemorated in essays by American and European scholars. Contributions in English, French, German, and Italian treat diverse aspects of Gruppe's life and work. While (...) Gruppe's son, Otto Gruppe, in his time a well-known philologist, considered his father's best work to be his poetry, O. F. Gruppe's great-grandson, Dr. Ludwig Bernays, the editor of this volume, wisely chose a more encompassing approach. The present review considers contributions dealing with Gruppe's philosophical writings. The essays dealing with Gruppe as a poet, journalist, philologist, and secretary of the Königliche Akademie der Künste have to be considered elsewhere... (shrink)

Lieber Herr Bernays! Das Datum Ihres Briefs liegt in einigen Tagen ein Vierteljahr zurück. Es ist schandbar, dass ich noch nicht auf Ihre erstattete Kritik, für die ich Ihnen sehr dankbar bin, eingegangen bin. Nun aber endlich!

Lieber Herr Bernays! Soviel ich weiss, habe ich Ihnen noch von Bremen aus geschrieben, dass die geplante naturphilosophische Zusammenkunft doch wieder von den Pfingstferien auf den September verlegt werden musste. Es steht nun so, dass die Aussichten, Anfang September zusammenzukommen[,] im Ganzen so günstig sind, dass wir diesen Termin festlegen und die Teilnehmer der Tagung bitten können, fest mit diesem Zeitpunkt – wir denken vom 5. September bis zum 7. oder 8. – zu rechnen. Von Ihnen habe ich zwar (...) noch nicht gehört, ob Sie im September kommen können. Ich hoffe es aber sehr, dass es gehen wird, und ebenfalls, dass Sie einverstanden sind, nach Heidelberg zu kommen. (shrink)

Liebes Fräulein Hermann! Meine neulich an Sie abgesandte provisorische Karte werden Sie, wie ich hoffe erhalten haben. Aus dieser konnten Sie wenigstens den Hauptgrund der Verzögerung meines Schreibens entnehmen – ich meine die Tatsache, dass ich mich zur Zeit in Princeton befinde.

Liebes Fräulein Hermann! Über den Empfang Ihres Briefes und Ihrer Abhandlung habe ich mich sehr gefreut. Haben Sie für beides schönen Dank!

Verzeihen Sie, dass ich Ihren freundlichen Brief und Ihre Ausführungen zur Quantentheorie nicht früher beantwortet habe.

Liebe Frau Henry, An unsere Unterhaltung an dem Sonntag Abend in Frankfurt möchte ich eine kleine Bemerkung anknüpfen. Sie meinten, wenn ich Sie recht verstanden habe, der Vorwurf, den Fries und Nelson gegenüber Kant erheben, dass er von der Apriorität auf die Idealität schliesse, sei nicht berechtigt; es werde dabei die Stelle bei Kant nicht richtig interpretiert, wo er sagt „Es sind nur zwei Fälle möglich, unter denen synthetische Vorstellung und ihre Gegenstände zusammentreffen … können. Entweder wenn der Gegenstand die (...) Vorstellung, oder diese den Gegenstand allein möglich macht.“. (shrink)

Auf Ihren Brief vom 12. Juni, den ich mit vielem Interesse gelesen habe, sollten Sie schon längst eine Antwort von mir haben. Ein Argument für die Beantwortung hatte ich auch längst bereit. Doch da Sie des Näheren auf den Entwicklungsgang der Kantischen Philosophie zu sprechen kommen, wollte ich mir hierüber erst einiges in der Literatur ansehen. Das aber wurde durch etliche verschiedene Obliegenheiten verzögert, und so komme ich erst jetzt, nach einigen Monate[n] dazu, Ihre Ausführungen zu beantworten.

On Sources of Structural Injustice: A Feminist Reading of the Theory of Iris M. Young The author focuses on a critical theory of justice and democracy by Iris Marion Young. Young's normative approach to justice and the institutional framework of inclusive democracy develops out of her critique of injustice. In the first section the author explains Young's approach to structural injustice, which she conceptualizes in terms of domination and oppression. In the second part the author elucidates Young's concept of the (...) politics of difference and inclusive democracy. In this context Young differentiates between social and cultural groups; this enables her to take into consideration the political significance of group differences. The author goes on to present Young's critical theory of gender based on the notion of women as a social structural group. Young argues that gender refers to social structures that shape relations of subordination and oppression rather than to identity. In the final part the author discusses the application of Young's concept of structural injustice at a transnational level. Finally, she concludes with an outline for a feminist reading of the concept of structural injustice in a transnational context. (shrink)

Der 1804 geborene, mit Hegel, Marx und anderen Denkern seiner Zeit auf Kriegsfuß stehende, aber Anschauungen des späten Wittgenstein vorwegnehmende Sprachphilosoph, Philologe, Literarhistoriker und vielseitige Autor Otto Friedrich Gruppe hat seit seiner Wiederentdeckung durch Fritz Mauthner im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts zunehmend Beachtung gefunden. Dies rechtfertigt eine nähere Betrachtung seines reichhaltigen, in mancher Hinsicht in die Zukunft weisenden Oeuvres anläßlich seines 200. Geburtstags. Neben den von Mauthner neu edierten philosophischen Hauptwerken hat Gruppe Gedichtbände, literatur- und kunstkritische Schriften sowie altphilologische Arbeiten (...) hinterlassen, die zum Teil heute lebhaft diskutiert werden. Im vorliegenden Sammelband äußern sich Vertreter verschiedener Fachrichtungen aus verschiedenen Ländern zu Werken Gruppes. (shrink)

Any account of “what is special about the human brain” (Passingham 2008) must specify the neural basis of our unique ability to produce speech and delineate how these remarkable motor capabilities could have emerged in our hominin ancestors. Clinical data suggest that the basal ganglia provide a platform for the integration of primate-general mechanisms of acoustic communication with the faculty of articulate speech in humans. Furthermore, neurobiological and paleoanthropological data point at a two-stage model of the phylogenetic evolution of this (...) crucial prerequisite of spoken language: (i) monosynaptic refinement of the projections of motor cortex to the brainstem nuclei that steer laryngeal muscles, presumably, as part of a “phylogenetic trend” associated with increasing brain size during hominin evolution; (ii) subsequent vocal-laryngeal elaboration of cortico-basal ganglia circuitries, driven by human-specificFOXP2mutations.;>This concept implies vocal continuity of spoken language evolution at the motor level, elucidating the deep entrenchment of articulate speech into a “nonverbal matrix” (Ingold 1994), which is not accounted for by gestural-origin theories. Moreover, it provides a solution to the question for the adaptive value of the “first word” (Bickerton 2009) since even the earliest and most simple verbal utterances must have increased the versatility of vocal displays afforded by the preceding elaboration of monosynaptic corticobulbar tracts, giving rise to enhanced social cooperation and prestige. At the ontogenetic level, the proposed model assumes age-dependent interactions between the basal ganglia and their cortical targets, similar to vocal learning in some songbirds. In this view, the emergence of articulate speech builds on the “renaissance” of an ancient organizational principle and, hence, may represent an example of “evolutionary tinkering” (Jacob 1977). (shrink)

Conscious existence is the product of a neural brain mechanism, which is largely identical with Immanuel Kant's Oneness Function, a service performed by 200 million neurons in the prefrontal lobe, & makes possible our interior cosmos, the record of our interconnected, or general, experience. Essential for us humans is the well-being of our interior cosmos, or Saint Teresa of Avila's interior castle, in all interactions with each other \& the greater environment. Any disorders of our cosmos are liable to make (...) us fall ill, setting our existence on a path of psychosomatic etiology of a large class of mysterious undiagnosed diseases. (shrink)

Recent advances in neuroscience lead to a wider realm for philosophy to include the science of the Darwinian-evolved computational brain, our inner world producing organ, a non-recursive super- Turing machine combining 100B synapsing-neuron DNA-computers based on the genetic code. The whole system is a logos machine offering a world map for global context, essential for our intentional grasp of opportunities. We start from the observable contrast between the chaotic universe vs. our orderly inner world, the noumenal cosmos. So far, philosophy (...) has been rehearsing our thoughts, our human-internal world, a grand painting of the outer world, how we comprehend subjectively our experience, worked up by the logos machine, but now we seek a wider horizon, how humans understand the world thanks to Darwinian evolution to adapt in response to the metaphysical gap, the chasm between the human animal and its environment, shaping the organism so it can deal with its variable world. This new horizon embraces global context coded in neural structures that support the noumenal cosmos, our inner mental world, for us as denizens of the outer environment. Kant’s inner and outer senses are fundamental ingredients of scientific philosophy. Several sections devoted to Heidegger, his lizard debunked, but his version of the metaphysical gap & his doctrine of the logos praised. Rorty and others of the behaviorist school discussed also. (shrink)

Impressions, energy radiated by phenomena in the momentary environmental scene, enter sensory neurons, creating in afferent nerves a data stream. Following Kant, by our inner sense the mind perceives its own thoughts as it ties together sense data into an internalized scene. The mind, residing in the brain, logically a Language Machine, processes and stores items as coded grammatical entities. Kantian synthetic unity in the linguistic brain is able to deliver our experience of the scene as we appear to see (...) it. Uniquely, the brain records its own history, synthesizing a Movie-in-the-Brain, called the Noumenal Cosmos. Attempting thereby to represent the actual Universe, this makes for a sovereign brain that governs itself. The brain is domicile of an Ego, with its selfhood at stake at all times. Yet, it can know itself only by its actions, in which it appears as an actor in its own movie. Phenomena enter garbled, as confused apparitions, and must be put in good form using top–down feedback control by Ego, so that each movie frame makes rational sense within the overall context of the Noumenal Cosmos. A stack of frames is processed typically in 40 Hz rhythm with 300 ms process time each, for about 12 in the stack at any time. Successive neural centers are processing the stack in the brain assembly line, based on data from increasingly global receptive fields. Ego stitches together the movie frames, but only the top frame is in consciousness for 25 ms. The top frame contains the whole scene where the Ego makes an appearance as the actor that imposes Kantian synthetic unity on the scene, merely an assembly of grammatical texts, in a system-internal coded process language, fitting the scene into the Noumenal Cosmos. But Ego observes Ego only to the extent permitted by the objectivity rule, only what it does and thinks, not its true face. From the Noumenal Cosmos, the Ego receives grammatical messages in the internal sense code. They are integrated into a whole in the reaction of the Ego to the momentary scene. The voluntary nature of Ego’s decisions is explained, based on its ability to code in advance its own actions sequentially in time, as it sees fit with a view to an orderly Noumenal Cosmos, records of code being arranged spatially in neural structures. (shrink)

Introduction. The system of axioms for set theory to be exhibited in this paper is a modification of the axiom system due to von Neumann. In particular it adopts the principal idea of von Neumann, that the elimination of the undefined notion of a property (“definite Eigenschaft”), which occurs in the original axiom system of Zermelo, can be accomplished in such a way as to make the resulting axiom system elementary, in the sense of being formalizable in the logical calculus (...) of first order, which contains no other bound variables than individual variables and no accessory rule of inference (as, for instance, a scheme of complete induction).The purpose of modifying the von Neumann system is to remain nearer to the structure of the original Zermelo system and to utilize at the same time some of the set-theoretic concepts of the Schröder logic and of Principia mathematica which have become familiar to logicians. As will be seen, a considerable simplification results from this arrangement.The theory is not set up as a pure formalism, but rather in the usual manner of elementary axiom theory, where we have to deal with propositions which are understood to have a meaning, and where the reference to the domain of facts to be axiomatized is suggested by the names for the kinds of individuals and for the fundamental predicates.On the other hand, from the formulation of the axioms and the methods used in making inferences from them, it will be obvious that the theory can be formalized by means of the logical calculus of first order (“Prädikatenkalkul” or “engere Funktionenkalkül”) with the addition of the formalism of equality and the ι-symbol for “descriptions” (in the sense of Whitehead and Russell). (shrink)

Outlines of Metaphysic - dictated portions of the lectures of Hermann Lotze is an unchanged, high-quality reprint of the original edition of 1884. Hansebooks is editor of the literature on different topic areas such as research and science, travel and expeditions, cooking and nutrition, medicine, and other genres. As a publisher we focus on the preservation of historical literature. Many works of historical writers and scientists are available today as antiques only. Hansebooks newly publishes these books and contributes to (...) the preservation of literature which has become rare and historical knowledge for the future. (shrink)