Este artículo analiza dos poemas que tienen como tema la Guerrilla del Araguaia, que integran un conjunto de textos poéticos publicados en el periódico Resistencia, en febrero de 1979, en Brasil. El análisis consideró los aspectos históricos relacionados al tema y la constatación de la cuestión central: qué elementos presentes en los poemas permiten ubicarlos dentro de una poética de la resistencia.

Commentary on a beloved ancient philosopher of Zen by a beloved contemporary master of Zen. Eihei Dogen was a thirteenth-century Buddhist poet-philosopher and founder of the Soto school of Zen. Famously insightful and famously complex, his writings have been studied and puzzled over by generations of students. Kosho Uchiyama was a beloved twentieth-century Zen teacher and author of over twenty books, who here addressed himself head-on to unpacking Dogen's wisdom for a modern audience. Translators Tom Wright and Shohaku Okumura present (...) three fascicles of Dogen's monumental Shobogenzo, or Treasury of the True Dharma Eye: "Shoaku Makusa" or "Refraining from Evil," "Maka Hannya Haramitsu" or "Practicing Deepest Wisdom," and "Uji" or "Living Time." For each one, they lovingly translate Uchiyama's thoughtful commentary on the piece. At turns poetic and funny, always insightful, this is Zen wisdom for the ages. (shrink)

In 1939, the influential psychophysicist S. S. Stevens proposed definitional distinctions between the terms ‘number,’ ‘numerosity,’ and ‘numerousness.’ Although the definitions he proposed were adopted by syeveral psychophysicists and experimental psychologists in the 1940s and 1950s, they were almost forgotten in the subsequent decades, making room for what has been described as a “terminological chaos” in the field of numerical cognition. In this paper, I review Stevens’s distinctions to help bring order to this alleged chaos and to shed light on (...) two closely related questions: whether it is adequate to speak of a number sense and how philosophers can make sense of the claim by cognitive scientists that numbers are perceptual entities. Moreover, I offer further support to Stevens’s distinction between numerosity and numerousness by showing that they are relational properties that emerge through different relationships between agents and their environments. The final conclusion is that, by adopting Stevens’s distinctions, numbers do not need to be seen as perceptual entities, since the so-called number sense is better described as a sense of numerousness. (shrink)

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo divulgar os resultados da pesquisa realizada no mestrado em Ciências da Religião da UCG/GO (2004). O objeto desta pesquisa foi o de compreender os motivos que levaram as trabalhadoras em educação portadoras da síndrome de burnout e de depressão que atuam na educação pública no município de Goiânia a buscarem tratamento espiritual no espiritismo. Que papel a religião desempenha na busca da saúde? Por que as trabalhadoras em educação buscam o espiritismo como forma de (...) tratamento da síndrome de burnout e de depressão? A metodologia que aplicamos na pesquisa partiu do olhar das entrevistadas, dos pesquisadores e do espiritismo, por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa e fenomenológica. Palavras-chave: Educação; Burnout; Depressão; Tratamento espiritual; Espiritismo.This article aims at divulging the results of the research carried out in the Master’s Degree program of Sciences of Religion of UCG / GO (2004). The research focused on the reasons why professionals in education, working in public schools in the municipal district of Goiânia and bearers of the burnout and depression syndrome, searched spiritual treatment in Spiritism. What part does religion play in the search for health? Why do professionals in education seek Spiritism as a form of treatment of the burnout and depression syndrome? The applied methodology was based on the interviewees’, investigators’ and Spiritism’s perspectives, making use of a qualitative and phenomenological approach. Key words: Education; Burnout sundrome; Depression; Spiritual treatment; Spiritism. (shrink)

Este artigo é resultado de um pequeno recorte da investigação em andamento de minha tese de doutorado em Educação na UFRGS. Trata sobre as questões de inclusão, linguagem e subjetividade de cegos. Fundamenta-se na Psicanálise de Freud e Lacan, desenvolvendo os conceitos de narcisismo, o Outro e a pu..

Separation of powers is one of the ideas with profound theoretical and practical significance, especially in the field of political science. The birth of the theory of separation of powers marked the transition from the barbaric use of power in authoritarian societies to the exercise of civilized power in democratic societies. Therefore, separation of powers is considered an objective necessity in democratic states, a condition to ensure the promotion of liberal values, and a criterion for assessing the existence and development (...) of the Rule of Law where people's sovereignty plays a paramount role. On the way to perfecting political thinking, the theory of separation of powers has developed into a complete system in the main philosophy of John Locke. Within the scope of the article, the author focuses on analyzing Locke's ideology of separation of powers in terms of the nature of separation of powers, the basis and some principles of power division, and the roles of the different parts of government power and the relationship between them. (shrink)

The Commentary on the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides an in-depth article-by-article analysis of all of the Vienna Convention's provisions. Each provision's analysis consists of (I) Purpose and Function of the Article, (II) Historical Background with Negotiating History, (III) Elements of the Article and finally (IV) Treaties of International Organizations. In short, the present Commentary contains a comprehensive legal analysis of all aspects of the international law of treaties. Furthermore, where the law of treaties reaches into other (...) fields of international law, e.g. the law of state responsibility, the relevant interfaces are discussed and contextualized. With its focus on international practice, the Commentary is an invaluable reference for both academia and practitioners of international law. (shrink)

Bd. 1. Die geschichtlichen Wurzeln des Platonismus (Bausteine 1-35) -- Bd. 2. Der hellenistische Rahmen des kaiserzeitlichen Platonismus (Bausteine 36-72) -- Bd. 3. Der Platonismus im 2. und 3. Jahrhundert nach Christus (Bausteine 73-100) -- Bd. 4. Die philosophische Lehre des Platonismus (Bausteine 101-124) -- Bd. 5. Die philosophische Lehre des Platonismus (Bausteine 125-150) -- Bd. 6. Die philosophische Lehre des Platonismus (2 v.; Bausteine 151-181) -- Index zu den Bänden 1-4.

In Vietnam, patriotism is the highest value in the nation's spiritual value system. Patriotic feelings were formed from the very beginning of the founding of the country and continue to grow strongly to this day. It soon became the reason for life, the ideal, and the belief in the spiritual life of the Vietnamese people. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and in-depth view of patriotism as a specific philosophy of the Vietnamese nation. To that end, (...) the paper focuses on analyzing what patriotism is and its expressions. It discusses the basic tenets of Vietnamese patriotism: the spirit of independence, self-reliance, the sense of national self-reliance, solidarity in national construction and defense and a humanistic spirit. The paper thus highlights the peculiarities of the patriotic philosophy of the Vietnamese nation and how it manifests in the rural villages. (shrink)

Por que debo hacer el bien? Por que tengo que cumplir el deber? Por que es malo hacer el mal? Por que no puedo sacudirme todo con un que mas da? de indiferencia? Estas preguntas y otras analogas estan en el fondo de esta obra. El autor ha investigado una reinterpretacion de la etica de la recta razon a luz de la filosofia del valor y en dialogo con la filosofia anglo-sajona de las virtudes. La obra se centra en dos (...) autores: Joseph de Finance y Giuseppe Abba. Propone cuatro etapas que debe recorrer una etica tomista que pretenda ser autenticamente filosofica: la presentacion fenomenologica de la experiencia moral, y la fundamentacion critica, metafisica y psicologica de esta experiencia. (shrink)

Nos anos 1970s, Hilary Putnam defendeu a tese que designadores de espécies naturais, como “água”, “tigre” e “ouro”, são termos indexicais que mudam de significado a cada contexto. No entanto, Tyler Burge rejeitou essa tese, e Putnam veio a adotar a posição de Burge. A rejeição de Burge está apoiada na distinção entre crenças de dicto e crenças de re. Nesse artigo veremos os pontos de contato entre as posições de Putnam e Burge, a posição de Putnam nos anos 1970s, (...) os principais argumentos de Burge contra a tese da indexicalidade dos designadores de espécies naturais e a diferença entre crenças de dicto e crenças de re. (shrink)

O presente texto traz uma análise do negacionismo a partir da junção da Análise Crítica do Discurso – de maneira mais específica aquela que institui o raciocínio dialético como metodologia (Fairclough, 2015; 2018) – em interface com a Linguística de Corpus, inspirado no trabalho de Magalhães (2004), em sua abordagem de palavras-chave (Williams, 1976), para análise de corpus de pequena dimensão (Sinclair, 2001). A partir desse aporte, buscamos analisar um corpus de textos midiáticos sobre negacionismo, como contribuição para averiguar as (...) relações lexicais que constroem uma argumentação e uma série de articulações que procuram sustentá-lo, bem como indicar os vieses com os quais ele se conecta numa tentativa fundante de desconstrução de saberes instituídos como o da ciência. Como resultado, percebemos a fragilidade do negacionismo, mas o perigo que representa ao sair do universo das ideias para o universo do comportamento, na forma de negação sem argumentação plausível ou com ela fragilizada e sem uma validação de propostas, gerando um ambiente insalubre para todos, especialmente para os próprios negacionistas. (shrink)

Introduction. Higher education plays a particularly important role in the development of a country. The goal of the article is to describe the development of concepts about education in general and higher education in particular to explain the role of education in social life. Humboldt sees higher education as a process toward freedom and the search for true truth. Humboldt's philosophy of higher education is an indispensable requirement in the context of people struggling to escape the influence of the state (...) and church forces. The purpose is to find out the content and principles of higher education, especially meaningful suggestions for building an autonomous education in Vietnam today. Materials and Methods. The article uses materialist dialectic to analyze Humboldt's philosophy of higher education. In addition, the article also uses methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and contrast to clarify views on education in the history of human thought from ancient, medieval, modern and modern times, from which to draw the basic contents and principles in the philosophy of higher education of Humboldt. Results and Discussion. Humboldt is the founder of the University of Berlin - known as the mother of modern universities. It is a new university model based on the philosophy of upholding freedom in learning and teaching, upholding the scientific spirit to seek and discover the truth, and at the same time, combining teaching with scientific research. His liberal education philosophy has contributed to affirming the strength and position of universities. He criticized state intervention in university institutions. Based on the anthropological foundation of emphasizing human diversity, Humboldt's higher education philosophy is truly liberating when it comes to bold views. Humboldt believes that a university is a pure place of science and research, so it is not influenced by any outside force, even from the state. A university is where academic freedom, scientific freedom and other autonomy are guaranteed so that the institution can run smoothly. Universities must have unity between research and teaching. However, Humboldt's philosophy of higher education still contains many issues that need to be considered thoroughly. Specifically, the promotion of internal self-determination requires financial autonomy while the state's investment capital in universities is still quite large; Calling for education to be privatized is still inadequate. The elitist spirit in the Humboldt model is no longer fully relevant in the context of a market economy that tends to lead to the pursuit of targets, which are often related to quality. Practical significance. Humboldt's liberal philosophy of higher education has a strong influence, dominates and becomes a reality in many countries with advanced education. For Vietnam, Humboldt's higher education philosophy is a meaningful suggestion to build an autonomous education under the country's socio-historical conditions. (shrink)

Neste artigo apresento os traços gerais da doutrina heideggeriana da temporalidade, em Ser e Tempo. Além de destacar os aspectos ontológicos que caracterizam tal abordagem, acentuo uma característica central da assim chamada cronologia fenomenológica, a saber: a identificação de modos do tempo e o a determinação de uma relação de dependência explicativa entre eles. A finitude da temporalidade e a gênese dos modos do tempo a partir da temporalidade originária do Dasein são analisadas com maior ênfase. O artigo é encerrado (...) com uma breve consideração de quatro tópicos que certamente devem ser abordados com maior detalhe em uma posterior análise da cronologia fenomenológica de Heidegger.Fenomenologia. Heidegger. Temporalidade. Heidegger: Time's Origin and Finitude AbstractIn this paper I present the general lines of Heidegger's doctrine of temporality in Being and Time. Besides the ontological aspects that distinguish such approach, I also stress a main feature of the so-called phenomenological chronology, that is: the identification of modes of time, and the determination of an explanatory dependency relation between them. The finitude of temporality and the genesis of the modes of time from Dasein's originary temporality are both analyzed with more emphasis. The paper ends with a short review of four issues that a further analysis of Heidegger's phenomenological chronology surely must address in detail.Phenomenology. Heidegger. Temporality. (shrink)

Como entender o “idealismo alemão”? Propõe-se aqui, a partir do choque entrealgumas posições sobre a filosofia kantiana (sobretudo em Schopenhauer e em Schelling),antes do que uma resposta, articular alguns problemas em torno do “idealismo alemão”,procurando pensar, assim, tanto a ambigüidade deste recorte como operador heurísticoquanto a abertura possível para um campo de questões sobre a atividade filosófica e o seu(não) fundamento.

Às vezes, o debate entre causalistas e simulacionistas em filosofia da memória é apresentado de tal modo que parece que apenas o simulacionismo é compatível com a psicologia da memória contemporânea. Contudo, ambas teorias são compatíveis com os fatos descobertos pela ciência. Mas se o debate não é sobre a adequação aos fatos, sobre o que é? Nós propomos que este debate é um caso de negociação metalinguística. Caulistas e simulacionistas aceitam o mesmo conjunto de fatos, mas disputam sobre como (...) devemos definir "memória" e "lembrança". (shrink)

Much more than their machinic reality, current iterations of AI rely on imagined divisions of human and non-human properties and skills that have genealogical ties to colonization. For this reason, research efforts have recently been made to historicize these imaginaries, connecting them to colonial ideals that delegate black and brown colonized people into the realm of the non-human. Atanasoski and Vora (Surrogate humanity. Race, robots and the politics of technological futures, Duke, Durham and London, 2019) have called this a “surrogate (...) humanity”, where narratives of autonomous technologies function to disappear precisely the formerly colonized peoples that are enveloped in its production process. At the same time, the gendered and racialized roots of this maternal figure represents an opportunity to uncover and critique the invisibilization of embodied resources necessary to produce AI, precarious bodies labouring to produce algorithmic infrastructures in a manner that can be considered in a genealogy of carework and reproduction. These genealogies complicate the detachment suggested by the surrogate figure and go beyond it to proclaim a more generative function of the relationship between the black maternal figure and AI. The article analyses Tabita Rezaire’s multi-media artwork Sugar Walls Teardom to think through decolonial and queer renderings of the black female bodies upon which technological imaginaries rest, to extend beyond AI surrogacy and towards notions of kinship, care and world-making by producing an AI aesthetics that is relational, embodied, and celebratory of other ways of liveness. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta parte de uma pesquisa realizada em nível de mestrado e que objetivou compreender de que forma raça e gênero se interseccionaram nas memórias acionadas sobre as experiências vividas por trabalhadoras assentadas da Fazenda Sururu de Queiroz, Varzedo/BA. Para isso, acionamos o feminismo negro e descolonial como ancoragem teórico-política para demarcar que as múltiplas opressões sofridas pelas mulheres negras estão interligadas com raça e gênero, o que implicou em visibilizar o racismo, o sexismo e o biocapitalismo nas histórias (...) de vidas destas mulheres, bem como as suas estratégias infrapolíticas como resistências em ecos das nossas ancestralidades. No âmbito metodológico, apresentamos uma abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa, de modo a priorizar o reconhecimento do território e a escuta da narrativa de mulheres negras campesinas da Fazenda Sururu. Assim, o trabalho de campo contou com visitas à comunidade e com entrevistas semiestruturadas para que as escutas das narrativas das mulheres negras campesinas fossem potencializadas. As leituras de mulheres negras intelectuais são imprescindíveis para entendermos o processo de desumanização de mulheres negras engendrado pelo capitalismo e o patriarcado. As narrativas demonstram as cosmovisões e as resistências infrapolíticas que fraturam o capitalismo, o eurocentrismo e a modernidade, agenciando e fortalecendo os legados comunitários. (shrink)

The 20th Century was a rich period for Thomism. Many commentaries to the First Way were written. One of the many points of disagreement between Thomists was the actual meaning of “motion.” In this paper, I try to argue that one should take for “motion” the broad meaning of “motus” (as equivalent to “mutatio”). I do so by reviewing the position of various prominent Thomists of the last century, many of which have disagreed with this position. I make the case (...) that Aristotle is not the best interpreter of the First Way, and similarly that other works by Aquinas should only be used when the Summa Theologiae itself is not clear enough—which is not the case. (shrink)

Os realistas diretos sobre a memória episódica alegam que um sujeito que lembra está em contato direto com um evento passado. No entanto, como seria possível estar em contato direto com um evento que deixou de existir? Este é o assim-chamado problema da cotemporalidade. A solução padrão para este problema, a qual foi proposta por Sven Bernecker, consiste em distinguir entre, por um lado, a ocorrência de um evento, e, por outro lado, a existência de um evento, de modo que (...) um evento deixa de ocorrer sem deixar de existir – esta é a solução eternista para o problema da cotemporalidade. No entanto, alguns filósofos da memória – notadamente Kourken Michaelian – alegam que a adoção de uma metafísica eternista do tempo seria um preço metafísico muito alto a ser pago para se defender as intuições dos realistas diretos sobre a memória. Ainda que eu concorde com essas críticas, buscarei mostrar duas coisas. Primeiro, que este tipo de “argumento do senso comum” não é decisivo. Segundo, que a proposta de Bernecker permanece sendo a melhor solução para o problema da cotemporalidade. (shrink)

This review shows the various tools used to implemente the food quality system in food establishments. Presenting the various laws that subsidize this process, establishing criteria and instrumentes for a correct implementation of the quality system in order to offer adequate hygiene processes in the production of safe food, in addition to favoring the maintenance of companies in the consumer market. The implementation of food safety management systems such as Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) e Hazard Analysis (...) and Critical Control Points (HACCP), in order to guarantee the safety of the food served and portray the organization of the company. It is essential to implement these systems ensuring the quality of the servisse (planning, control and improvement). In order to achieve healthy criteria related to foodstuffs, it is necessary to implement quality programs as prerequisites of the Hazard Analysis System and Critical Control Points in food services. Regulating and inspecting are just a few points that guarantee food security, since food that does not pose a health hazard to consumers is considered safe. (shrink)

This work has its origin in a master's research about Brazilian Education. The approach that we present in this text reveals the perspectives of caring perceived in a five-year-olds classroom in the daily life in a municipal center for Early Childhood Education in Fortaleza. The theoretical discussions on the theme involved a dialogue between Pedagogy and Philosophy of Education based on the contributions of Kramer, Pagni, Foucault, Rancière, Kohan and Boff. It was a qualitative research of phenomenological inspiration, which method (...) of data creation was participant observation. The analysis revealed that: in the interactions occurred in pedagogical practices, teachers and children take care of each other; the meaning of caring for children can be perceived in the minutia of their daily actions, as well as in affective involvement, in playing together, in speaking and listening to others, in sharing life on a daily basis; as for the meaning of caring for the adults, it is influenced by the way they were cared for, by their subjectivation and their choices in their way of being; caring humanizes teaching practices, inspiring emancipation; the policy on results that has aimed at "improving educational indices" may represent a danger to Early Childhood Education by minimizing the sharing of specific childhood experiences to training in order to achieve expected results. The study emphasized the need to reflect on the meaning of education and therefore proposes that caring be valued as an ethical decision and as an option for reflection on the way of living and interacting. (shrink)

Modernity brought an impact on the Christian faith and these effects persist in Postmodernity. In the context of theology, the demand for a scientific answer for questions of modernity gave rise to research on the historical Jesus. There was an urgent need to know who is Jesus, how he lived and behaved, what his world or which words he pronounced in fact. That research was developed in distinct phases, revealing a plural understanding of Jesus. The current phase of the research (...) rediscovered Jesus as a Jew, inserted in culture and religion Jewish of his time. This has become an occasion for a return to the Jewish roots of Christianity, but also initiated a process of Judaization of the Christian faith. Badge of Judaization is the phenomenon of Messianic Judaism, currently spread worldwide. To emphasize the Jewishness of Jesus, Messianic Jews calls into question most of the Christians assertions, which developed over two millennia of Christianity, particularly, the understanding about the way of being and acting of the Messiah. (shrink)