O ensino na Idade Média compreendia um conjunto de disciplinas pertencentes ao Trivium e ao Quadrivium, matérias conhecidas como artes. A estes se opunham as artes mechanicae, de cunho prático. Focalizamos, neste artigo, as questões relativas ao ensino da linguagem verbal, centrando nosso interesse na ars gramatica e na ars retórica. Um texto latino exemplificará as atividades de um famoso mestre da Idade Média.

Se os romanos começaram a desenvolver tardiamente sua literatura, é porque, desde os primórdios, necessi-taram firmar-se como nação e solidificar princípios e valores que se perpetuariam em sua cultura. De início, cuida-ram da expansão e da organização da urbs e da civitas. Com a anexação de outros povos e novas culturas, tomaram conhecimento de outros valores, os quais foram submetidos ao gênio da assimilação e da universalização, sua marca inconfundível. Foram capazes de desenvolver um sistema de escrita que é seguido (...) até hoje. Sua literatura, mesmo nascendo com o carimbo da literatura grega, infunde as marcas características da cultura latina e se torna modelo pelos séculos vindouros. (shrink)

A poesia lírica mediolatina desenvolve-se a partir dos poetas latinos que a antecederam, mas elabora novas formas de expressão que acompanham, pari passu, o desenvolvimento da língua latina, com a perda gradativa o acento musical. Novo ritmo e novas formas de expressão foram introduzidos. A poesia, a princípio vista como forma especial de linguagem, ganha especial tratamento entre os goliardos, que também nos legaram o maior e mais característico acervo da lírica profana mediolatina.

Cipriano, atuante bispo de Cartago em difíceis tempos de grandes perseguições aos cristãos, compõe um texto, um discurso apologético, no qual se dirige ao pagão Dimitriano, defendendo os cristãos de acusações a eles imputadas como responsáveis pelas desgraças e dificuldades por que passava o Império Romano. Aborda a temática do fim do mundo de modo original invertendo as acusações que o poder público atribuía aos cristãos.

O ato de alimentar-se deixa de ser apenas uma satisfação de necessidades biológicas e torna-se um dos grandes prazeres da vida do homem. Apresentamos aqui as principais refeições e o modo de alimentar-se dos antigos romanos, amantes da boa mesa, e um alguns comentários sobre aquele que é o mais famoso dos seus cozinheiros e nos legou a obra De re coquinaria: Apício.

Résumé Biographies et biographes de Savonarole constituent l’un des indices de la réception de celui-ci dans la France d’Ancien Régime. Ces biographes dominicains appartiennent au mouvement de la réforme toulousaine de l’Ordre au xvii e siècle, mouvement qui s’inspire de la réforme du couvent de Saint-Marc par Savonarole. Aussi le couvent parisien de l’Annonciation devient-il le centre de l’érudition comme de la dévotion vouées à Savonarole, et les apologistes s’attachent-ils à défendre la mémoire de Savonarole contre ceux qui le tiennent (...) pour un dangereux simulateur. (shrink)

Le présent article expose dans un premier temps deux ouvrages d'exégèse consacrés au thème de la Loi: celui édité par C. Focant, La loi dans l'un et l'autre testament et celui de P. Beauchamp, D'une montagne à l'autre. La loi de Dieu. Sur base de cette présentation, il engage une réflexion sur les relations existantes et celles à établir entre l'Écriture et la morale et se poursuit par la problématique des rapports entre autonomie et théonomie. Il se termine en (...) invitant exégètes et moralistes à un travail en commun plus intense qui permettrait notamment de développer la dimension herméneutique de la théologie morale et de déterminer, en ce sens, en quoi la Bible se présente comme un monde. (shrink)

Constantly aware of the mutual limits of philosophy and religion, Montagnes examines the development of St. Thomas' thought concerning the analogy of being and the conformity of his thought to that doctrine of Cajetan largely accepted by Thomists. He argues convincingly that Cajetan's thought differs importantly from that of Aquinas with regard to the source of the analogy.--C. E. B.

Review of the English translation of Bernard Montagnes' influential 1963 monograph on analogy in Aquinas. (Pre-publication copy -- please cite final version.).

La publication de l' "Emile" et du "Contrat social" a dressé les autorités de l'Europe entière contre Rousseau. A Genève, les deux ouvrages sont condamnés et brûlés le 18 juin 1762.

Excerpt from L'Énigme du Monde Et Sa Solution Selon Charles Secrétan Mème qui n'ont vu que son portrait, en gardent l'impression. Il était grand par la taille, par la vigueur, par l'activité corporelle. Il savait faire honneur à un bon repas et déguster les vins exquis du canton de Vaud il était fin gourmet, en mème temps que beau mangeur. N'allez pas croire cependant qu'il bornât son horizon aux plaisirs de la table. Il fut toute sa vie un mar cheur (...) intrépide, un admirateur passionné de la nature. Il avait soixante-dix-sept ans quand j'eus le privilège de lui servir de guide dans une course de montagne à douze cents mètres d'altitude. Il marchait avec une tranquille assu rance et semblait se baigner dans l'atmosphère des hauteurs. Il a raconté lui-mème quelques unes de ses plus belles promenades dans un petit livre intitulé Paysages Vaudois. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

We have identified a sample of 53 societies outside of the classical Himalayan and Marquesean area that permit polyandrous unions. Our goal is to broadly describe the demographic, social, marital, and economic characteristics of these societies and to evaluate some hypotheses of the causes of polyandry. We demonstrate that although polyandry is rare it is not as rare as commonly believed, is found worldwide, and is most common in egalitarian societies. We also argue that polyandry likely existed during early human (...) history and should be examined from an evolutionary perspective. Our analysis reveals that it may be a predictable response to a high operational sex ratio favoring males and may also be a response to high rates of male mortality and, possibly, male absenteeism. Other factors may contribute, but our within-polyandry sample limits analysis. (shrink)

Big Ideas for Little Kids includes everything a teacher, a parent, or a college student needs to teach philosophy to elementary school children from picture books. Written in a clear and accessible style, the book explains why it is important to allow young children access to philosophy during primary-school education. Wartenberg also gives advice on how to construct a "learner-centered" classroom, in which children discuss philosophical issues with one another as they respond to open-ended questions by saying whether they agree (...) or disagree with what others have said. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to explore how nurses perceive patient participations of patients over 75 years old undergoing hemodialysis treatment in dialysis units, and of their next of kin. Ten nurses told stories about what happened in the dialysis units. These stories were analyzed with critical discourse analysis. Three discursive practices are found: (1) the nurses’ power and control; (2) sharing power with the patient; and (3) transferring power to the next of kin. The first and the predominant (...) discursive practice can be explained with an ideology of paternalism, in which the nurses used biomedical explanations and the ethical principle of benefice to justify their actions. The second can be explained with an ideology of participation, in which the nurses used ethical narratives as a way to let the patients participate in the treatment. The third seemed to involve autonomous decision-making and the ethical principle of autonomy for the next of kin in the difficult end-of-life decisions. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Metaphorical Pharmacology of Cannabis Cannabis Effects and Meanings Applied.