Dmytro Blazheiovskyi about History of Ukrainians.

The present article aims to examine the Black Sea / Kuban Cossacks' songs as one of the most important historical sources, which allows us to understand the important aspects of the history of the North Caucasus Ukrainian people'. This is primarily due to the new challenges needed to study the evolution of their identity, certain features of the mentality, and "survival strategies" characteristic for the Ukrainian population in the region. New questions put by historians require expansion of sources where song (...) tradition, folklore, etc., can become invaluable material for comprehension and interpretation of the new understanding of the history process. The authors have based on the fact that in recent times there have been a fundamental change of attitude towards scientific issues and accordingly to sources, which scientists were based on. Strict approaches and requirements to sources which historians relied on during the period of "positivism" have become much more flexible and spread to the analysis of art, culture and folklore of certain social groups and historical periods. It has become possible to find new approaches to solving problems of scientific research and expand the range of issues which can already be answered. One of the unexplored phenomena, yet barely covered in the domestic science is the history of Ukrainian communities of the North Caucasus area. The authors propose to consider the peculiarities of mentality of this community through the prism of song tradition of the Black Sea / Kuban Cossacks that played a crucial role in all spheres of life. Besides, the features of song traditions of Ukrainian Cossacks which react very quickly to current events of certain historical periods allows us to consider it as a very important indicator of community' response to new circumstances in which the community was. The approach enables us to view features of "history of mentalities" of the Ukrainian community in the region much more than focusing on official documents and political declarations. (shrink)

У статті проведено економетричний аналіз з метою дослідження характеру впливу країнних ризиків на прямі іноземні інвестиції і транснаціональні корпорації за кордоном. За допомогою кореляційно-регресійної моделі встановлено універсальний показник для відображення ризику щодо здійснення ПІІ і діяльності ТНК в країнах, що розвиваються. Виявлено негативний зв'язок між індексом ЕМВІ та прямими іноземними інвестиціями ТНК. Емпірично доведено негативний вплив країнних ризиків на надходження ПІІ у певну країну і діяльність ТНК.

Contemporary medical diagnostics has a dynamic moral landscape, which includes a variety of agents, factors, and components. A significant part of this landscape is composed of information technologies that play a vital role in doctors’ decision-making. This paper focuses on the so-called Intelligent Decision-Support System that is widely implemented in the domain of contemporary medical diagnosis. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I will show that the IDSS may be considered a moral agent in the practice of medicine (...) today. To develop this idea I will introduce the approach to artificial agency provided by Luciano Floridi. Simultaneously, I will situate this approach in the context of contemporary discussions regarding the nature of artificial agency. It is argued here that the IDSS possesses a specific sort of agency, includes several agent features (e.g. autonomy, interactivity, adaptability), and hence, performs an autonomous behavior, which may have a substantial moral impact on the patient’s well-being. It follows that, through the technology of artificial neural networks combined with ‘deep learning’ mechanisms, the IDSS tool achieves a specific sort of independence (autonomy) and may possess a certain type of moral agency. Second, I will provide a conceptual framework for the ethical evaluation of the moral impact that the IDSS may have on the doctor’s decision-making and, consequently, on the patient’s wellbeing. This framework is the Object-Oriented Model of Moral Action developed by Luciano Floridi. Although this model appears in many contemporary discussions in the field of information and computer ethics, it has not yet been applied to the medical domain. This paper addresses this gap and seeks to reveal the hidden potentialities of the OOP model for the field of medical diagnosis. (shrink)

This paper aims to highlight the life of computer technologies to understand what kind of ‘technological intentionality’ is present in computers based upon the phenomenological elements constituting the objects in general. Such a study can better explain the effects of new digital technologies on our society and highlight the role of digital technologies by focusing on their activities. Even if Husserlian phenomenology rarely talks about technologies, some of its aspects can be used to address the actions performed by the digital (...) technologies by focusing on the objects’ inner ‘life’ thanks to the analysis of passive synthesis and phenomenological horizons in the objects. These elements can be used in computer technologies to show how digital objects are ‘alive.’ This paper focuses on programs developed through high-order languages like C++ and unsupervised learning techniques like ‘Generative Adversarial Model.’ The phenomenological analysis reveals the computer’s autonomy within the programming stages. At the same time, the conceptual inquiry into the digital system’s learning ability shows the alive and changeable nature of the technological object itself. (shrink)

The emergence and spread of various non-pagan religious movements can be called one of the global trends of today. This process is also characteristic of individual religious manifestations in Ukrainian society. On the territory of Ukraine, the revival and activation of non-pagan movements has its own specificity. We highlight some aspects of the phenomenon of revival of the Ukrainian denomination not only in its general confessional expressions, but also from the standpoint of scientific determination and investigation of the problems of (...) self-identification of representatives of different currents of Ukrainian neo-paganism. First of all, we include in the concept of "self-identification" the following points: national self-determination of an individual, confessional self-name, which signifies belonging to a certain religious organization and attributes of self-determination, which has its manifestation in national and religious symbolism, clothing elements and more. (shrink)

Information about the Department of Religious Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine during 2013.

In article the author investigates evolution of legal status of the Black Sea Cossack Host in the general administrative and legal system of the Russian empire. The author considers the basic stages of this evolution in a concrete historical context, shows, how depending on concrete historical circumstances legal status of the Black Sea Cossack Host changed. Proceeding from the received results, the author comes to a conclusion that to Cossack elite which has been closely connected with the simple Cossacks, long (...) time was possible to keep as much as possible wide autonomy of the Black Sea Cossack Host, to save up high enough level of democratic traditions of the Ukrainian Cossacks - the self-management, an influential role of Cossack communities, rather considerable economic independence. Thanks to persistence and diplomatic abilities of heads of the Black Sea Cossacks, it was possible to them to achieve from imperial structures of acceptance of such acts which allowed Cossacks of Kuban to keep a wide autonomy that favourably distinguished these Cossacks from other Cossack formations of the Russian empire. (shrink)

The paper “Crisis of the consumer society: searching for a new ideology” studies the ideology of the consumer society and its main tendencies such as values substitution, human self-isolation and loneliness and the dehumanization of the world. Based on the analysis of contemporary mass art and advertisements the author traces the growing gap between the real life of people and the dominating consumerist model of society. The author evaluates different radical movements (nationalist, racial, religious) as people’s attempt to discover their (...) identity, to find genuine feelings and experiences in the consumerist society. This results in the increase of xenophobia and intolerance in the intertwined and fragile modern world. The paper also states the possible solution to this problem – ajoint effort of the philosophers of the world to create a new, nonconsumerism ideology that would be able to overcome the existing detachment among people. (shrink)

Метою даної статті стало дослідження принципу Таліону як основного принципу дії єврейського права. Для цього було використано абстрактно-логічні методи, історико-правовий, феноменологічний, аксіологічний, гносеологічний методи, метод критичного та системного аналізу, метод компаративної теології. У результаті дослідження було богословсько охарактеризовано принцип Таліону, виявлено деякі проблемні моменти в цілісному розумінні даного принципу та запропоновано концепцію прямого взаємозв'язку між основними принципами формування і застосування єврейського права в біблійний період. Останнє й взяло на себе функцію наукової новизни цього дослідження, показало максимально тісний взаємозв'язок і кореляцію, (...) що, своєю чергою, дало можливість цілісно поглянути на певні проблеми і задати правильний алгоритм для подальших досліджень названої тематики. (shrink)

Dmytro Shevchuk, Maksym Karpovets ABSTRACT: Performance theory is one of the methods that can explain dynamic and unpredictable social phenomena. The basics of our research are to be found in the artistic practices that destroyed previous classical patterns in art, while overcoming its boundaries. Accordingly, performance as a practical phenomenon has become the basis for ….

У статті, на основі усних свідчень воїнів-"афганців", джерел особистого походження та різнопланової літератури зроблена спроба показати соціокультурний простір Афганістану в період війни 1979-1989 рр.через сприйняття радянських бійців. Простежено соціально-економічне становище місцевого населення, що свідчило про значну майнову диференціацію. Це дало підстави як дослідникам, так і воїнам-"афганцям", говорити про анахронізми "феодального" ладу в країні. Визначено низку управлінських проблем в умовах війни. Установлено, що різне ставлення афганців до контингенту радянських військ в Афганістані залежало від "національно-етнічної", економічної та релігійної приналежності членів афганського соціуму.

The author argues for the reductive interpretation of Descartes’ notion of the substantial union of soul and body, according to which the union is reduced to causal interactions. The opponents countered the reductive approach with the claims that Descartes (1) attributed sensations to the union rather than the soul; (2) held that the soul is the substantial form of the body; (3) identified some special conditions of the human body’s self-identity. In the article, the case is made that (a) these (...) claims lack clear textual evidence: if their context is properly considered, Descartes’ corresponding statements are consistent with the reductive interpretation; (b) they do not give proper weight to other Descartes’ statements (in particular, his numerous unambiguous statements that sensations are the soul’s states). The author argues that the reductive interpretation is consistent with other Descartes’ statements to which its opponents appeal - that sensations arise from the union of mind and body and that the causal interactions between the soul and the body are explained with the reference to their union. The consistency is achieved if we interpret these statements in the sense that the enduring union between a soul and a body is an ontological prerequisite and, hence, an explanation, of all interactions between the soul and the body and their effects (such as sensations): these interactions and effects would not take place without the union between this particular soul and this particular body. Such explanation is similar to the explanation of certain natural events by the laws of nature: just as the gist of a law of nature can be reduced to a set of causal dispositions, so the content of the notion of the union can be reduced to the emergence and maintenance of a set of causal dispositions between a certain soul and a certain body. (shrink)

Повага до людської гідності є шляхом досягнення гуманного та справедливого людського буття. У статті здійснено історико-філософський аналіз проблеми людської гідності як засадничої складової людського існування. Методологічною основою дослідження постали принцип об’єктивності та принцип історизму, що виявляються найбільш адекватними при розгляді такого багатоаспектного явища, як проблема людської гідності. Велике значення мали методи історико-філософського аналізу та історичної реконструкції, а також онтологічний підхід, використання яких дало автору можливість розкрити сутність історичної трансформації проблеми людської гідності і різноманіття її сутнісних конотацій в процесі соціально-історичного розвитку. (...) Наукова новизна статті полягає у спробі виявлення різноманіття філософських конотацій поняття людської гідності, серед яких економічна, соціокультурна, правова і морально-антропологічна, а також з’ясування способів їх взаємодії. У статті осмислено гідність як особливий інтерсуб’єктивний феномен та фундаментальний чинник людського буття, що відкриває перспективи подальшого аналізу шляхів розбудови людяного, справедливого суспільства. Загальнокультурна тенденція, спрямована на ціннісне буття людини, органічно поєднана з її правами на збереження честі та гідності. Проблеми становлення та функціонування відкритого, демократичного, правового суспільства і формування людяної системи ціннісних соціальних регулятивів безпосередньо вкорінені у визнанні та культивуванні такого фундаментального чинника людського буття, як гідність. А розв’язання жодної соціальної проблеми не може бути успішним при порушенні людської гідності. Проте ці, такі важливі, горизонти, сутнісні інтерекзистенціали людського буття все ще недостатньо осмислені, що значно ускладнює розуміння трендів суспільного розвитку та планування майбутнього. У теоретичному сенсі на особливу увагу потребує подальше дослідження конкретно-історичного екзистенційного виміру гідності людини та особливостей, способів її функціонування у сучасному глобалізованому світі, у постмодерних практиках, зокрема тих, що породжені розвитком новітніх технологій, які надають нових аспектів обговоренню проблеми гідності людини. (shrink)

Intelligent algorithms together with various machine learning techniques hold a dominant position among major challenges for contemporary value sensitive design. Self-learning capabilities of current AI applications blur the causal link between programmer and computer behavior. This creates a vital challenge for the design, development and implementation of digital technologies nowadays. This paper seeks to provide an account of this challenge. The main question that shapes the current analysis is the following: What conceptual tools can be developed within the value sensitive (...) design school of thought for evaluating machine learning algorithms where the causal relation between designers and the behavior of their computer systems has been eroded? The answer to this question will be provided through two levels of investigation within the value sensitive design methodology. The first level is conceptual. Within the conceptual level, we will introduce the notion of computer intentionality and will show how this term may be used for solving an issue of non-causal relation between designer and computer system. The second level of investigation is technical. At this level the emphasis will be given to machine learning algorithms. (shrink)

The purpose of the present article is to contribute to the postphenomenological theory of technological mediation by introducing a new type of ‘human-technology’ relation named ‘transcending mediation’. Previously postphenomenology didn’t pay much attention to the role technology plays in mediating human relation to Transcendence. This was because of empirical turn and pragmatism that are anti-metaphysical in their nature. In the present paper, however, I will show that the empirical element of technology can be balanced by some metaphysical findings. Keeping this (...) in mind, I will rely on Karl Jaspers’s metaphysics of ciphers in order to demonstrate how technology mediates not only our relation to the world but also shapes human’s relation to Transcendence. As I am going to show in the present paper, this sort of mediation becomes possible because technologies are actively participating in so-called self-transcending practices. The latter, according to Karl Jaspers, are practices through which humans can elucidate one’s true self (e.g., become an Existenz). In this article, I will take a case of Smart education as a particular type of self-transcending practice and will show how contemporary AI educational systems enable and disable particular forms of becoming true self (Existenz). (shrink)

Modern transformation of religious institutions and religion in general, affect the livelihoods of the western society. Today there are so many religious movements that offer a solution to secularized man's material and spiritual problems. Some came from the East, the other formed under the influence of modern culture and media. There are two main areas: first representatives insist on religious adaptation to social norms, the latter require preservation of authentic religious forms and principles. Some researchers emphasize the possibility of combining (...) scientific and religious worldviews - this compromise position will allow to reconcile the two camps, whose representatives are in a state of confrontation. Virtualization social life leads to changes within the religious organizations and the emergence of new trends, which focus on the development of communication technologies and the creation of new philosophical approaches. Traditional religious systems use virtual space as a tool for data transfer, but refuse to implement religious practices in the virtual space. The third kind of organizations - conformists, appealing to tradition, but using modern science. Technological process leads to a change in the nature of the human person, which adapts to the new conditions and accepts new cultural, religious, and ideological positions. This leads to both personal and social changes, which are the subject of this article. (shrink)

At the present stage of scientific research, one of the undefined problems in religious studies is, first of all, the problem of the expediency and relevance of the use of the term "primitive religions" or "primitive religious beliefs" in relation to both representatives of Aboriginal peoples of the present and the analysis of the development of religions in the history of forms of religion. discovered in general. The problem of determining the original religion and its forms of expression is somewhat (...) compounded by the fact that the use of special terminology in theoretical developments depends not only on the various features of research methodological approaches, but also on the language in which studies are commonly published. Therefore, the use of one or the other terminology requires the isolation of a possible synonym for relatively adequate nomination of these religious manifestations. (shrink)

Indigenous beliefs of Australia have attracted the attention of numerous generations of researchers of the XIX - XX centuries. The reasons for this interest were not limited by the exotic beliefs of the traditional beliefs of the distant region of the planet. Anthropologists, ethnographers, sociologists, historians and religious scholars, considering the preservation of one of the most archaic systems of economy and social organization among the tribes of Australia, respectively, considered the aboriginal beliefs as a spiritual result, reflecting the most (...) archaic system of social relations, referring to them as a kind, "The standard of primordial religion." So, the Soviet researcher S. Tokarev notes that the beliefs of Australians are the most archaic religious phenomenon that has remained to this day and a classic, typical example of totemism. (shrink)

One of the most important discourses in contemporary religious studies is the definition of the essence and role of religious education and the problem of its coexistence with the secular. On this occasion in the circle of researchers there are diverse, sometimes opposite, points of view. The following headings of the reception of expediency of the implementation of religious education are as follows: 1) the emphasis on the current legislation on the separation of church from the state, in particular the (...) laws of Ukraine "On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations" and "On Education"; 2) comparison of foreign experience in implementation of the implementation of religious education in the practice of social life, comparative analysis of the positions of supporters and opponents of religious education; 3) outline the problems of religious and spiritual education in the context of the formation of state-church relations, the complexity of incorporation of the religious component into the system of secular education, their demarcation; 4) the relevance of the distinction and delineation of religious and religious studies, the specificity of their functional orientation. (shrink)

The purpose of this article was to comprehensively explore the phenomenon of the narrative of the Decalogue in its fundamental principles in the context of the theological understanding of Jewish law. For this purpose abstract-logical methods, historical-legal, phenomenological, axiological, epistemological methods, method of critical and systematic analysis and method of comparative theology were used. The result is a theological understanding of the basic moral and legal principles and reducing to a single, systematic; a study of the correlation between the normative (...) and the moral side of such a narrative was conducted. Of particular importance is the establishment and isolation of the basic initial principle in the defined context that underlies both Sinai law and all the biblical law. Because with the change of historical realities, which coincided with the destruction of the Temple and the termination of sacrifices, the law has also changed. However, the biblical law was of particular ideological importance, it set the tone and revealed and formed the basic principles for the further development of all Jewish law. Therefore, in our study we have drawn attention to the main ideological features of the biblical laws, because in our opinion, the basic formative essence is hidden in them and only by understanding it − will we be able to understand Jewish law itself. However, the phenomenon of law and even more so of Jewish law, is one of the best regulators and exponents of the educational principle that is designed to raise a person in love. Of course, morality is called for it and it should take precedence over everything else, but the legal part should not be ignored. Law should serve as a socially just, integrative, fundamental, binding, most effective, most respected regulator. Therefore, the problem of combining legal principles and moral precepts for biblical law did not stand basically. The significant part of the adopted legal norms initially was characterized by moral prescriptions, confirmed and expressed by law. Such a transition, the shift from morality to law, and the close relationship between them are one inseparable whole. And apart from Halacha, which was responsible for the legal aspect, there were also the writings of the prophets whose task was to illuminate the transition from law to morality, because precisely morality is the essence of everything. Here is the true meaning of the existence of a legal expression of such an educational principle. Thus, the basic educational principle of the Decalogue, in particular, and of biblical law in general, was to educate a high-moral person who had restrictive precepts that would not allow him to fall into lawlessness, and the formative commandments that would allow a person to be educated in the search for God, and to stabilize himself in the godlike state commanded by God through Moses. That is the essence of the Decalogue and Jewish law. The educational principle, both basic and effective, though not so familiar to the modern understanding of the nature of law, is precisely the principle that laid down both the basis of the Decalogue and the foundation of all Jewish law at least in its biblical part. (shrink)

Jesus Christ said: "Two gentlemen can not serve." He himself, first of all, came to "the fierce bait of Israel", who sent the Apostles to the world, so that they would guide them to those who went to them. Already for St. Paul became apostolic for pagans.

This paper re-evaluates Derek Parfit’s attack on the commonly held view that personal identity is necessarily determinate and that it is what matters. In the first part we first argue against the Humean view of personal identity; secondly, we classify the remaining alternatives into three kinds: the body theory and the brain theory, the quasi-Humean theory, and the soul theory, and thirdly we deploy Parfit’s arguments and related considerations to the point that none of the materialistic alternatives is consistent with (...) the commonly held view. This leaves us with the alternative: either we accept the radical and highly implausible materialistic view Parfit calls ‘Reductionism’, or we accept the view that we are nonphysical indivisible entities—Cartesian egos, or souls. The second part of the paper discusses Parfit’s objections against the Cartesian view: that there is no reason to believe in the existence of such nonphysical entities; that if such entities exist, there is no evidence that they are enduring ; that even if they exist and are enduring, they are irrelevant for the psychological profile and temporal continuity of a person; that experiments with ‘brain-splitted’ patients provide strong evidence against the Cartesian view. We argue that these objections are in part mistaken, and that the remaining part is not strong enough to make the Cartesian view less plausible than Reductionism. (shrink)

Every reader of the Old Testament, both experienced researcher and newcomer, cannot fail to pay attention to one peculiarity in the presentation of the idea of ​​God: it is a harmonious combination of transcendence and immanence. The History of the Creation of the World, which begins the first book of the Strictly Testament - Genesis - is an example of an exquisite prose genre with elements of epic poetry. In it, the Creator of the Universe appears to the Almighty, the (...) Wise, and the All-Powerful, standing above the created world: Only one word of it evokes the material world from nothingness. This is emphasized by the repeated use of the formulas אלהים וימר / wa-yyo'mer 'ělohîm and ויהי־כן / wa-yəhî khēn. This use of two narrative constructs at the beginning and at the end of messages about the creative activities of God clearly emphasizes the idea of ​​reconciling the divine Word and being. God is shown here to be transcendental. (shrink)

Актуальність обраної теми статті зумовлена практичними та теоретичними причинами. По-перше, йдеться про важливість цілісного філософського осмислення толерантності як громадянської чесноти та сутнісної характеристики людського буття за умов євроінтеграційних прагнень України, формування вітчизняного громадянського суспільства. А, по-друге, про спробу виокремити найістотніші моделі концептуалізації ідеї толерантності в модерній та новітній філософській думці як усвідомлення неможливості толерантного, справедливого, людяного розв’язання соціальних та міжкультурних конфліктів без належної взаємної поваги, визнання гідності їх учасників. Визначення горизонтально-персональних та вертикально-інституційних вимірів толерантності, а також її морально-етичних та філософсько-антропологічних (...) складових здійснено на засадах послідовної реконструкції праць провідних як західних, переважно європейських, так і вітчизняних філософів, що уможливить розуміння перспектив подальшого дослідження толерантності в контексті проблем визнання, свободи, справедливості, довіри та співчуття. Йдеться також про важливість та плідність осмислення толерантності як засадничої цінності та чесноти вільного демократичного суспільства: в контексті деліберативної демократії (Ю. Габермас), єдності, цілісності моральних норм та персонального досвіду (М. Попович), права людей на спротив (Дж. Ролз) та розбудови «критичної теорії толерантності» (Р. Форст, О. Гьофе). На засадах проведеного у статті дослідження автор доходить висновку про такі важливі особливості сучасного існування толерантності: її трансформацію від персонального до інституційно-правового, міжнаціонального втілення; життєво-важливу необхідність доповнення її юридичних вимірів моральною цариною, коли бути нетерпимим до іншого, особливого буття поступово стає не лише незаконним, а й аморальним. (shrink)

A major contribution to ecumenical reflection on the doctrine of God. The past century has seen renewed interest in the doctrine of God. While theological traditions disagree, their shared commitment to Nicene orthodoxy provides a common language for thinking and speaking about God. This dialogue has deepened our understanding of this shared way of thinking about God, but little has been done across ecumenical lines to explore God's hiddenness in revelation. In Hidden and Revealed, Dmytro Bintsarovskyi explores the hiddenness (...) and revelation of God in two separate theological streams--Reformed and Orthodox. Bintsarovskyi shows that an understanding of both traditions reflects a deep structure of shared language, history, and commitments, while nevertheless reflecting real differences. With Herman Bavinck and John Meyendorff as his guides, Bintsarovskyi advances ecumenical dialogue on a doctrine central to our knowledge of God. (shrink)

This paper revives phenomenological elements to have a better framework for addressing the implications of technologies on society. For this reason, we introduce the motto “back to the technologies themselves” to show how some phenomenological elements, which have not been highlighted in the philosophy of technology so far, can be fruitfully integrated within the postphenomenological analysis. In particular, we introduce the notion of technological intentionality in relation to the passive synthesis in Husserl’s phenomenology. Although the notion of technological intentionality has (...) already been coined in postphenomenology, it is “in tension” with the notion of technological mediation since there are still no clear differences between these two concepts and studies on how they relate one to another. The tension between mediation and intentionality arises because it seems intuitively reasonable to suggest that intentionality differs from mediation in a number of ways; however, these elements have not been clearly clarified in postphenomenology so far. To highlight what technological intentionality is and how it differs from mediation, we turn the motto “back to the things themselves” into “back to the technologies themselves,” showing how the technologies have to be taken into consideration by themselves. More specifically, we use the concept of passive synthesis developed by Husserl, and we apply it to technologies to show their inner passive activity. The notion of the passive synthesis enables to demonstrate how technologies are able to connect to a wider (technological) environment without the subjects’ activity. Consequently, we claim that technologies have their pole of action, and they passively act by themselves. (shrink)

The article discusses Philip Goff’s latest projects of developing panpsychist research program as one that is capable of revealing the place of consciousness in the physical world and accounting for the intrinsic nature of physical reality, while avoiding the problem of the causal closure of the physical that is supposed to be pernicious for psychophysical dualism. The case is made that on the one hand, dualism has pretty good resources to meet the inductive no-gap objection appealing to the causal closure, (...) while on the other hand, insofar as this objection has some force, panpsychism in the forms discussed in Goff’s book Galileo’s Error (Goff, P. 2019. Galileo’s Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness. New York: Pantheon Books) faces nearly the same difficulties and its capability of overcoming these difficulties is problematic. While the hybrid cosmopsychism, as developed in Goff’s later manuscript, circumvents the causal closure problem, it does so at the price of relying on assumptions that are hardly intelligible. (shrink)

In this article, I discuss Richard Swinburne’s case for the conception of substance causation, identified with the substances-powers-liabilities account of causation, versus the conception of event causation, identified with alternative accounts. I specify the place of Swinburne’s argument in the debates about agent causation, and uncover reasons to be sceptical about the claims that substance causation is a genuine alternative to event causation, and that it helps to comprehend the specifics of the causation involved in free agency. I also advance (...) considerations in favour of the relations-between-universals account of causation that can make it preferable to the SPL account. (shrink)

In his book Struktura rewolucji relatywistycznej i kwantowej w fizyce (The Structure of the Relativistic and Quantum Revolution in Physics, 2020), Wojciech Sady presents his vision of the two greatest scientific revolutions in the 20th century. The book provides an illuminating account of the way these revolutions proceeded and strongly supports the thesis that, contrary to Thomas Kuhn’s famous suggestions, the revolutions involved no breaches in the continuity in scientific development but progressed in an evolutionary (although swift) step-by-step way, and (...) were products of collective interactive processes in the scientific community rather than individual achievements of geniuses. On the other hand, it makes a number of controversial claims. In this article, I contest Sady’s claims that new scientific theories (including the most revolutionary ones) logically follow from the theoretical and experimental knowledge already available (the Entailment thesis) or, at least, their emergence is necessary, inevitable, given the available knowledge, the thought style of the scientific community, and some minimally necessary conditions for the development of science (the Necessitation thesis), and that the role of extra-logical and extra-empirical factors, that can be designated as “creative imagination,” in the development of science is either negative or neglectable. (shrink)

The article analyses recent English publications in Cartesian studies that deal with two problems: the problem of the intrinsic coherence of Descartes’s doctrine of the real distinction and interaction between mind and body and the problem of the consistency of this doctrine with the causal principle formulated in the Third Meditation. The principle at issue is alternatively interpreted by different Cartesian scholars either as the Hierarchy Principle, that the cause should be at least as perfect as its effects, or the (...) Containment Principle, that the cause should contain all there is in its effects. The author argues that Descartes’s claim that it is inconceivable how things of different natures can interact does not conflict with the acknowledgement of interaction between things of different natures in the case of soul and body. The case is made that Cartesian mind-body interaction can agree with both the Hierarchy Principle and the Containment Principle, because the Principle is about total and efficient cause, whereas in the interaction, mental and brain states are only partial causes. In particular, in the case of the causality in the brain-to-mind direction, the mind is conditioned by brain states to form the corresponding specific ideas on the basis of its innate general ideas of movements, forms, colours, etc. Eventually, for Descartes, the most natural way to deal with worries about the possibility of mind-brain interaction is to rely on God’s omnipotence, which certainly enables Him to arrange for such interaction. (shrink)

Last year, the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies of “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy” celebrated the 25 th anniversary. This article confines to this very special event and analyzes three important anthropological studies that deal with moral components of human being. The research directions have been formed at the Department since its establishment in 1992. The first part of the article focuses mainly on the Kantian studies. According to Kant’s anthropology, human nature should be explored on two levels: empirical and intelligible. Empirical (...) level deals with general causality and considers the human being as the one entirely determined by nature. The second level considers the man from the perspective of freedom, moral activity, capacity to create aims and legislation. The research primarily gives a general scale of Kantian intelligible anthropology, which appears as a two-dimensional framework and consists of moral anthropological perspective and the one which Kant calls anthroponymy. Only the combination of these two aspects can allow us to comprehend the human nature as a whole. The second section of this article will shed a light on the Nietzschean anthropological theory. The paper elucidates three basic dimensions of Nietzschean critical anthropology. First of all, of the author comments on Nietzsche’s critique of Christian morality. Next, he articulates the Nietzschean idea of self-overcoming. Finally, the author identifies the main features of his genealogy of morality. All those components bound together can provide a wide horizon of Nietzschean opinion on the ethical dimension of human being. The last part of this article considers modern techno-anthropology in a broad sense. The problem of human and technology relation is considered in an ethical dimension, which unites all the three research directions. In this section, the author discusses the main components of technological mediation and non-neutrality. Using these two concepts, he proves that human nature is not an autonomous and independent actor but the one that is deeply connected with the world and others through technology. (shrink)

The article discusses the relationship between John Searle’s doctrine of naturalism and various forms of materialism and dualism. It is argued that despite Searle’s protestations, his doctrine is not substantially differ- ent from the epiphenomenalistic property dualism, except for the admis- sion, in his later works, of the existence of an irreducible non-Humean self. In particular, his recognition that consciousness is unique in having an irreducible first-person ontology makes his disavowal of property du- alism purely verbalistic. As for epiphenomenalism, Searle’s (...) explanation of how consciousness can be efficacious without violating the causal clo- sure of the physical, by analogy with the causal efficacy of the higher level properties of physical objects that are supervenient on the microphysical, confuses causality and constitution (causal and constitutive superve- nience). It is also argued that Searle’s recognition of the existence of an irreducible non-Humean self that is responsible for decision-making sits badly both with his (property dualistic) view that conscious mental states are irreducibly first-personal states of the brain (rather than of the self) and with his (epiphenomenalistic) view that consciousness has no causal power in addition to that of the underlying neurobiology. (shrink)

The article consistently substantiates the idea of the special methodological and practical relevance of the philosophy of justice by J. Rawls devoted to the 50th anniversary of the publication of his "Theory of Justice" and the 100th anniversary of the birth of this outstanding modern philosopher. Not only "Theory of Justice", but also such important works of J. Rawls as "Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy" and "Justice as Fairness: A Restatement" are aimed at searching out the ways of (...) building an honest, dignified society and appearing in front of us as the most influential texts of the last century on political philosophy, philosophy of law and morality. To think about "justice as fairness" with Rawls is a constructive philosophical strategy. This very idea is advocated not only by followers but also by critics of Rawls's theory of justice. As the article emphasizes, beginning the ponders on the question of justice, J. Rawls notes that justice, as a fundamental condition of human existence, does not allow the loss of freedom by some to be justified by the great benefits of others. What was embodied in the desire of his "realistic utopia of justice" is to work out the mechanisms for the fair overcoming of social conflicts. And the unconditional importance of suggested by us consistent reconstruction of the relationship between justice and freedom in the thoughts of J. Rawls is also due to the fact that they led to the deep development of modern social and political philosophy, broadened its methodological and conceptual horizons. However, Rawls's philosophy of justice (as emphasized by such prominent philosophers as A. Нonneth, M. Nussbaum, E. Tugendhat, R. Forst) did not go beyond the distributive interpretation of justice and ignored the main issue of justice (and injustice) is the issue of power. (shrink)

POLITICAL FRIENDSHIP AND THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE POLITICAL The article is devoted to the problem of definition of the concept of the political on the basis of relations between friend and enemy. Such definition of the political we can find in C. Schmitt’s political philosophy and H. Plessner’s philosophical anthropology. Although this definition mostly pays attention to the antagonistic dimension of the political world, we need to understand an essence of the political friendship. Thus author analyzes different conceptions of the (...) political friendship that have been presented in the works of Aristotle, J. Derrida, H. Arendt. Political friendship is recognized as basis for the creation a political community and for the existence of the political world. (shrink)

The article discusses Saul Kripke’s influential theories of a posteriori necessary truths and natural kinds. With respect to the statements of identity involving proper names, it is argued that although their truth is a posteriori and necessary in the specific sense of counterfactual invariance, this is of no significance for substantial philosophical issues beyond the philosophy of language, because this counterfactual invariance is a trivial consequence of the use of proper names as rigid designators. The case is made that the (...) expansion of the realm of necessary a posteriori truths to the statements of theoretical identity that involve “natural kind terms”, as well as the Kripkean essentialist theory of natural kinds, have no weighty argumentative support and fit badly both with science and language practice. This sets the stage for the development of an appropriately sophisticated “descriptivist” account of meaning and reference that would be better suited for a widened range of Kripke-Putnam style thought experiments. The general outlines of such a descriptivist account are provided. (shrink)

У статті розглядаються та аналізуються основні теоретико-методологічні підходи до висвітлення проблематики становлення та формування модерних націй, витоків їхніх ідеологічних, соціально-економічних та історичних основ. Уважається, що в наш час, коли такі поняття, як "нація", "національна держава", "національна ідентичність" набули широкого вжитку в політичному дискурсі держави, наукове обґрунтування цих термінів та визначення інтелектуального та історичного їх змісту є особливо актуальним та важливим.

У статті розглядаються основні напрями колонізаційної політики Російської імперії по відношенню до татарського населення Північного Кавказу під час експансії в Криму та на Кавказі в другій половині ХVІІІ ст. Висвітлюються обставини знищення ногайських татар, які жили на Кубані, геноцид по відношенню до мешканців цієї території, основні стратегії, які поєднували в собі підрив єдності татарської спільноти, розпалювання ворожнечі між татарськими кланами та безпосереднє знищення татар шляхом прямої військової агресії.

Стаття містить результати дослідження, яке дало можливість удосконалити систему показників діагностування ефективності управління структурою капіталу акціонерних енергогенеруючих товариств, що, на відміну від існуючих, базується на аналізі управління власним та борговим капіталами з урахуванням значень економічної доданої вартості для них. Це дозволяє визначити "вузькі місця" в управлінні складниками структури капіталу акціонерних товариств та надати відповідні рекомендації для прийняття раціональних управлінських рішень. Обґрунтовано, що до показників оцінювання ефективності управління структурою капіталу акціонерних товариств доцільно відносити показник визначення рентабельності інвестованого капіталу, визначення структури капіталу, (...) фінансового важеля, середньозваженої вартості капіталу та економічної доданої вартості, яка є ключовим показником у рамках визначного комплексу. (shrink)

Автор статті виходить з того, що філософія Томаса Гоббса не втрачає своєї актуальності. Саме життя за доби «вірусократії», боротьби як за безпеку, так і за свободу, потребує відповідей на питання про співвідношення прав, свободи, страху, безпеки, тобто тих проблем, до яких постійно звертався Томас Гоббс. Означені аспекти філософської спадщини Гоббса стануть предметом даної статі та поглиблять роздуми вітчизняних дослідників про сенс ідеї суспільного угоди Гоббса та закладених в ній ще малодосліджених алгоритмів формування справедливої правової держави. Адже саме з політичної філософії (...) Гоббса розпочинається притаманне модерній політичній філософії та філософії права глибинне зрушення в розумінні природи людини та її свободи. Запропонована Гоббсом політична антропологія виходить з тези про природну рівність людей, а також з прагнення обґрунтувати необхідність усвідомлення індивідом обмеження власного егоїзму та свободи заради колективної волі інших громадян. Йдеться також про актуальність для сучасної філософії та нашого вітчизняного простору розробленого Гоббсом принципу суспільної угоди як нового суспільного принципу регуляції людського буття, який став втіленням істотного переходу від телеологічних до правових уявлень про людину, її свободу та справедливість. У політичній філософії Т. Гоббса було розроблено ідею про внутрішню непокору, свободу совісті як «права людини і громадянина», про те, що державна влада мусить визнавати, а не просто дозволяти персональну незалежність своїх громадян, їх права діяти на власний розсуд. Проте для подальшого розвитку цієї ідеї потрібно було вийти за межі філософії Т. Гоббса, що й судилося зробити Ж.-Ж. Руссо. (shrink)