Resumen: El presente artículo tiene por objetivo la reconstrucción del argumento dominador atribuido a Diodoro Crono y su revisión filosófica a la luz de la crítica aristotélica al actualismo extremo de la Escuela de Mégara en Metafísica IX, 3. Desde esta perspectiva, el trabajo aspira a situar el proyecto teórico de Diodoro en el marco de su disputa filosófica con la metafísica aristotélica y su concepto de δύναµις, con el fin de traducir esta querella dialéctica en lo que, a nuestro (...) juicio, constituye una disputa teórica de importantes consecuencias prácticas: la disyunción excluyente entre el azar y el destino como paradigmas de interpretación conceptual y de acción moral.: This paper aims to reconstruct and analyze the Master Argument attributed to Diodorus Chronus under the perspective of Aristotle's criticism of extreme actualism in Metaphysics IX. 3. From this point of view, the paper locates Diodorus' theoretical project within the framework of his philosophical dispute with Aristotle's metaphysics and the Aristotelian concept of δύναµις, trying to show that what really lies behind this dialectical confrontation is a theoretical problem of important practical consequences: the excluding disjunction between chance and destiny as paradigms of conceptual interpretation and moral action. (shrink)

Il gran "Theatro dell'Historia" -- La "priscorum hominum vita" -- La lingua di Saturno -- Geometria e fisica : la via "platonica" al sapere attivo.

El presente artículo se ocupa de las postura de Aristóteles y Diodoro Crono en torno a la necesidad lógica. Allí se muestra que Aristóteles rechaza la necesidad lógica, mediante la negación de la aplicación universal del principio de bivalencia, para preservar el valor de la deliberación. En segundo lugar se muestra que Diodoro cae en un fatalismo al sostener, mediante sus nociones modales, que hay tipos de eventos lógicamente contingentes, aunque todos los sucesos particulares del mundo son necesarios.

The article points out, in L'Action (1893) and in Le point de départ de la recherche philosophique (1903) by Blondel, a refined characterisation of the relation between the intentional structure of action, as well as the practical significance of logical categories such as possibility, reality, contrariety, and the concept of future. There can be action only if man prepares for reality according to a prospectus of the future; which, in turn, emerges as the spring field of the 'possible' itself, potential (...) space of free intervention. The articles discusses the connections between the transcendental conditions of action, and the notions of possibility and future. (shrink)

Unemployment is not just an economic category but is constituted by governmentality, most evidently by the increase of interventions into the lives of the unemployed through Active Labour Market Policies. Furthermore, the International Labour Organization definition of unemployment as being without work, available for work and seeking work is a shifting classification which categorises unemployment on multiple temporal horizons, with the passive element of being without work increasingly superseded by the emphasis on seeking work. Through biographical interviews with unemployed in (...) Ireland, spanning from 2012-2018, we trace this transformation of temporality empirically and conclude that governmentality constitutes multiple, contradictory, indefinite forms of time. Particularly, we offer an imaginative reading of two overlapping temporalities: Kairos, waiting, enduring, suffering nothingness in anticipation of transformation by getting a job, and Cronos, not cyclical time, but the devouring of time, where the days and leisure of the unemployed people are deliberately consumed by job-seeking. Ironically, states implement ALMPs in the kairotic hope of transforming their economy, yet these policies do little but make the experience of unemployment even harder to endure. (shrink)

Over sixty years ago, Kenneth Craik noted that, if an organism (or an artificial agent) carried 'a small-scale model of external reality and of its own possible actions within its head', it could use the model to behave intelligently. This paper argues that the possible actions might best be represented by interactions between a model of reality and a model of the agent, and that, in such an arrangement, the internal model of the agent might be a transparent model of (...) the sort recently discussed by Metzinger, and so might offer a useful analogue of a conscious entity. The CRONOS project has built a robot functionally similar to a human that has been provided with an internal model of itself and of the world to be used in the way suggested by Craik; when the system is completed, it will be possible to study its operation from the perspective not only of artificial intelligence, but also of machine consciousness. (shrink)

Dans le fr. 128 DK d'Empédocle, Empédocle nomme cinq dieux en opposition à Cypris : Arès, Kudoimos, Zeus, Cronos, Poséidon. Pourquoi ces cinq dieux? Quelle relation peuvent-ils entretenir avec le mythe hésiodique des cinq races, qui semble être en arrière-plan du propos d'Empédocle? Pourquoi Poséidon est-il présent à côté de Zeus et non pas Aïdôneus? L'article tente de répondre à ces questions. Pour finir, il s'interroge sur la relation possible des hommes de l'âge de Cypris et des daimones, et (...) conclut sur la place du fr. 128 dans l'œuvre d'Empédocle. In fr. 128 DK by Empedocles, Empedocles lists five gods in opposition to Cypris: Ares, Kudoimos, Zeus, Cronos, and Poseidon. Why these five gods? What link could they have with the Hesiodic myth of the five races of men, which seems to be in the background of Empedocles' purpose? Why does Poseidon appear near Zeus and not Aïdôneus? The article attempts to answer these questions. Finally, it examines the relationship of the men of the age of Cypris and the daimones, and concludes on the place of fr. 128 in the work of Empedocles. (shrink)

It is argued that reconstructions of the so-called ‘Master Argument’ of Dideros Cronos to the effect that possibility should be understood as present or future truth, essentially relies on two axioms: i) that every true proposition concerning the past is necessary, and ii) that it follows necessarily from a proposition being true that it always has been the case that it would be true. It is furthermore argued that these two axioms are inconsistent in the sense that any tense/modal (...) semantics which incorporates both collapses either modally (fails to distinguish between truth simpliciter and modalised truth) or temporally (fails to offer a plausible semantical account for propositions about the future). This finding is, furthermore, taken as indicator for the more generel claim that there are principled difficulties involved in construing semantics for combined tense/modal logical systems. (shrink)

In Nietzschean thought there is a permanent tension between culture and life; both move, many times, in contradictory directions. According to Nietzsche, culture always wins, because it has the Apollonian dimension on its part, that is, that defined, clear, refined way in which it is expressed, understands and transmits what is narrated. The beautiful form is just a way of appearing from the deeply transcendental; it is the tip of a gigantic iceberg called life. Nietzsche is a vitalist thinker, committed (...) to human expression, consisting of wanting, for love of oneself, the same thing that life wants, that is, directing its actions toward the suspension of judgments about the most convenient, most appropriate, politically correct, forms of cutural life. Childhood has an abundance of life pushing to get out--it is the Dionysian latency that does not want to succumb to the Apollonian commitment; it is life without a name, the force that devastates the encystment of form. It is life and childhood in tension, a childhood we think we know and at the same time a childhood that will never match those names we give it. Frequently the impulse for capture and closure mobilizes our adult interest, we approach childhood by naming and assigning roles, we are shaping the account we give of it. The impulse is converted into a pulse, a cadence, a recording, a ticking; Cronos appears, being acquires a permanent form, becoming gradually fades away. (shrink)

I will discuss the so-called “Master Argument” attributed to Diodorus Cronos in the light of some contemporary speculations on indexicals. In one version, this argument goes as follows: Premise 1. The past, relative to any time t, is necessary. Premise 2. The impossible cannot follow from the possible. Therefore.

The article interprets the title figure of Sophocles’ Antigone as growing younger, more delicate, and more fragile with each successive scene of the play. It is as though she were living in the Age of Cronos as recounted in Plato’s Statesman. The article expands on the thesis developed in chapters 9-11 of my book The Tragic Absolute: German Idealism and the Languishing of God.

La teogonía de Derveni construye un relato complejo sobre la organización del mundo y el poder divino desde el comienzo de los tiempos. El último rey divino, el dios supremo del universo, Zeus, que también es su demiurgo, devora el falo de su padre, Urano, para poder así regresar él mismo a una generación anterior a la primera, dando inicio bajo su reinado a un nuevo ciclo cósmico. Para Plotino, la castración de Urano representa la transcendencia del Uno-Bien respecto a (...) la Inteligencia, simbolizada por Crono; y el Alma, Zeus, que escapa a la voracidad de su padre, constituye el primer dios demiurgo, cuya función es la de servir de mediador entre lo inteligible y el mundo sensible. Derveni theogony constructs a complex narrative about the organization of the world and the divine power from the beginning of time. The last divine king, the supreme god of the universe, Zeus, who is also his demiurge, devours the phallus of his father, Uranus, in order to return himself to a generation before the first, giving birth under his reign to the beginning of a new cosmic cycle. For Plotinus, the castration of Uranus represents the transcendence of the One-Good with regard to Intelligence, symbolized by Kronos; and the Soul, Zeus, who escapes from the voracity of his father, is the first demiurge god, whose function is to serve as mediator between the intelligible and the sensible world. (shrink)

The topic of time is central to Levinas's philosophy. By examining aspects of the Biblical stories of Abraham and Moses compared with Greek myths, mainly that of Cronos devouring his children, this paper aims to show that Levinas's view of time, though certainly indebted to the Greek (i.e. philosophical) tradition, contains traces of Biblical experiences. Moreover, Levinas's interpretation of time will serve as a concrete demonstration of the way the Jewish experience enables Levinas to express his criticism of the (...) philosophical-Greek tradition. (shrink)

The topic of time is central to Levinas's philosophy. By examining aspects of the Biblical stories of Abraham and Moses compared with Greek myths, mainly that of Cronos devouring his children, this paper aims to show that Levinas's view of time, though certainly indebted to the Greek (i.e. philosophical) tradition, contains traces of Biblical experiences. Moreover, Levinas's interpretation of time will serve as a concrete demonstration of the way the Jewish experience enables Levinas to express his criticism of the (...) philosophical‐Greek tradition. (shrink)

El objeto de este estudio es el análisis del papel y la función del fr. 241 Bernabé en la exégesis del demiurgo que aparece en el libro II del Comentario al Timeo de Proclo. Este análisis se centra en el primero de los tres demiurgo-Zeus que caracterizan el panteón de este autor, el contenido en la tríada intelectiva Cronos-Rea-Zeus, y plantea la cuestión de por qué opta por el uso de la teología órfica en lugar de la caldaica. Para (...) responder a esta pregunta, el estudio se divide en tres partes: a) el análisis de la estructura y el contenido del fr. 241 Bernabé; b) el vínculo que establece el Comentario al Timeo entre Orfeo, Pitágoras y Platón; y c) la definición que este tratado ofrece el demiurgo y su adaptación a la teología órfica. La conclusión a la que se pretende llegar es que, en este caso concreto, el uso del orfismo viene dado por la adecuación de la segunda creación al concepto de demiurgo defendido por Proclo. (shrink)

This paper discusses the 'master argument' of diodorus cronos from a semantic perspective. An argument is developed which suggests that proposition (1), 'every proposition true about the past is necessary', May have provided the principal motivation for diodorus denial of proposition (3), I.E., His equation of possibility with present-Or-Future truth. It is noted that (1) and (3) are jointly inconsistent only given the assumption of a linear ordering of time. It is further noted that diodorus' fatalism "could" be employed (...) to justify this additional assumption. However, To then use the conclusion of the 'master' to argue for fatalism would obviously be circular. I suspect, Rather, That diodorus' assumption of temporal linearity was implicit and uncritical. (shrink)

Este artículo se centrará en las propuestas de Epicuro y Crisipo frente a la tesis de la necesidad lógica de todos los eventos del mundo defendida por Diodoro Crono. Se argumentará que Epicuro rechazaba este tipo de necesidad sosteniendo que el principio de bivalencia no es aplicable a las proposiciones sobre eventos futuros e indicando que no existen causas eternas que garanticen la verdad de dichas proposiciones dado que la causa de dichos eventos puede ser una desviación repentina de los (...) átomos. Se mostrará que Crisipo, en contraste, se sirvió de la validez irrestricta del principio de bivalencia para demostrar que existen causas eternas de todas las cosas y, no obstante, defendía que esto no implica la necesidad lógica de los eventos específicos del mundo. (shrink)

Se trata de una reflexión interdisciplinar, a partir de W. Benjamin, sobre las relaciones entre experiencia, tiempo y memoria histórica. La primera parte analiza el empobrecimiento moderno de la "erfahrung" que genera una "nueva barbarie", a la vez que experimentación innovadora, y que reclama un concepto más rico de experiencia, ligada a la totalidad concreta de la existencia. La segunda señala algunas paradojas de la memoria, muestra la inconsistencia del tiempo, cristalizado en el mito de "cronos", como principio ordenador, (...) y toma en consideración experiencias relevantes que requieren concebir otro tiempo. En esa dirección, la tercera parte desarrolla la idea de "jetztzeit", núcleo de la concepción crítica de la historia como tradición de los oprimidos, en cuyos instantes de peligro relampaguea el "angelus novus. (shrink)

Mythologies generally devote much attention to the birth of heroes and gods whose coming into the world is described as particular. Our first examples come from Greek mythology.The Furies, goddesses of vengeance, were born of the blood of Uranus who had been castrated by his son Cronos. Athena sprang, completely armed, from the head of Zeus which Prometheus had struck with an axe, an act sometimes attributed to Hephaistos. The Centaurs came from a union of Ixion with a cloud (...) to which Zeus had given the appearance of Hera with whom he was in love. Adonis came into the world from a myrrh tree (Smyrna in Greek ) which opened magically to give him birth. Ten years earlier a woman named Smyrna (myrrh) had committed incest with her father, Theios, without his realizing it; when he discovered the fact, he changed her into the tree known by that name. Bacchus was drawn out, a six months old fetus, from the body of his mother by Zeus. The body was lying in coals lit by the lightning and thunder accompanying the god's chariot as he came to visit Semele. Terrified at the sound of nature's fury, she had died of shock. Zeus sewed the fetus in his thigh and, when the time came, gave birth to Dionysius. (shrink)

En este artículo se analiza la propuesta platónica de «la ciudad sana» o «la ciudad de cerdos». Se trata de mostrar que la exaltación que hace Platón del ideario primitivista es ambigua, pues la seriedad con que se lo toma no está exenta de cierta ironía, y que es compleja, pues sus razones a favor de una vuelta a «una vida primitiva» conviven con poderosos motivos antiprimitivistas en su filosofía. Se propone interpretar el sentido de su propuesta de una imaginaria (...) vida primitiva austera, sencilla y pacífica como una alternativa a algunos de los males de su civilización que mayor descontento le producían. (shrink)

Lewis Richard Farnell's five-volume The Cults of the Greek States, first published between 1896 and 1909, disentangles classical Greek mythology and religion, since the latter had often been overlooked by nineteenth-century English scholars. Farnell describes the cults of the most significant Greek gods in order to establish their zones of influence, and outlines the personality, monuments, and ideal types associated with each deity. He also resolutely avoids the question of divine origins and focuses instead on the culture surrounding each cult, (...) a position which initially drew some criticism, but which allowed him more space to analyse the religious practices themselves. Written to facilitate a comparative approach to Greek gods, his work is still regularly cited today for its impressive collection of data about the worship of the most popular deities. Volume 1 covers the Aniconic age, the Iconic age, and the cults of Cronos, Zeus, Hera and Athena. (shrink)

Lewis Richard Farnell's five-volume The Cults of the Greek States, first published between 1896 and 1909, disentangles classical Greek mythology and religion, since the latter had often been overlooked by nineteenth-century English scholars. Farnell describes the cults of the most significant Greek gods in order to establish their zones of influence, and outlines the personality, monuments, and ideal types associated with each deity. He also resolutely avoids the question of divine origins and focuses instead on the culture surrounding each cult, (...) a position which initially drew some criticism, but which allowed him more space to analyse the religious practices themselves. Written to facilitate a comparative approach to Greek gods, his work is still regularly cited today for its impressive collection of data about the worship of the most popular deities. Volume 1 covers the Aniconic age, the Iconic age, and the cults of Cronos, Zeus, Hera and Athena. (shrink)

Se trata de unareflexión interdisciplinar, a partir de W. Benjamin, sobre las relaciones entre experiencia, tiempo y memoriahistórica. La 1. parte analiza el empobrecimiento moderno de la Erfahrung que genera una“nueva barbarie”, a la vez que expenmentación innovadora, y que reclama un concepto más rico de experiencia, ligada ala totalidad concrete de la existencia. La 2. señala algunas paradojas de la memoria, muestra la inconsistencia del tiempo, cristalizado en el mito de Cronos, comoprincipio ordenador, y toma en consideración experiencias (...) relevantes que requieren concebir otro tiempo. En esa dirección, la 3. parte desarrolla la idea de Jetztze¡t, nucleo de la concepción crítica de la historia como tradición de los oprimidos, en cuyos bistantes de peligro relanipagea el angelus novus.Il s’agit d’une reflexion interdisciplinaire sur les liaisons entre expérience, temps et bistoire. La lére partie analyse l’appauvrissement moderne de l’Erfahrung, qui produit, selon W. Benjaniin, experimentation créatice et á la fois “une nouvelle barbarie”, et qui exige la construction d’un concept plus tiche d’expérience, liée á la totalité concréte de l’existence. La 2&me ¡nontre quelques paradoxes de la mémoire, sovligne ]‘inconsistance dv lemps comino principe d’ordre, et rappelle l’existence d’expériences qui demandent un autre concept du temps. La 3éme partie developpe ¡‘idee benjaininienne de Jetztzeit, noyau de sa conception critique de l’histoire conune tradition des opprimés, et analyse particuliérement la figure de l’angelus novus. (shrink)

Nosso objetivo é mostrar que, para Plotino, supor um inteligível ignorante (como o Éon Sabedoria de alguns textos gnósticos) no interior do Intelecto constitui uma ameaça ao próprio estatuto do Intelecto como verdadeiro Intelecto. Da mesma forma, aceitar que a ignorância de um Éon seja a causa do universo sensível ameaça a definição do Princípio Primeiro como o princípio último de toda a realidade, pois implica na ideia de que o universo sensível não foi criado como resultado de uma processão (...) indefectível do Princípio Primeiro e da contemplação infalível de seu Princípio original, mas por causa da decadência e da queda de um Éon que desconhece seu Princípio Primeiro, que ele não contempla. Demonstramos assim que, portanto, para refutar o mito valentiniano, foi fundamental para Plotino definir o estatuto do Intelecto e do universo inteligível e a hierarquia ontológica dos níveis de realidade. A definição da relação entre os inteligíveis e o Intelecto nos capítulos 1 e 2 do Tratado 32 (V, 5) constitui o ponto central para estabelecer, no restante do tratado, o lugar e o estatuto do Uno e do criador do universo sensível, denominado por Plotino como a Alma do Mundo, Demiurgo ou Zeus, assim como sua representação hierárquica triádica dos níveis de realidade sob a forma do mito hesiódico de Urano, Cronos e Zeus. Palavras-chave: Plotino, Gnosticismo, Intelecto, Tratado 32 (V, 5). (shrink)

Human beings have imaged ideal societies across the time, with the aim of going beyond real ones, and solving the problems emerged from common life. This article intends to remark that theorical conceptions of society frequently have an ‘eutopian’ counterpart, that means, a very best physical or geographical location. It can be appreciated precisely in the Ancient Greek world. In order to approach to this subject, we will depart from the usual version in the pólis of the Golden Age given (...) by Hesiod, and we will put it together with the eutopian reformation proposed by Pythagoreans and the ‘conservative’ presentation found in Aristotle’s Politics and Ethics. (shrink)