This book develops a novel approach to distributive justice by building a theory based on a concept of desert. As a work of applied political theory, it presents a simple but powerful theoretical argument and a detailed proposal to eliminate unmerited inequality, poverty, and economic immobility, speaking to the underlying moral principles of both progressives who already support egalitarian measures and also conservatives who have previously rejected egalitarianism on the grounds of individual freedom, personal responsibility, hard work, or economic efficiency. (...) By using an agnostic, flexible, data-driven approach to isolate luck and ultimately measure desert, this proposal makes equal opportunity initiatives both more accurate and effective as it adapts to a changing economy. It grants to each individual the freedom to genuinely choose their place in the distribution. It provides two policy variations that are perfectly economically efficient, and two others that are conditionally so. It straightforwardly aligns outcomes with widely shared, fundamental moral intuitions. Lastly, it demonstrates much of the above by modeling four policy variations using 40 years of survey data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. (shrink)

Frankfurt’s “Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility” made an important intervention into the literature on moral responsibility via a classical Frankfurt-type example, arguing that “the principle of alternate possibilities” is false. This paper argues that classical Frankfurt-type examples fail due to the use of agentic counterfactual interventions who lack agency. Using finite state machines to illustrate, I show the models that classical Frankfurt-type examples must use and why they are incongruent with leeway incompatibilist beliefs—the motivating interlocutor for classical Frankfurt-type examples. I (...) then argue that returning agency to the agentic counterfactual intervention also returns alternate possibilities to the actual sequence of events, undermining a core premise of Frankfurt’s. Lastly, I show why a number of potential counterarguments should fail to persuade the leeway incompatibilist. (shrink)

The Handbook of Formal Argumentation is a community effort aimed at providing a comprehensive and up-to-date view of the state of the art and current trends in the lively research field of formal argumentation. The first volume of the Handbook is organised into five parts, containing nineteen chapters in all, each written by leading experts in the field. The first part provides a general and historical perspective on the field. The second part gives a comprehensive coverage of the argumentation formalisms (...) available in the literature at various levels of abstraction. The third part is devoted to cover some of the many dialogical aspects of argumentation, while the fourth one deals with algorithmic, computational and implementation issues. Finally, the fifth part provides some deeper analyses on the previously introduced topics. The Handbook of Formal Argumentation is an open-ended initiative of which the present volume is the first outcome. Further volumes are planned to cover topics not included in the present one and the initiative is conceived to grow by the support and feeding it receives from the community members. (shrink)

Neuroenhancement involves the use of neurotechnologies to improve cognitive, affective or behavioural functioning, where these are not judged to be clinically impaired. Questions about enhancement have become one of the key topics of neuroethics over the past decade. The current study draws on in-depth public engagement activities in ten European countries giving a bottom-up perspective on the ethics and desirability of enhancement. This informed the design of an online contrastive vignette experiment that was administered to representative samples of 1000 respondents (...) in the ten countries and the United States. The experiment investigated how the gender of the protagonist, his or her level of performance, the efficacy of the enhancer and the mode of enhancement affected support for neuroenhancement in both educational and employment contexts. Of these, higher efficacy and lower performance were found to increase willingness to support enhancement. A series of commonly articulated claims about the individual and societal dimensions of neuroenhancement were derived from the public engagement activities. Underlying these claims, multivariate analysis identified two social values. The Societal/protective highlights counter normative consequences and opposes the use enhancers. The Individual/proactionary highlights opportunities and supports use. For most respondents these values are not mutually exclusive. This suggests that for many neuroenhancement is viewed simultaneously as a source of both promise and concern. (shrink)

The object of this research is gentleness, a construct maybe not treated enough in the literature, but just in the area of the so called Positive Psychology. And precisely from his representative Martin Seligman, the inspiration for the construction of a questionnaire and of a specific hypothesis has been born, including the use of a precise terminology. In general terms, maybe the most interesting result lies in the fact of having found a correlation between the various items, therefore between the (...) various constructs, in accordance with the idea of gentleness proposed as a synergy of “quality”. This idea has also been supported from recent research in which has emerged a very tight bond between optimism and a particular character trait that is extroversion. Being placed at a higher, transcendental level, the “gift of oneself” could become the “jump of quality” to fulfil ourselves in the relation with the other. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} After a brief introduction in which I underline the acknowledgment that Emil Kettering makes about the importance of the concept of nearness in Martin Heidegger’s philosophy, but in which I also take distance from his approach to (...) the fundamental relation between language and nearness, which I consider limited, I state that the late Heideggerian conception of language can be better understood if these two concepts are considered, in a rigorous Heideggerian sense, as “the same” [das Selbe]. With the aim of giving this thesis a phenomenological foundation I approach the Heideggerian reflection on the nearness in five levels, beginning with the usual definition of nearness as “short distance” and ending with its identification with the language. My approach to this matter focuses exclusively on the late work of Heidegger. (shrink)

La universidad española se enfrenta en estos momentos a un cambio en la oferta de titulaciones, en la estructuración y homologación de los estudios y también en la metodología de la enseñanza. Este proceso es percibido por sus principales protagonistas (gestores de la educación, profesores y estudiantes) de diversas maneras: a veces como una amenaza, otras como una oportunidad e incluso en ocasiones como un mero cambio nominalista. ¿Deben modificarse los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje universitarios? ¿Hasta qué punto existe (...) la adecuada disposición y preparación para ello? ¿En qué dirección caminaría un aprendizaje de calidad? (shrink)

La Doctrina penal contemporánea recurre al principio de ultima ratio para satisfacer la tarea principal de reducir al máximo la arbitrariedad del Derecho penal, pues a través de su significado, la legitimidad del delito y de la pena se somete a la condición de la inexistencia axiológica y empírica de otros recursos jurídicos menos drásticos para solventar idóneamente el conflicto que genera su apertura. No obstante, la deriva punitivista en que ha degenerado la necesaria expansión del Derecho penal en la (...) sociedad del riesgo, pone en duda su verdadera capacidad limitadora, especialmente por su escasa vinculación a los poderes públicos. Pero nada más lejos de la realidad, el desarrollo actual de la Dogmática de los Derechos Fundamentales permite a la Doctrina penal afirmar que, en el Estado constitucional, el Derecho penal mínimo es a su vez el Derecho penal máximo permitido por la Constitución. (shrink)

In this paper, we introduce the methodology and techniques of meta-argumentation to model argumentation. The methodology of meta-argumentation instantiates Dung’s abstract argumentation theory with an extended argumentation theory, and is thus based on a combination of the methodology of instantiating abstract arguments, and the methodology of extending Dung’s basic argumentation frameworks with other relations among abstract arguments. The technique of meta-argumentation applies Dung’s theory of abstract argumentation to itself, by instantiating Dung’s abstract arguments with meta-arguments using a technique called flattening. (...) We characterize the domain of instantiation using a representation technique based on soundness and completeness. Finally, we distinguish among various instantiations using the technique of specification languages. (shrink)

La experiencia de musulmanes, judíos y cristianos ante el sufrimiento, la muerte y la enfermedad tiene muchos puntos en común que es necesario y urgente resaltar. El libro está dividido entres partes que corresponden a las tres tradiciones analizadas. Consta de treinta artículos escritos por veintisiete autores. Participan profesores no sólo de las Universidades de Comillas, Deusto y Granada sino del Instituto Bíblico de Roma, de la Universidad Gregoriana de Roma, de la Universidad de Munich, de la Universidad Complutense de (...) Madrid, del Seminario Evangélico Unido de Teología (SEUT) y de la Facultad de Teología de Catalunya. Colaboran, por supuesto, sacerdotes católicos, pastores protestantes, un rabino y el secretario del Consejo Europeo de Mezquitas. Sin duda, nos encontramos ante una gran aportación en el campo de la Bioética y en la reflexión en torno al dolor, la enfermedad y la muerte. (shrink)

Formal arguments are often represented by pairs, but in this paper we consider normative arguments represented by sequences of triples, where constitutive norms derive institutional facts from brute facts, and regulative norms derive deontic facts like obligations and permissions from institutional facts. The institutional facts may be seen as the reasons explaining or warranting the deontic obligations and permissions, and therefore they can be attacked by other normative arguments too. We represent different aspects of normative reasoning by different kinds of (...) consistency checks among these triples, and we use formal argumentation theory to resolve conflicts among such normative arguments. In particular, we introduce various requirements for arguing about norms concerning violations, contrary-to-duty obligations, dilemmas, conflict resolution and different kinds of norms, and we introduce a formal argumentation theory satisfying the requirements. In order to illustrate our framework, we introduce a running example based on university regulations for prospective and actual students. (shrink)

Of several distinctions made between people in a society, this article addresses a specific question: when do we have a legal directive that is unfair and therefore discriminatory? The article puts forward a set of criteria that judges might use in order to determine if a distinction made by a legal directive has a rational and objective justification.Resumen:De las muchas diferenciaciones que se presentan entre las personas de una sociedad, este artículo analiza una específica: cuando un trato desigual establecido por (...) una ley constituye un trato discriminatorio. Se consideran los criterios que debe usar el juez para determinar si la distinción hecha por una norma —de los derechos y libertades fundamentales de las personas— descansa en una justificación racional y objetiva. (shrink)

Algunos autores contrarios a la práctica constitucional actualmente dominante han defendido una rigidez constitucional “mínima” como una forma “débil” del constitucionalismo en la que la voluntad mayoritaria puede identificar el alcance de los derechos fundamentales por encima de las determinaciones judiciales. El objetivo de este trabajo es plantear algunas reflexiones críticas sobre dicha propuesta, adoptando para ello como parámetro normativo la racionalidad intrínseca de la práctica constitucional contemporánea en las democracias liberales. Dicha argumentación crítica avanza del siguiente modo: en primer (...) lugar, se discute la distinción formal entre sistemas de control jurisdiccional “fuerte” y “débil”; en segundo lugar, se pone en duda la supuesta relevancia de la reforma constitucional en la concreción histórica de los derechos básicos; y, por último, se rechaza la rigidez constitucional mínima entendida como parte de un modelo constitucional genuinamente alternativo diseñado para superar la práctica constitucional dominante. (shrink)

Este escrito presenta el tema del cuerpo y de la corporeidad en la Scienza nuova de Vico, confrontando las dos interpretaciones, que la autora opone, de Alberto M. Damiani y de Giuseppe Patella.Palabras clave: Vico, cuerpo, corporeidad, A. Damiani, G. Patella.This paper focusses on the subject of body and embodiment in Vico’s Scienza nuova, by confronting the interpretations of Alberto M. Damiani and Giuseppe Patella.Keywords: Vico, body, embodiment, A. Damiani, G. Patella.

Este artículo pretende exponer la complejidad del tema del estatuto del embrión en la fase de preimplantación. Para ello, se exponen de modo sistemático las diferentes razones que sustentan tanto la postura de la anidación como de la fecundación. Estas razones son tan fundantes que obligan a seguir manteniendo un diálogo abierto y no sustentar posturas cerradas.

El lenguaje es uno de los ejes fundamentales de la filosofía heideggeriana posterior a la Kehre. Heidegger lo aborda desde una perspectiva ontológica y fenomenológica que busca acceder a su esencia de una manera directa a partir de la experiencia de su propio acontecer. De esta manera puede ir más allá de las perspectivas que reducen el ?fenómeno lingüístico? a un simple instrumento al servicio del hombre, y plantear el carácter ontológico del mismo, al considerarlo como condición originaria de la (...) apertura y la ?apropiación? de mundo. Estos dos rasgos esenciales del lenguaje encuentran en la poesía (Dichtung) el ámbito de su despliegue. (shrink)

Knowledge based privacy policies are more declarative than traditional action based ones, because they specify only what is permitted or forbidden to know, and leave the derivation of the permitted actions to a security monitor. This inference problem is already non trivial with a static privacy policy, and becomes challenging when privacy policies can change over time. We therefore introduce a dynamic modal logic that permits not only to reason about permitted and forbidden knowledge to derive the permitted actions, but (...) also to represent explicitly the declarative privacy policies together with their dynamics. The logic can be used to check both regulatory and behavioral compliance, respectively by checking that the permissions and obligations set up by the security monitor of an organization are not in conflict with the privacy policies, and by checking that these obligations are indeed enforced. (shrink)