We describe sets of partial Boolean functions being closed under the operations of superposition. For any class A of total functions we define the set ????(A) consisting of all partial classes which contain precisely the functions of A as total functions. The cardinalities of such sets ????(A) can be finite or infinite. We state some general results on ????(A). In particular, we describe all 30 closed sets of partial Boolean functions which contain all monotone and zero-preserving total Boolean functions.

As virtues of intellectual character are commonly discussed, they aim at _propositional _intellectual goods. But some creative works—especially those in music and the visual arts—are not primarily intended to gain, keep, or share propositional goods such as truth, knowledge, and understanding. They aim at something else. Thus, to conceive of intellectual creativity in a way that accords with standard discussions of intellectual virtue is to exclude paradigmatic works of the creative intellect. There is a kind of puzzle here: it appears (...) that we cannot maintain both the commonly-discussed notion of intellectual virtue and the claim that, say, Beethoven’s Ninth, or Monet’s Water Lilies, are central cases of intellectually virtuous creativity. We provide a two-part solution to the puzzle. First, we suggest that some works of music and visual art can convey propositional goods. Second, we appeal to the notion of _acquaintance _as an epistemic good that is conveyed through creative artistic and musical to an extent not conveyed in standard prose works. In this respect, intellectual creativity is the virtue that breaks the propositional mold of much contemporary virtue epistemology. (shrink)

This article discusses the different meanings of ‘keyword’ and related terms such as ‘keyphrase', ‘descriptor’, ‘index term’, ‘subject heading’, ‘tag’ and ‘n-gram’ and suggests definitions of each of these terms. It further illustrates a classification of keywords, based on how they are produced or who is the actor generating them and present comparison between author-assigned keywords, indexer-assigned keywords and reader-assigned keywords as well as the automatic generation of keywords. The article also considers the functions of keywords including the use of (...) keywords for generating bibliographic indexes. The theoretical view informing the article is that the assignment of a keyword to a text, picture or other document involves an interpretation of the document and an evaluation of the document’s potentials for users. This perspective is important for both manually assigned keywords and for automated generation and is opposed to a strong tendency to consider a set of keywords as ideally presenting one best representation of a document for all requests. (shrink)

Humankind evolved through three psychological stages - subconscience, conscience and supraconscience. Ritual and myth, cosmology and theism marked phases of psychic integration, initiating our supraconscience evolution. Secular and humanistic developments reveal themselves to be the primary powers accelerating human evolution. Together, they have nurtured humankind's ever-evolving supraconscience.

The ideas of cultural-historical psychology have led to a new understanding of the human psyche as developing in the process of the subject acting in social and historical contexts. Such a “non-classical” reinterpretation of psychological concepts should be based on a theoretical and philosophical framework in order to explain genetic sources of these concepts. For this purpose, Il’enkov’s philosophy is of great significance. This is illustrated by discussing a possible cultural-historical understanding of the concept of intelligence.

A table of contents is a kind of document representation as well as a paratext and a kind of finding device to the document it represents. TOCs are very common in books and some other kinds of documents, but not in all kinds. This article discusses the definition and functions of ToC, normative guidelines for their design, and the history and forms of ToC in different kinds of documents and media. A main part of the article is about the role (...) of ToC in information searching, in current awareness services and as items added to bibliographical records. The introduction and the conclusion focus on the core theoretical issues concerning ToCs. Should they be document-oriented or request-oriented, neutral, or policy-oriented, objective, or subjective? It is concluded that because of the special functions of ToCs, the arguments for the request-oriented view are weaker than they are in relation to indexing and knowledge organization in general. Apart from level of granularity, the evaluation of a ToC is difficult to separate from the evaluation of the structuring and naming of the elements of the structure of the document it represents. (shrink)

Seit der ersten Auflage hat die Forschung die Kenntnis der mittelalterlichen nordischen Rechtsquellen erweitert und vertieft. Dementsprechend ist die neue Auflage vollständig durchsehen, erheblich überarbeitet und erweitert worden. Neu sind Ausführungen über Runensteine als Rechtsquellen, die Eroberungen der Dänen und Schweden im Baltikum, vor allem in Estland, und ihre dortige Verwaltung. Strauch hat nunmehr auch den Einfluss der Chasaren in Russland auf die dortige Herrschaft der Waräger berücksichtigt. Erhebliche Änderungen ergaben sich bei Jyske Lov, im älteren und jüngeren Västgötalag (...) und im schwedischen Landslag. Erweitert und vertieft behandelt werden nunmehr die Rolle des kanonischen Rechts und der kirchlichen Landbücher Norwegens, der Begriff "Folklande" in Uppland und des crimen laesae maiestatis in Schweden. Auch die beigefügten Karten sind überarbeitet worden. Die Literaturnachweise sind auf den neuesten Stand gebracht und erheblich erweitert worden. Somit ist die Neuauflage wieder ein unentbehrliches Referenzwerk für Skandinavisten und Rechtshistoriker. (shrink)

This article analyzes a developmental tendency of the digital economy, namely the increasingly perspicuous personalization of marketable goods and services. Pro-files of user preferences relevant to consumption, calculated from innumerable traces left in digital space, engender unprecedented ways of addressing potential buyers anticipatorily. Such ways cater to desires of recognition on consumers; and they simulate a benevolent authority shepherding the individual.

This manuscript seeks to provide a fresh and comprehensive re-interpretation of the ideas of the world-renowned Canadian Political theorist, C.B. Macpherson.

"This manuscript seeks to provide a fresh and comprehensive re-interpretation of the ideas of the world-renowned Canadian Political theorist, C.B. Macpherson."--.

This is a critical and exegetical introduction to the work and thought of Hannah Arendt, one of the most powerful and important political thinkers of the twentieth century. The book traces the connections in Arendt's work between public life and political thinking and the ways in which each informs the other. In conclusion, the author suggests why Arendt provides a unique way of rendering the political visible and relevant to people in an everyday setting.