Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT or Google’s Bard have shown significant performance on a variety of text-based tasks, such as summarization, translation, and even the generation of new...

Minimal cognition is an emerging field of research in the context of the life-mind continuity thesis. It stems from the idea that life and mind are strongly continuous, involving the same basic set of organisational principles. Minimal cognition has been sometimes regarded as the analysis of the minimum requirements for the emergence of cognitive phenomena. In the target article, Deacon describes the emergence of the autogenic system as an interpreting system that displays the simplest form of interpretive competence, its most (...) critical function being the capacity to re-present itself in ever new substrates and to interpret environmental conditions with respect to system self-maintenance. Since Deacon describes the autogen in cognitive terms, this article examines whether the autogen model can embody the critical disposition that underpins the emergence of minimal cognition. It finds that it does so, but argues that the autogenic system itself fails to be cognitive because it lacks the displacement of constraints that enable the semiotic scaffolding exhibited by life processes. The article then discusses the implications of the idea that autogenic processes underpin the emergence of minimal cognition for the life-mind continuity thesis. (shrink)

Deacon suggests the autogen as a minimal Kantian Whole where the parts exist for and by means of the whole. An Autogen is a “for whom” information is created. Semantics of information comes first, syntax later. There are no entailing laws for the emergence and evolution of new meanings, which likely happened long before template replication and the genetic code. The evolution of life and meaning are based on physics but rise creatively above physics.

In this reply to our commentators, we respond to ethical concerns raised about the potential use (or misuse) of personalized LLMs for academic idea and prose generation, including questions about c...

Von der Prämisse ausgehend, dass die zentrale, wenn auch am grössten umstrittene, wenngleich am wenigsten aufgeklärte Frage des ganzen Evolutionsproblems sich auf die Art und Weise des ersten Entstehen der evoluirenden Merkmale bezieht, bringt der Verfasser eine allgemeine Klassifikation der Evolutionstheorien auf die autogenetische und statistische dar, indem jedoch die ersten mit schwer greifbaren Faktoren allzusehr überlastet zu sein scheinen, die zweiten aber mit der Notwendigkeit der Annahme einer unumgänglich dissipativen Irreversibilität der progressiven Entwicklung zu rechnen haben, die jedoch mit (...) keinen uns bekannten Evolutionsbeweisen bestätigt werden kann. Infolgedessen hebt der Verfasser ein dritter-eigener-Evolutionsgedanke hervor, und zwar in kombinatorischer Fassung, den er auf der Tatsache zu gründen sucht, dass erstens jeweilige Evolution vor allem eine Übertragung der sich mehr und mehr komplizierenden Zusammensetzungen der Eigenschaften von einer Geheration auf die andere darstellt, und zwar, zweitens, so, dass diese Übertragung einer vom Verfasser im Jahre 1938 aufgestellten allgemeinen Gleichung derMendel Gesetze gehorcht und Ausdruck einesNewtonschen Binomierens mit ununterbrochen wachsenden Koeffizienten der Kreuzungspotenz darstellt.Ferner, in einem Entwurf der historischen Entwicklung dieser Anschauung, sucht er,Johannsen's Stellung gegenüber, im Altertum an dieHeraclitische Mannigfaltigkeit-Einheits-Lehre anzuknüpfen, insbesondere aber sie mit demAnaxagorasschen Begriff von Homoiomerien in Zusammenhang zu bringen, die, in neueren Zeiten, lassen sich unmittelbar an den Mendelismus und denJohannsenschen Genbegriff anschliessen, um weiter, über diePearson's undPhilipchenko's allgemeine Gleichungen, zum Verfassers eigenen Begriff der genotypischen Binomionen zu gelangen. Das allmähliche kombinatorisch zustandekommende Kompliziertwerden derselben soll uns den Verlauf der sich abspielenden organismischen Evolution schematisch oder eigentlich symbolisch veranschaulichen.Endlich, sich über die rein theoretische Möglichkeit einer Annahme der noph weiteren, hinzukommenden und übergeordneten, Evolutionsfactoren überlegend, die auf diese oder jene Weise seine auf die natürliche Kombinatorik totalisierende, ordnende und zugleich auch inbezug auf die allgemeine Evolution richtende Einflüsse ausüben könnten, kommt der Verfasser zum Schluss, dass der wissenschaftliche Erkenntniswert solcher, dazu biologisch ziemlich geheimnisvoller Factoren, für die exacte Evolutionsuntersuchungen einstweilen recht gering bleiben müsste.En tenant compte du fait que le problème central, en même temps le plus controversé et obscur de l'évolution concerne la question de la première origine des caractères évolutifs, l'auteur émet, sous ce point de vue, une classification générale des théories de l'évolution, en les divisant en autogénétistes et statistiques, les premières étant surchargées par l'objection d'opérer avec des facteurs peu concrets et peu saisissables tandis que les secondes sont forcées d'admettre l'irréversibilité dissipative du développement progressif, qui cependant n'a pu être confirmée par aucune des évidences rapportées en faveur de l'évolution.En conséquence, l'auteur propose et soumet à une discussion un peu élargie une troisième possibilité-la sienne: celle de la conception de l'évolution notamment basée sur les processus combinatoires, en l'appuyant sur les faits incontestables, que chaque évolution consiste, avant tout, en une transmission ininterrompue de traits se compliquant de plus en plus à travers les générations successives, bien que les combinaisons impliquées soient gouvernées par l'équation générale des lois deMendel, établie par l'auteur en 1938, et faisant une expression des opérations du binôme newtonien, les indices de puissance duquel croissent graduellement.Dans une esquisse historique du développement préalable de cette conception, l'auteur retrace ses racines dans la philosophie grecque, en descendant jusqu'à la thèse deHeraclitedes alliages des multiplicités dans l'unité des choses et la retrouve avant tout dans la conception des homoïomeries d'Anaxagore, ce qui s'attache, dans les temps nouveaux, de la manière la plus immédiate, au mendélisme, à la conception du gène, émis parJohannsen, et aboutit, par l'intermédiaire des équations produites parPearson etPhilipchenko, à la notion des binomions introduits par lui-même pour déterminer les groupes seuls homogènes au cours de l'évolution progressive. Or, les complications combinatoires, graduelles mais croissantes, de ces combinaisons les plus naturelles constitueraient une suite schématique ou plutôt symbolique de l'évolution accomplissante.Enfin, en réfléchissant sur la possibilité théorique d'admission des facteurs totalitaires en surplus, ordonnant le jeu combinatoire bien qu'aussi directeurs par rapport aux tendences générales de l'évolution organique, l'auteur aboutit à la conclusion que la valeur explorative de tels facteurs, du reste bien mystérieux, pour les recherches précises du procédé de l'évolution serait cependant très restreinte. (shrink)

The potential of using personalized Large Language Models (LLMs) or “generative AI” (GenAI) to enhance productivity in academic research, as highlighted by Porsdam Mann and colleagues (Porsdam Mann...

Artificial intelligence (AI), large language models (LLMs), such as Open AI’s ChatGPT, have a remarkable ability to process and generate human language but have also raised complex and novel ethica...

In their recent paper “AUTOGEN: A Personalized Large Language Model for Academic Enhancement—Ethics and Proof of Principle,” Porsdam Mann et al. (2023) demonstrate a technique for fine-tuning the l...

How did molecules become signs? First, according to Deacon, there had to be an interpreter, a physical process capable of making use of some property of a molecule that offered a “semiotic affordance.” He proposes the model of an “autogenic virus,” the most primitive conceivable recursively self-maintaining kind of molecular system that could broach the boundary between physico-chemical process and “interpretive competence.” In this comment I work up to the question of how Deacon introduces concepts such as “representation” and “record” (...) into his account, to argue that the autogen can pass on its lineage without a genetic template. (shrink)

The cilium/flagellum is a sensory-motile organelle ancestrally present in eukaryotic cells. For assembly cilia universally rely on intraflagellar transport (IFT), a specialised bidirectional transport process mediated by the ancestral and conserved IFT complex. Based on the homology of IFT complex proteins to components of coat protein I (COPI) and clathrin-coated vesicles, we propose that the non- vesicular, membrane-bound IFT evolved as a specialised form of coated vesicle transport from a protocoatomer complex. IFT thus shares common ancestry with all protocoatomer derivatives, (...) including all vesicle coats and the nuclear pore complex (NPC). This has major implications for the evolutionary origin of the cilium. First, it reinforces the tenet that duplication and divergence of pre-existing structures, rather than symbiosis, were the major themes during cilium evolution. Second, it suggests that the initial step in the autogenous origin of the cilium was the establishment of a membrane patch with transmembrane proteins transported by the ancestral vesicle-coating IFT complex. We propose a scenario for how the initial membrane patch gradually protruded to enhance exposure to the environment, then started to move, and finally compartmentalised to render receptor signalling and ciliary beating more efficient. BioEssays 28: 191–198, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

The COVID-19-pandemic brought massive changes in the provision of psychotherapy. To contain the pandemic, many therapists switched from face-to-face sessions in personal contact to remote settings. This study focused on psychodynamic therapists practicing Guided Affective Imagery, Hypnosis and Autogenous Relaxation and their subjective experiences with psychotherapy via telephone and videoconferencing during the first COVID-19 related lockdown period in March 2020 in Austria. An online survey completed by 161 therapists produced both quantitative and qualitative data with the latter being subject to (...) a qualitative content analysis. Our research suggests that telephone and videoconferencing are considered valuable treatment formats to deliver psychodynamic psychotherapy. However, therapists’ experiences with remote psychotherapy are multifaceted and ambiguous. In particular, the findings raise questions concerning the maintenance of the therapeutic alliance, the development of the analytic process, the sensitivity to unconscious communication, and the indication for certain types of patients that still need further investigation. Our research indicates that the long-standing reticence toward remote treatments offers among psychodynamic therapists is becoming more differentiated and partially dissolves as therapists gain experiences in their use. Attitudes are becoming more open. At the same time, the way is being prepared to take a closer look at the specific processes and dynamics of remote psychotherapy and to examine them critically in future studies. (shrink)

In “How Molecules Became Signs”, Prof. Deacon outlines a plausible mechanism whereby biochemical systems could be understood to fulfill the conditions of being “alive” in the context of the two broad families of requirements, namely the energetics of metabolism and the informatics of coding. In so doing, he addresses head-on how to account for the origin and the action of coding in physical systems, and thereby the necessary and sufficient conditions for life. I review some of the relevant issues around (...) the interlocking potential necessary and sufficient conditions whereby these two phenomena are included within systems of interpretation in organisms. (shrink)

The origin of the eukaryotic cell nucleus and the selective forces that drove its evolution remain unknown and are a matter of controversy. Autogenous models state that both the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) derived from the invagination of the plasma membrane, but most of them do not advance clear selective forces for this process. Alternative models proposing an endosymbiotic origin of the nucleus fail to provide a pathway fully compatible with our knowledge of cell biology. We propose here an (...) evolutionary scenario that reconciles both an ancestral endosymbiotic origin of the eukaryotic nucleus (endosymbiosis of a methanogenic archaeon within a fermentative myxobacterium) with an autogenous generation of the contemporary nuclear membrane and ER from the bacterial membrane. We specifically state two selective forces that operated sequentially during its evolution: (1) metabolic compartmentation to avoid deleterious co‐existence of anabolic (autotrophic synthesis by the methanogen) and catabolic (fermentation by the myxobacterium) pathways in the cell, and (2) avoidance of aberrant protein synthesis due to intron spreading in the ancient archaeal genome following mitochondrial acquisition and loss of methanogenesis. BioEssays 28: 525–533, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Deacon’s target article is a welcome contribution not only on “biological information” but, more generally, on representation in cognitive science. Some kind of explanation and justification for use of the terms “representation” and “interpretant” for primordial autogen system would be helpful. A connection between the notions of “information” and “representation” can be elaborated more in this respect.

The eukaryote cell is one of the most radical innovations in the history of life, and the circumstances of its emergence are still deeply contested. This paper will outline the recent history of attempts to reveal these origins, with special attention to the argumentative strategies used to support claims about the first eukaryote cell. I will focus on two general models of eukaryogenesis: the phagotrophy model and the syntrophy model. As their labels indicate, they are based on claims about metabolic (...) relationships. The first foregrounds the ability to consume other organisms; the second the ability to enter into symbiotic metabolic arrangements. More importantly, however, the first model argues for the autogenous or self-generated origins of the eukaryote cell, and the second for its exogenous or externally generated origins. Framing cell evolution this way leads each model to assert different priorities in regard to cell-biological versus molecular evidence, cellular versus environmental influences, plausibility versus evolutionary probability, and irreducibility versus the continuity of cell types. My examination of these issues will conclude with broader reflections on the implications of eukaryogenesis studies for a philosophical understanding of scientific contestation. (shrink)

In the target article “How molecules became signs” I offer a molecular “thought experiment” that provides a paradigm for resolving the major incompatibilities between biosemiotic and natural science accounts of living processes. To resolve these apparent incompatibilities I outline a plausible empirically testable model system that exemplifies the emergence of chemical processes exhibiting semiotic causal properties from basic nonliving chemical processes. This model system is described as an autogenic virus because of its virus-like form, but its nonparasitic self-repair and reproductive (...) dynamics. The 16 commentaries responding to this proposal recognize its material plausibility but are divided on its value in resolving this basic biosemiotic challenge. In response, I have addressed some of the most serious criticisms raised and have attempted to diagnose the major sources of incompatible assumptions that distinguish the autogenic paradigm from other major paradigms. In particular, I focus on four main issues: the significance of the shift from a cellular to a viral perspective, the relevance of intrinsic versus extrinsic initiation and channeling of interpretive work, the insufficiency of molecular replication as a basis for grounding biological semiosis, and a (universal?) three step scaffolding logic that enables referential displacement of sign vehicle properties without loss of referential continuity (as exemplified by DNA-protein relations). Although I can’t conclude that this is the only way that biosemiotic properties can emerge from physical-chemical relations that otherwise lack these properties, I contend that this approach offers a biologically plausible demonstration that it is possible. (shrink)

Examines indirect learning, suggestion, trance, psychodrama, relaxation, autogenics, bio-feedback, visualization, intuition, mind-control and meditation as approaches and techniques which can contribute to teaching and learning.

This paper aims to present, from the perspective of Edmund Husserl, the concepts of consciousness, subjectivity and time. For the development of such purpose, the following husserlian original texts have been mainly utilized: Logical Investigations, On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time and Cartesian Meditations. This text initially presents the concept of consciousness as a real phenomenological unity of the ego’s experiences, as self-consciousness and as intentional experiences will be exposed. Subjectivity is approached based on the concepts of (...) empirical self and pure self. Time, on the other hand, is explored from a phenomenological standpoint. Finally, the last item shows the intrinsic relationship established between the concepts of time and subjectivity, thus demonstrating the concept of the absolute flow of experiencing, which is timeless, and which is the ultimate and true absolute. Paradoxically, it demonstrates that it is in the actual flow that temporality is originated, and it is in the temporality, through experiences, that subjective life is put into effect and is consolidated; i.e.,,it clearly demonstrates that time is the catalyst for the development of subjectivity through temporal experiences and that it is in the essential autogenic relationship that conditions are created for the development of life in unity, whose process is characterized by openness to time, a flow in the live perpetuity of the now. (shrink)

Endothelial cells in culture have, in the past, been a valuable but capricious tool to test hypotheses on the role of components of the blood vessel wall in such functions as blood pressure homeostasis, hemostasis, permeability, transport of macromolecules and the processing of circulating biologically active substances. Now techniques are becoming available for raising long‐term, large‐scale cultures that can be maintained reproducibly and without loss of phenotypic characteristics. The outlook for establishing endothelial cell factories invites speculation on some far‐reaching possibilities, (...) such as endothelial cell banks that could be used for seeding autogenous cells on vascular prostheses, artificial kidney tubing, heart valves, or corneas, or for virus production, or for synthesis by endothelial cells of products at present beyond the reach of bacterial cells. (shrink)

Since March 14, 2020, Spain has been in a state of alarm, due to the crisis created by the outbreak of COVID-19. This measure has led to strict levels of lockdown. This situation has led to an increase in anxiety levels among the younger population. For this reason, an intervention was carried out with university voluntary participants in order to help lower their anxiety levels. Specifically, a telematic workshop was implemented to teach emotional literacy and relaxation techniques combined with the (...) practice of the techniques in an autonomous manner. Anxiety measurements were taken before and after the workshop using the GAD7 scale. The results show that Jacobson's progressive relaxation techniques, Schultz's autogenous relaxation, abdominal relaxations and visualizations are effective in lowering the anxiety levels of university students being an alternative to pharmacotherapy. (shrink)

Through a simple model of autogenic interpreting system featuring molecular constraint-work dynamics, Deacon critically tackles the issue of the nature of information in living systems and proposes that interpretation of a molecule as information about something else is more important than molecular replication. Two aspects of the target article are highlighted in this commentary. First, Deacon’s illustrations nicely resonate with and instantiate the wisdom in the doctrine of yin-yang in Chinese philosophy. Second, his theorizing demonstrates a bold intellectual innovation with (...) regard to Peircean semiotics. In short, the article exemplifies what highly relevant, and succinct, semiotic modeling looks like. (shrink)

Why do we call this a "non-book"? Because this is not a text you "read at". Its very structure and contents are designed to put you into the "Energized Hypnosis" state as you learn how to do it at will. Reading is doing!!