The aim of the research was to find out whether participants completing an SCM questionnaire to assess attitudes towards the Roma would give different answers in response to different sets of instructions. Three sets of instructions were tested using cognitive interviews: answer from your personal viewpoint, from the viewpoint of the majority of Slovaks, from the viewpoint of those close to you. The research sample comprised 24 respondents, of whom 12 were upper secondary school students and 12 working adults. Responses (...) from the personal viewpoint differed markedly from responses from the viewpoint of the majority of Slovaks, but were very similar to responses from the viewpoint of those close to the person. In the research, internal and external motivation to respond with/without prejudice was also investigated. Participants with internalised unbiased beliefs showed a preference for assessing the Roma minority from their own viewpoint, while participants with internalised biased beliefs thought the instructions were unimportant. (shrink)

Imitation, deliberation, and mindreading are characteristically human sociocognitive skills. Research on imitation and its role in social cognition is flourishing across various disciplines. Imitation is surveyed in this target article under headings of behavior, subpersonal mechanisms, and functions of imitation. A model is then advanced within which many of the developments surveyed can be located and explained. The shared circuits model (SCM) explains how imitation, deliberation, and mindreading can be enabled by subpersonal mechanisms of control, mirroring, and simulation. It is (...) cast at a middle, functional level of description, that is, between the level of neural implementation and the level of conscious perceptions and intentional actions. The SCM connects shared informational dynamics for perception and action with shared informational dynamics for self and other, while also showing how the action/perception, self/other, and actual/possible distinctions can be overlaid on these shared informational dynamics. It avoids the common conception of perception and action as separate and peripheral to central cognition. Rather, it contributes to the situated cognition movement by showing how mechanisms for perceiving action can be built on those for active perception.;>;>The SCM is developed heuristically, in five layers that can be combined in various ways to frame specific ontogenetic or phylogenetic hypotheses. The starting point is dynamic online motor control, whereby an organism is closely attuned to its embedding environment through sensorimotor feedback. Onto this are layered functions of prediction and simulation of feedback, mirroring, simulation of mirroring, monitored inhibition of motor output, and monitored simulation of input. Finally, monitored simulation of input specifying possible actions plus inhibited mirroring of such possible actions can generate information about the possible as opposed to actual instrumental actions of others, and the possible causes and effects of such possible actions, thereby enabling strategic social deliberation. Multiple instances of such shared circuits structures could be linked into a network permitting decomposition and recombination of elements, enabling flexible control, imitative learning, understanding of other agents, and instrumental and strategic deliberation. While more advanced forms of social cognition, which require tracking multiple others and their multiple possible actions, may depend on interpretative theorizing or language, the SCM shows how layered mechanisms of control, mirroring, and simulation can enable distinctively human cognitive capacities for imitation, deliberation, and mindreading. (shrink)

사상의학(四象醫學, Sasang Constitutional Medicine)은 동무 이제마(1937∼1900)가 창안한 것으로, 사상철학(四象哲學, Four Quadrants Philosophy)을 바탕으로 성립된, 사상(史上) 유래 없는 독특한 특징을 보이는 의학이다. 동무가 ‘사상한(四象限)’이라는 발상을 정확히 언제 떠올렸는지 문헌상에 나타나는 기록으로는 확인되지 않는다. 동무의 대표적인 저작으로는 『격치고(格致藁)』(1880∼1893)와 『동의수세보원(東醫壽世保元)』(1894)이 있는데, 『격치고』 첫 내용부터 ‘사상한’ 도식이 나오는 것을 보면, 초기 발상은 『격치고』 찬술(撰述) 이전이었을 것이다.BR이미 널리 알려진 바와 같이, 세계적인 철학자이자 통합 심리학자인 켄 윌버(Ken Wilber, 1949∼)의 학문적 내용을 전체적으로 언급하는 개념은 “사상한(四象限, AQAL(All Quadrant, All Level))”이다. 윌버는 이 ‘AQAL’을 자신이 만들어낸 새로운 창안이라고 (...) 주장한다. 그의 말대로 근(近) 20년의 오랜 숙고기간(윌버 모델 1기(1977∼1979)∼4기(1995∼2001))을 통해 나온 발상이다.BR하지만, 동무의 『격치고』(1880∼1893)에 나타나는 사상한 모델은 윌버의 것과 동일한 것이다. 그래서 동무 의학의 특징이 한마디로 ‘사상(四象)’으로 표징(表徵)되기에, 후대 학자들에 의하여 공식적으로 “사상의학(四象醫學)”으로 불린다. 윌버의 “AQAL(All Quadrant, All Level)” 또한 마찬가지다. ‘AQAL’의 구체적인 의미는 ‘온상한(All Quadrant)’, ‘온수준(All Level)’이지만, ‘AQAL’ 모형의 가장 큰 특징이 ‘네 상한’이기에 ‘사상한(四象限)’으로 번역한다. 이와 같이 동무의 의학과 윌버의 AQAL을 모두 ‘사상(四象)’이라고 명명하는 것은 우연의 일치가 아니라, 기의(記意)가 같기 때문이다.BR그런데 현재 사상의학의 영문 표기는 “Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM, 四象體質醫學)”으로 통용되고 있다. 이로써 국내외적으로 동무의 ‘사상의학(四象醫學)’이 윌버 ‘사상한(四象限, AQAL)’의 전범(典範)이 된다는 사실이 간과되고 있다.BR이에 본 논문에서는 동무의 사상의학과 윌버의 사상한의 기의(記意, signifié)와 기표(記標, signifiant)를 검토하고 그 대안을 제시하는 데서 인식 전환의 출발점을 찾는다. (shrink)

The shared circuits model (SCM) is a bold attempt to explain how humans make sense of action, at different levels. In this commentary we single out five concerns: (1) the lack of a developmental account, (2) the absence of double-dissociation evidence, (3) the neglect of joint attention and joint action, (4) the inability to explain discrete emotion perception, and (5) the lack of predictive power or testability of the model. We conclude that Hurley's model requires further work before it could (...) be seen as an improvement over earlier models. (shrink)

In response to Frontiers’ 2020 Call for Papers on “Stereotypes and Intercultural Relations: Interdisciplinary Integration, New Approaches, and New Contexts,” my paper integrates the scientific study of stereotypes with a literary-theatrical exploration of stereotyping. The focus is on Tibor Egervari’s post-Auschwitz adaptation of Shakespeare’s anti-Semitic comedy The Merchant of Venice, with a very brief look at his related work on Christopher Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta and his 1998 collaboration with conductor Georg Tintner on a touring production of composer Viktor (...) Ullmann’s and librettist Peter Kien’s one-act opera, The Emperor of Atlantis, or Death’s Refusal, composed in the “model” concentration camp Terezín, in 1943–1944. Egervari’s theater art critically deconstructs what he calls “the Old Jew” stereotype in specific ways highly readable using the Stereotype Content Model and Behavior from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes map. Theater performance can sometimes embody the forceful dynamic traced by the BIAS map, from cognition to affect to behavior. Egervari’s original adapation, which sets The Merchant of Venice in Auschwitz, reveals this dynamic clearly. My interdisciplinary study of Egervari’s theatrical-cultural work validates the SCM and BIAS map for literary studies and interprets the Shylock stereotype in the terms of those models and through the lens of Egervari’s anti-Nazi adaptation of Shakespeare’s Merchant. (shrink)

La philosophie de la religion de Wittgenstein et des philosophes analytiques qui l’ont suivi est-elle ou non un fidéisme ? Le livre est né d’une rencontre tardive entre deux penseurs qui ont engagé le débat, indépendamment l’un de l’autre, au milieu des années soixante. Au terme d’une douzaine de chapitres composés en alternance, à l’écriture toujours serrée et au ton parfois vif, les auteurs n’abandonnent pas leurs positions initiales, même si elles se sont nuancées avec les années. Il revie..

New Blackfriars, Volume 103, Issue 1103, Page 153-156, January 2022.