First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

"La palabra prueba, tomada en el sentido más lato, y así es como la entendemos aquí, designa todo medio directo o indirecto de llegar al conocimiento de los hechos. Pero frecuentemente se da a esta expresión un significado más restringido, cuando se distingue lo que es evidente de lo que necesita probarse. Hay ciertos hechos que nos hieren, por decirlo así, inmediatamente, que percibimos sin ningún intermediario, cuya impresión en la inteligencia es tan viva como la de la luz en (...) el órgano de la vista; hay otros que no alcanzamos sino por medio de otros hechos precedentemente percibidos por la vía del raciocinio, que nos conduce de lo conocido a lo desconocido. En el primer caso, la prueba es directa, intuitiva; en el segundo caso es indirecta, mediata. Siendo esta última prueba la única que exige de la inteligencia una operación más o menos complicada, es también la única que recibe, en el lenguaje vulgar, el nombre de prueba". Edouard Bonnier. (shrink)

Excerpt from Geschichte der Deutschen Philosophie Seit Leibniz Die präftabilirte @armonie 124. Demeiß be? Dafeinß (öotteß 125. (öotteäbegriff 128. Die befie 28elt unb ihre 92othroenbigteit 128. Determinifmuß 132; Dollfommenheit ber qbelt 133; Dheobicee 134; baß Döfe 140. Dranfcenbeng (R)otteä 143. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original (...) format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

How does state policy shape our most intimate desires? This groundbreaking anthropological approach to the study of desire shows how Orthodox desires and their discontents are reshaped at the intersection of religion, reproduction and politics, highlighting how ethical choreographies between personal desire and the state emerge even in the most traditional settings.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections (...) in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. (shrink)

In his paper, The logic of obligation and the obligations of the logician, A.N. Prior considers Hintikka's theorem, according to which a statement cannot be both impossible and permissible. This theorem has been seen as problematic for the very idea of a logic of obligation. However, Prior rejects the view that the logic of obligation cannot be formalised. He sees this resistance against such a view as an important part of what could be called the obligation of the logician. Prior (...) argues that Hintikka's theorem should not be seen as something paradoxical. On the contrary, it should be seen as a fully acceptable consequence of a basic and reasonable assumption in deontic logic, namely Hintikka's rule. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Zusammenfassung Pattison behandelt in dem letzten Band seiner Philosophie des christlichen Lebens die titelgebende Frage nach einer Metaphysik der Liebe. Die Diskussion fokussiert sich auf eine Wiedergabe dreier zentraler Gedankengänge und Elemente: Zunächst auf die Rolle der Sprache mit ihren Formen als Ruf und Versprechen sowie anschließend auf das Verhältnis von Liebe und Zeit als Chronos und Kairos, in deren Verbindung Pattison seine Gedanken von einer individuellen auf eine kirchliche Ebene ausweitet. Schließlich wird nachgezeichnet, inwiefern für Pattison aus seinen dargelegten (...) Gedanken eine unumgängliche menschliche Solidarität folgt. Kritisch wird hinterfragt, wieso eine universale Liebe, wie sie Pattison vorschwebt, Selbstliebe generell ausschließt. (shrink)

This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923.

At samle artikler til en bog om filosofiens anvendelighed signalerer, at det ikke er en selvfølge, at man kan anvende filosofi enten til eller på noget. Fx at anvende den til at opnå ønskelige hensigter. Eller at anvende den på problemstillinger, der dukker op i løbet af et menneskeligt liv, og ikke kan løses på anden eller i hvert fald på en bedre måde. Bogens hensigt er at undersøge, om filosofi kan anvendes på hvilke problemstillinger og til at opnå hvilke (...) ønskelige resultater. Bogens elleve forskellige artikler søger at besvare begge disse spørgsmål fra lige så mange forskellige perspektiver og på lige så mange forskellige måder. Om der er underliggende ligheder mellem disse svar, hvori der måske aftegner sig en fælles grund for filosofiens anvendelighed - skal være overladt til læserens opdagelseslyst. (fra Forlaget). (shrink)

Virtue, the centerpiece of ancient ethics, has come under attack by virtue skeptics impressed by results of psychology experiments including Milgram’s obedience studies. The virtue skeptic argues that experimental findings suggest that character structures are so fragile vis-à-vis situational factors as to be explanatorily superfluous: virtues and robust character traits are a myth, and should be replaced by situation-specific “narrow dispositions” (Gilbert Harman) or “local traits” (John Doris). This paper argues that the virtue skeptics’ sweeping claims are ill-founded. First, blending (...) Aristotelian and contemporary insights about virtue, I reach adecision about a reasonable, nonstraw defmition of “virtue” and of “character trait.” Next, I argue that explanations give by Lee Ross and Richard Nisbett for the Milgram findings covertly invoke character traits. Reflection reveals that more robust, crosssituationally consistent traits are needed for explanation of subject behavior, and that it is reasonable to suppose that such traits were in place. (shrink)

Molecular and developmental studies of limb pattern formation have recently gained widespread attention. The fact that vertebrate limbs are amenable to both genetic and embryological manipulations has established this model system as a valuable paradigm for studying vertebrate development. Limb buds are polarised along all three major axes and the establishment of the dorso‐ventral (DV) polarity is dependent upon cues localised in the trunk, where a DV ectodermal interface is produced by confrontation of dorsal and ventral identities. By analogy to (...) Drosophila imaginal disc development, this interface has been proposed to determine and position an ectodermal organising centre, the Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER), controlling limb bud outgrowth. Recent fate mapping studies(1) and studies of genes regulating DV limb polarity(2‐6), AER formation(7,8) and differentiation(9) suggest, however, that DV patterning and AER induction, though coordinately regulated during limb bud outgrowth, may early on be more dissociated than expected. (shrink)

It seems obvious that signs in visual art and musical notation are static carriers of visual and acoustic information. Both types of sign, however, represent dynamic processes. In real space-time, there exists no static visible thing or static audible sound. The sources of visible or audible information are dynamic – i.e. complementary substantialenergetic-informational – entities extending in space-time. The same is true of an artificial or organic receiver and processor of visual or audible information. Reality and semiosis – to be, (...) to be perceived, and to be understood or to communicate – are dynamic processes. From a semiotic point of view, thus, pictures, photographic or artistic sign structures can’t be icons – in any case, if icons in a Peirceian manner are understood as signs representing objects for an interpretant by similarity . Similarity between icon and object is not a static precondition but a dynamic result of visual semiosis, i.e. of categorizing. Seeing something or hearing something is, as a consequence, not an “intuitive” or instantaneous Gestalt shift between representamen and object ongoing in an interpretant. And so, according to Fernande SaintMartin 1990: “visual semiotics … has to adopt an epistemology which is more in agreement with the dynamics of observed phenomena. It will recognize that matter is not inertness, but energy.” If the material carrier of semiosis, the representamen, already is to be understood as energy or dynamic process, all the more the whole complementary triadic sign-relation – object-representamen-interpretant – has to be understood as energetic information flow. This is being recognized in the transition from naturalistic, i.e. reproducing or mapping art, to modern, i.e. processing or interpreting/transducing art. Paul Klee 1990 for example says about the semiotic function of visual art: “Art doesn’t reproduce the visible but makes visible” . And he correlates the artistic activity of visualizing with the primordial, cosmogonic process of formation: “Reduced to the primordial process of formation, to creation, the process of cell division emerges” . Visual artistic semiosis is, thus, obviously to be understood as the process of emerging dynamic sign structures. It is the skill of the painter that makes the static results of dynamic semiosis “readable” for the viewer as signs – lines and surfaces - of the dynamic visual meaning of the picture. (shrink)