Der dritte Abschnitt der Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten gilt als der am schwierigsten zu interpretierende Text der praktischen Philosophie Kants. Argumentationsziel und Aufbau des Textes sind bis heute umstritten, seine Deutung hängt in hohem Maße von philologischen Fragestellungen ab. Der Kommentar interpretiert den dritten Abschnitt der Grundlegung Satz für Satz entlang dem Fortgang des Textes. Er widmet der gängigen These von der Deduktion des kategorischen Imperativs kritische Aufmerksamkeit und analysiert Überlegungen Kants zum sittlichen Bewusstsein, die bereits auf die Faktum-Lehre (...) der zweiten Kritik vorausweisen. (shrink)

In his applied moral philosophy, Kant formulates the parents’ duty to make their child happy. I argue that, for Kant, this duty is an ad hoc attempt at compensating for the parental guilt of having brought a person into the condition of existence – and hence also having created her need for happiness – on their own initiative. I argue that Kant’s considerations regarding parental duties and human reproduction in general imply arguments for an ethically justified anti-natalism, but that this (...) position is abolished in his teleology for meta-ethical reasons. (shrink)

Two issues are at the core of a seemingly never-ending debate about Groundwork III: First, does Kant in GMS III still think he has to deduce the moral law partly from non-moral presuppositions by making a transition from theoretical to practical freedom, as Schönecker argues? Or does Kant already regard the categorical imperative as grounded in a fact of reason, as Puls argues? It is, secondly, no less unclear what exactly is meant by the “deduction” Kant mentions in three (...) places in GMS III. While Puls claims that Kant is referring to the deduction of the idea of freedom from the unquestionable consciousness of pure practical reason, Schönecker contends that GMS III is ultimately about the deduction of the categorical imperative. Schönecker takes issue with Puls’s position as developed, and Puls replies. (shrink)

Einer weit verbreiteten Lesart zu folge hat Kant mit seiner Kritik der praktischen Vernunft den Ansatz der Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sittenverworfen. Während er in der Grundlegung noch an einer Deduktion der Freiheit und Sittengesetzes arbeite, habe er diesen Gedanken in der zweiten Kritik mit seiner Theorie vom Faktum der Vernunft aufgegeben. Dementsprechend wird auch angenommen, dass das Gefühl der Achtung, welches in Kants Faktum-Lehre eine zentrale Rolle spielt, in der Grundlegung keine zentrale Funktion zukomme. Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht die (...) Funktion der Achtung in dieser Schrift und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass der Achtung schon dieselbe moralepistemische Funktion zukommt, wie in der zweiten Kritik. Kant behandelt im Kontext der Zirkelproblematik der Grundlegung ausgiebig das moralische Interesse. Dieser Ausdruck ist lediglich ein anderer Begriff für die Achtung. Dieser kommt damit für die Auflösung des Zirkelverdachts in GMS III eine bedeutende Funktion zu und ihre Bedeutung für die Grundlegung als ganze muss revidiert werden. (shrink)

In jüngerer Zeit findet wieder eine vermehrte Auseinandersetzung mit den Kategorien der Freiheit in der Kritik der praktischen Vernunft statt. Die vorliegende Arbeit bereichert diese neu erwachte Diskussion, indem sie anhand einer entwicklungsgeschichtlich orientierten Betrachtung die vernunftarchitektonische Stellung praktischer Kategorien bei Kant umfassend analysiert: Die Untersuchung nimmt ihren Ausgang bei einer frühen Reflexion, in der Kant die "Categorien der Moralität" als Funktionen der Freiheit bestimmt, und verfolgt das Thema einer praktischen Kategorienlehre über dessen eigentliche Entfaltung in der zweiten Kritik hinaus (...) bis in die Metaphysik der Sitten, in der sich in Kant bei der Entfaltung von Rechts- und Tugendlehre eines kategorialen Leitfadens bedient. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Kant-Studien Jahrgang: 106 Heft: 4 Seiten: 596-625.

Name der Zeitschrift: Kant-Studien Jahrgang: 107 Heft: 3 Seiten: 585-586.

Heiko Puls’ work Sittliches Bewusstsein und Kategorischer Imperativ in Kants Grundlegung: Ein Kommentar zum dritten Abschnitt, presents an attempt to show that, in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant’s argumentation for the objective value of the categorical imperative is almost based upon the same principle as the one presented in the second Critique. More precisely, Puls claims that, like in the Critique of Practical Reason, the Groundwork operates with some kind of fact of reason-theory, which (...) means that our consciousness of the moral law is the ratio cognoscendi of our freedom of will. Accordingly, there is no conclusion from a kind of non-moral consciousness of freedom to the freedom of will and from here to the objective value of the categorical imperative, as many interpreters assume. Due to the ambitiousness of his main thesis and his detailed and subtle way of arguing, Puls’ work represents an important and innovative contribution to recent research on Kant’s Groundwork. Nevertheless, his interpretations sometimes seem to favour analysis of loose philological relationships over closer looks on the contexts of passages. Or he focuses excessively on isolated textual evidences for his readings without appropriately recognising the various other evidences against it. In what follows, I give examples for this criticism. (shrink)

chapter Introduction Poststructuralist perspectives on language, gender and sexual identity Since the inception of the field of language and gender in the, ...

This conceptual paper analyses the arguments which have been made in favour of a transition towards humanistic management. In order to reconcile economic as well as moral arguments an integrative model of humanistic management is presented. This model outlines prospective lines of empirical research especially in the area where business conduct is profitable but not humanistic.

What is the purpose of our economic system? What would a more life-serving economy look like? There are many books about business and society, yet very few of them question the primacy of GDP growth, profit maximization and individual utility maximization. Even developments with a humanistic touch like stakeholder participation, corporate social responsibility or corporate philanthropy serve the same goal: to foster long-term growth and profitability. Humanism in Business questions these assumptions and investigates the possibility of creating a human-centered, value-oriented (...) society based on humanistic principles. An international team of academics and practitioners present philosophical, spiritual, economic, psychological and organizational arguments that show how humanism can be used to understand, and possibly transform, business at three different levels: the systems level, the organizational level and the individual level. This groundbreaking book will be of interest to academics, practitioners and policymakers concerned with business ethics and the relationship between business and society. (shrink)

Using an explicit task cuing paradigm, we tested whether masked cues can trigger task-set activation, which would suggest that unconsciously presented stimuli can impact cognitive control processes. Based on a critical assessment of previous findings on the priming of task-set activation, we present two experiments with a new method to approach this subject. Instead of using a prime, we varied the visibility of the cue. These cues either directly signaled particular tasks in Experiment 1, or certain task transitions in Experiment (...) 2. While both masked task and transition cues affected task choice, only task cues affected the speed of task performance. This observation suggests that task-specific stimulus–response rules can be activated only by masked cues that are uniquely associated with a particular task. Taken together, these results demonstrate that unconsciously presented stimuli have the power to activate corresponding task sets. (shrink)

This study presents a contrastive corpus linguistic analysis of language use before and after Stonewall. It uses theoretical insights on normativity from the field of language and sexuality to investigate how the shifting normativities associated with the Stonewall Riots – widely considered the central event of gay liberation in the Western world – have shaped our conceptualization of sexuality as it surfaces in language use. Drawing on two corpora of gay men’s pre-Stonewall narratives dating from two time periods, the analysis (...) combines quantitative and qualitative corpus linguistic methods to examine discursive shifts as evident from narrators’ language use. The study identifies the terms homosexual and normal as central contrastive labels in PRE, and gay and straight as corresponding terms in POST. Other discursive shifts detected are from sexual desire/practices to identity, from an individualistic to a community-based conceptualization of sexuality, and from unquestioned heteronormativity and gender binarism to a weakening of such dominant discourses. The findings are discussed in relation to the desire-identity shift, which is traditionally assumed to have taken place at the end of the 19th century, and shed new light on Stonewall as a central event for the development of an identity-based conceptualization of sexuality as we know it today. (shrink)

While organizational learning literature has generated significant insight into the effective and efficient achievement of organizational goals as well as to the modus of learning, it is currently unable to describe moral learning processes in organizations consistently. Corporations need to learn morally if they want to deal effectively with stakeholders criticizing their conduct. Nongovernmental organizations do not ask corporations to be more effective or efficient in what they do, but to become more responsible or to learn morally. Current research on (...) the moral aspect of organizational learning has been primarily of a theoretical nature and is in need of empirical verification. Results of a longitudinal case study as Citigroup’s conflict with the Rainforest Action Network show that current organizational moral learning theories do not fit the moral learning path observed at Citigroup. More empirical research is needed to describe organizational moral learning. (shrink)

This paper has two goals. The first is to develop a cross-linguistically valid model of modality and mood that captures the most important dimensions along which modal expressions vary. I posit a model with two such dimensions, one of volitivity, and one of event-orientation vs. speaker-orientation, mood being placed at the speaker-oriented end relative to modality proper. The second goal is to provide a new perspective on semantic change of modal expressions on the basis of the proposed model. I argue (...) that unidirectional change along the event-oriented / speaker-oriented dimension is the one overarching tendency of semantic change in modals. This stands in contrast to the widespread perception that change from deontic to epistemic is the dominant tendency. The directionality suggested in this new model is also more comprehensive than previously proposed tendencies of change, such as ‘‘from agent-oriented to epistemic’’, ‘‘from agent-oriented to speaker-oriented’’, and ‘‘from participant-internal to participant-external’’, as it better accounts for various kinds of change that have been previously neglected, including change from epistemic to deontic. (shrink)

The present study evaluates the cognitive representation of a kicking movement performed by a human and a humanoid robot, and how they are represented in experts and novices of soccer and robotics, respectively. To learn about the expertise-dependent development of memory structures, we compared the representation structures of soccer experts and robot experts concerning a human and humanoid robot kicking movement. We found different cognitive representation structures for both expertise groups under two different motor performance conditions . In general, the (...) expertise relies on the perceptual-motor knowledge of the human motor system. Thus, the soccer experts’ cognitive representation of the humanoid robot movement is dominated by their representation of the corresponding human movement. Additionally, our results suggest that robot experts, in contrast to soccer experts, access functional features of the technical system of the humanoid robot in addition to their perceptual-motor knowledge about the human motor system. Thus, their perceptual-motor and neuro-functional machine representation are integrated into a cognitive representation of the humanoid robot movement. (shrink)

Cancer is a complex disease, necessitating research on many different levels; at the subcellular level to identify genes, proteins and signaling pathways associated with the disease; at the cellular level to identify, for example, cell-cell adhesion and communication mechanisms; at the tissue level to investigate disruption of homeostasis and interaction with the tissue of origin or settlement of metastasis; and finally at the systems level to explore its global impact, e.g. through the mechanism of cachexia. Mathematical models have been proposed (...) to identify key mechanisms that underlie dynamics and events at every scale of interest, and increasing effort is now being paid to multi-scale models that bridge the different scales. With more biological data becoming available and with increased interdisciplinary efforts, theoretical models are rendering suitable tools to predict the origin and course of the disease. The ultimate aims of cancer models, however, are to enlighten our concept of the carcinogenesis process and to assist in the designing of treatment protocols that can reduce mortality and improve patient quality of life. Conventional treatment of cancer is surgery combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy for localized tumors or systemic treatment of advanced cancers, respectively. Although radiation is widely used as treatment, most scheduling is based on empirical knowledge and less on the predictions of sophisticated growth dynamical models of treatment response. Part of the failure to translate modeling research to the clinic may stem from language barriers, exacerbated by often esoteric model renderings with inaccessible parameterization. Here we discuss some ideas for combining tractable dynamical tumor growth models with radiation response models using biologically accessible parameters to provide a more intuitive and exploitable framework for understanding the complexity of radiotherapy treatment and failure. (shrink)

O presente artigo estabelece algumas das linhas fundamentais relativas à recepção do pensamento de Søren Kierkegaard desde a segunda metade do século XIX até ao presente. Para além de algumas observações sobre o panorama europeu no seu conjunto e o desenvolvimento do mesmo processo na América do Norte, o artigo focaliza a sua atenção no caso alemão, sendo que o autor enfatiza sobretudo a recepção filosófica e teológica do pensador de Copenhaga, pelo que, naturalmente, os âmbitos da literatura e da (...) Teoria Literária são tocados apenas de forma marginal. Assim, o artigo oferece-nos uma história da recepção da obra kierkegaardiana em quatro fases distintas, as quais se mostra corresponderem a seis modos fundamentais de recepção: entre 1860-1890 (recepção sem produção ou produção sem recepção); entre 1890--1910 (sobretudo recepção não-produtiva); entre 1910-1945 (sobretudo recepção produtiva ou formas mistas); desde 1945 (sobretudo produção receptiva). /// The article outlines major historical trends and types of the reception of Kierkegaard's thought between mid 19th century and the present. Occasional glances at the European and American situation notwithstanding it is focused on a survey of the German development. Moreover, the emphasis lies on the philosophical and theological reception, whereas the literary and literature-theoretical aspects of the subject are only touched upon marginally. The upshot of the analysis is a reception-history, which unfolds, roughly speaking, in four basic stages, corresponding in a particular way to six major types of reception: around 1860-1890 (mainly either reception without production or production without reception); around 1890-1910 (mainly unproductive reception); around 1910-1945 (mainly either productive reception or mixed types); since 1945 (mainly receptive production). (shrink)

This note proposes to emend the problematic preserved reading ad cuius mensae sacra (Val. Max. 4.2.3) to ad Iouis mensae sacra.