Traditionally inscribed at the margins of moral and political theory, it is time, after centuries of ongoing debates originated and grounded in Modernity’s values, to reflect on the status of Feminist Theory. Defined basically as critical theory —apostille of the mainstream theory—, feminist thought can be defined as theory tout court, in so far as the egalitarian discourses are central parts of moral and political thought and feminism is philosophical. This paper addresses the ambivalent relation between feminist theory and moral-political (...) theory with a critical view that upholds an integral vision that incorporates the dimension of care into the male-stream, and takes into account gender differences as well as the division between the public and private spheres. (shrink)

El presente artículo ofrece una reflexión sobre el estatus de las asignaturas de filosofía y de ética cívica en el currículo educativo oficial de grado medio en España, tras la reforma legislativa de 2013, con el fin de poner de relieve la importancia de las humanidades y de la filosofía para el desarrollo de la cultura cívica, universal y cosmopolita. Palabras clave: Educación oficial, ética civil, España, filosofía, humanidades, LOMCE.

La idea de publicar este suplemento surgióen el tercer taller internacional del proyecto de investigación Civic Constellation que fue organizado en el Instituto para la Paz de las Islas Åland (Mariehamn, Finlandia) en septiembre de 2013. El Suplemento 20 de Contrastes. Revista Internacional de Filosofía reúne una selección de artículos reelaborados y revisados a partir de las comunicaciones inéditas que se presentaron en dicho taller, cuyo objetivo es reflexionar sobre los retos de la teoría democrática y los estudios de la (...) ciudadanía. (shrink)

A comienzos del siglo veintiuno, la independencia y la soberanía absolutas de los estados son asuntos acuciantes. La emergencia de entidades supranacionales como las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Europea tras las Segunda Guerra Mundial plantea nuevos retos a la hegemonía política y la soberanía de los estados. De hecho, el proceso de integración europea obliga a reconsiderar conceptos y procedimientos básicos de la democracia representativa y de la ciudadanía más allá del marco del estado-nación. Este artículo se centra en (...) la dimensión cívica del proceso de integración europea y discute los logros y debilidades de la Unión Europea con respecto a la libre circulación de ciudadanos y el desarrollo de una ciudadanía europea. (shrink)

La diferencia generacional afecta la relación alumnos-profesores universitarios y tiene consecuencias en el aprendizaje. Para promover la apertura al diálogo de esos grupos sobre temas conflictivos, se desarrollaron una serie de talleres para una experiencia de diálogo sobre la cuestión del género. El enfoque fue multidisciplinar incluyendo elementos de filosofía, sociología, comunicación y bioética. Las líneas teóricas de abordaje fueron los “extraños morales” (moral strangers) de Engelhardt, un paralelo con el diálogo intercultural, y la comunicación a nivel de los valores (...) en juego. Este artículo recoge la metodología de los dos días de talleres impartidos en una universidad de México. Los participantes fueron 50 jóvenes (entre 18 y 25 años) y 50 adultos. Se llevaron a cabo 4 talleres y 2 encuestas, intercalados por 3 conferencias. El artículo presenta cada actividad con el correspondiente objetivo de aprendizaje y los resultados. En la conclusión, se ofrecen algunas lecciones sobre el diálogo intergeneracional y sobre el diálogo sobre la cuestión del género. (shrink)

Ameriški bogovi (Starz 2017–2021) in Peščeni mož (Netflix 2022– ), dve izrazito gledljivi avdiovizualni seriji, sta priredbi priljubljenega romana Neila Gaimana (2001) in njegove predhodne serije stripov (1989–1996). Obe sta navdihnjeni s klasično in nordijsko mitologijo ter odražata razvoj kulturno in družbeno pomembnih tem, do katerega je prišlo med objavo njunih literarnih predlog in predvajanjem televizijskih serij. Zanimivo je, da priredba romana vključuje več olimpskih bogov, vendar zamolči vpliv Herodota. Po drugi strani je Peščeni mož v svoji televizijski različici, natančneje (...) v tu obravnavani zadnji epizodi prve sezone z naslovom Kaliopa, v prizorih spolne zlorabe precej manj grafičen; drastičnejše podobe prepušča gledalčevi domišljiji, a hkrati doseže še bolj izrazito empatijo do trpeče žrtve in ostro obsodbo storjene nezaslišanosti. (shrink)

Remembering and forgetting are the two poles of the memory system. Consequently, any approach to memory should be able to explain both remembering and forgetting in order to gain a comprehensive and insightful understanding of the memory system. Can an enactive approach to memory processes do so? In this article I propose a possible way to provide a positive answer to this question. In line with some current enactive approaches to memory, I suggest that forgetting –similarly to remembering– might be (...) constituted within an embodied and active process. Within this process, some simulation and re-enactment paths would acquire more relevance than others. This acquired relevance would make the activation of other paths of recall less likely, thus preventing the memory system from engaging in some episodic simulations. These changes in the likelihood of activation of some paths of recall –the forgotten ones– can be accounted for in an enactive fashion by studying both “internal” and “external” re-enactment and simulation paths. With regard to the latter, I propose to examine the process of forgetting by considering the engagement and affective relation of an embodied agent with her field of affordances. I suggest that, in the case of emotion-laden memories, the agent’s decoupling from some affordances of the environment might contribute to the process of forgetting, in that it would reduce the agent’s opportunities for situated episodic simulations. (shrink)

Philosophers of embodied and situated cognition have provided convincing explanations of what objects do in affective processes (e.g., in emotion regulation). They have often used the concept of 'affective affordance' to account for the affective role of objects but it is not clear how this concept relates to other concepts of affordance, in particular those used in empirical works in cognitive science. We start to fill this gap by providing a new definition of affective affordances and we suggest a possible (...) way to test this novel theoretical construct through a kinematic analysis of hand movements. (shrink)

In a series of three behavioral experiments, we found a systematic distortion of probability judgments concerning elementary visual stimuli. Participants were briefly shown a set of figures that had two features (e.g., a geometric shape and a color) with two possible values each (e.g., triangle or circle and black or white). A figure was then drawn, and participants were informed about the value of one of its features (e.g., that the figure was a “circle”) and had to predict the value (...) of the other feature (e.g., whether the figure was “black” or “white”). We repeated this procedure for various sets of figures and, by varying the statistical association between features in the sets, we manipulated the probability of a feature given the evidence of another (e.g., the posterior probability of hypothesis “black” given the evidence “circle”) as well as the support provided by a feature to another (e.g., the impact, or confirmation, of evidence “circle” on the hypothesis “black”). Results indicated that participants’ judgments were deeply affected by impact, although they only should have depended on the probability distributions over the features, and that the dissociation between evidential impact and posterior probability increased the number of errors. The implications of these findings for lower and higher level cognitive models are discussed. (shrink)

Imagine a sculptor who molds a lump of clay to create a statue. Hylomorphism claims that the statue and the lump of clay are two different colocated objects that have different forms, even though they share the same matter. Recently, there has been some discussion on the requirements of consistency for hylomorphist theories. In this paper, we focus on an argument presented by Maegan Fairchild, according to which a minimal version of hylomorphism is inconsistent. We argue that the argument is (...) unsound or, at best, it just points to a well-known problem for hylmorphist theories. Additionally, we explore some general consequences of this fact. (shrink)

Os Essays on the Law of Nature relançaram o debate em torno das relações entre a epistemologia e a filosofia política de Locke. O artigo aborda dois aspectos desta obra em que essas relações são particularmente visíveis: a definição lockiana da lei natural e a questão da sua cognoscibilidade. A comparação com as passagens paralelas de Tomás de Aquino, a que Locke alude, permite destacar a singularidade da posição de Locke, pondo em evidência o seu voluntarismo. Mencionam-se alguns aspectos desta (...) concepção da lei natural, que tem o seu fundamento último num certo modo de entender a razão humana e o seu alcance, e enunciam-se algumas das suas consequências. (shrink)

There is widespread interest in the possibility that music training enhances nonmusical abilities. This possibility has been examined primarily for speech perception and domain-general abilities su...

This article presents the findings of a study on homeschooling in Czechia. It focuses on the gender aspects of this uncommon educational decision. Based on forty-three individual interviews with homeschooling parents, the article’s unifying thread is interest in understanding how mothers are involved in the decision to homeschool, and how the practice is embedded in gendered relationships within the society. We explore the results from two perspectives. First, we consider how the choice to homeschool lies simultaneously in embracing and opposing (...) cultural imperatives of good mothering. Second, we explore the precarious status of homeschooling mothers in relation to economic independence. By shedding light on individual choice within social structures, we situate the practice of homeschooling within the gender inequalities of today’s society. (shrink)

In our contemporary age, where a combination of individualism and mutual distrust is unhappily common among people and society is “liquid” and disoriented, so-called intermediate units are a precious resource that promotes positive coexistence within organizations and in local communities, too. The present contribution describes an example of such an intermediate unit, the Talent Club, located in a peripheral neighborhood of a metropolitan area in northern Italy. This case study shows the development of positive living and working together in organizations (...) and their transformation in the tool for community development and good coexistence. Qualitative and quantitative data show that the relational aspect is crucial because it promotes authentic exchange among people, supporting participation and social cohesion against self-referential habits and isolation. Although at present the Talent Club is mostly functioning in a affiliating coexistence among members, seeds of a more generativ... (shrink)

Are occurrent states of forgetting literal experiences of absences? I situate this question within the debate on mental time travel (MTT) to understand whether these states can be explained as literal experiences of absent episodic memories. To frame my argument, I combine Barkasi and Rosen’s literal approach to MTT with Farennikova’s literal approach to the perception of absences, showing that both are built on the idea that for an experience to be literal it must afford an unmediated contact with the (...) object that constitutes it. I test the idea that forgetting affords literal experiences of mnemonic absences by considering different views of absence perception and I evaluate whether the objections raised against Farennikova’s approach also apply to my exploratory idea. I show that, while the idea resists the objections that an advocate of a cognitive approach to mnemonic absences may raise, the same does not apply to those elaborated by advocates of a metacognitive approach. Even if conceiving of occurrent states of forgetting as literal experiences of mnemonic absences sounds appealing, this idea is misleading. Therefore, I suggest conceiving of occurrent states of forgetting as states with metacognitive features, which track the absence of episodic memories from awareness in an affectively mediated way. (shrink)

De nombreuses recherches contemporaines affirment que les idées centrales de l’énactivisme et de l’‘Esprit Étendu’ ont une origine pragmatiste. La théorie du signe de Peirce ainsi que sa sémiotique cognitive, le concept énactiviste de sense-making et l’externalisme cognitif de l’‘Esprit Étendu’ partagent des aspects théoriques fondamentaux. En raison de ces points communs je suggère que le pragmatisme et la sémiotique de Peirce peuvent offrir des perspectives intéressantes pour mieux comprendre le débat entre l’énactivisme et l’‘Esprit Étendu’. Je prends en examen (...) un point sur lequel les deux théories sont en désaccord : le rôle des représentations dans les processus cognitifs. Je suggère qu’une perspective sur les représentations inspirée par le concept peircéen de signe peut offrir la base théorique pour une intégration de ces deux positions contemporaines. (shrink)

Num espaço acadêmico dominado por formalismos textuales, a arte constitui se numa revolução, assim a presente expressão artística se ergue como uma forma de diálogo entre o que pode ser entendido como fazer ciência e o lugar que as artes cênicas e performáticas podem gerar quando são colocadas em jogo no corpo de uma mulher que faz perguntas incômodas, que faz uso de um discurso que poderia parecer ininteligível e que qual borboleta, faz uma metamorfose que até chega a gerar (...) surpresa e espanto nela mesma e no público. (shrink)

Come mostrare quel che non deve essere predicato, né fondato? Che vuol dire convertirsi da un modo di vita a un altro? Può un’etica dell’accettazione significare qualcosa di diverso da un’etica della rassegnazione? L’autrice dell’articolo cercherà di offrire una risposta a simili domande, centrali per la riflessione di Wittgenstein sulla "forma di vita", a partire da una sua certa somiglianza con l’interrogativo metodologico sollevato dall’universo della credenza religiosa.

In this poster I compare two types of visualization that can be distinguished by the role of the viewer. In the first, which I call “closed visualization,” interpretation is seen as a decoding of meanings already set by the author. The other—“open visualization”—sees the viewer as an active co-creator of meanings. In its processual character, open visualization elicits the critical potential of the imagination and is open to new contexts and interpretations. As such, open visualization democratizes the production of knowledge (...) by enabling the critical analysis of the spectator. Instead of the hegemonic production of discourse typical of closed visualization, it introduces a “diagonal perspectivism” that allows problems to be seen from differentiated perspectives. As examples of the mentioned models of visualization I will analyze two projects: Neil Halloran’s The Shadow Peace: The Nuclear Threat and Aby Warburg’s Mnemosyne Atlas. (shrink)

Differences in Common engages in the ongoing debate on ‘community’ focusing on its philosophical and political aspects through a gendered perspective. It explores the subversive and enriching potential of the concept of community, as seen from the perspective of heterogeneity and distance, and not from homogeneity and fused adhesions. This theoretical reflection is, in most of the essays included here, based on the analysis of literary and filmic texts, which, due to their irreducible singularity, teach us to think without being (...) tied, or needing to resort, to commonplaces. Philosophers such as Arendt, Blanchot, Foucault, Agamben or Derrida have made seminal reflections on community, often inspired by contemporary historical events and sometimes questioning the term itself. More recently, thinkers like Judith Butler, Gayatri Spivak or Rada Ivekovic—included in this volume are essays by all three—have emphasized the gender bias in the debate, also problematizing the notion of community. Most of the essays gathered in Differences in Common conceive community not as the affirmation of several properties which would unite us to other similar individuals, but as the “expropriation” of ourselves (Esposito), in an intimate diaspora. Community does not fill the gap between subjects but places itself in this gap or void. This conception stresses the subject’s vulnerability, a topic which is also central to this volume. The body of community is thus opened by a “wound” (Cixous) which exposes us to the contagion of otherness. The essays collected here reflect on different topics related to these issues, such as: gender and nation; nationalism, internationalism, transnationalism; nationalism’s naturalization of citizenship and the exclusion of women from citizenship; the violent consequences of a gendered nation on women’s bodies; gendering community; preservation of difference(s) within the community; bodily vulnerability and new politics; community and mourning; community and the politics of memory; fiction, historical truth and (fake) documentary; love, relationality and community; interpretive communities and virtual communities on the Web, among others. Joana Sabadell-Nieto is Professor of Contemporary Spanish Literature (Gender and Feminist Studies) at Hamilton College (USA) and Researcher at the Center for Women and Literature at the University of Barcelona. Marta Segarra is Professor of French and Francophone literature and Gender Studies at the University of Barcelona (Spain), Director of the UNESCO Chair Women, Development and Cultures and co-founder and director of the Center for Women and Literature (2003-2012). (shrink)

In this paper I focus on what we can call “the obvious assumption” in the debate between defenders and deniers (of the reductionist sort) of cognitive phenomenology: conscious thought is phenomenal and phenomenal thought is conscious. This assumption can be refused if “conscious” and "phenomenal” are not co-extensive in the case of thought. I discuss some prominent ways to argue for their dissociation and I argue that we have reasons to resist such moves, and thus, that the “obvious assumption” can (...) be transformed into a grounded claim one can explicitly believe and defend. (shrink)

In the past few years, deflationary positions in the debate on the nature of composite material objects have become prominent. According to Ted Sider these include the thesis of quantifier variance, against which he has defended ontological realism. Recently, Sider has considered the possibility of rejecting his arguments against the vagueness of the unrestricted quantifiers in terms of translation functions. Against this strategy, he has presented an intuitive complaint and has argued that it can only be resisted if quantifier variance (...) is accepted. But this is false. In this paper I argue, against Sider, that there is a coherent way to combine the rejection of quantifier variance with the vagueness of the unrestricted quantifiers. I sketch a model to show this, and then I consider, on the basis of it, several versions of the indeterminacy argument against the vagueness of the unrestricted quantifiers that Sider has formulated over the years. (shrink)

Recent works in philosophy of mind and the cognitive sciences draw an “unconventional” picture of cognitive processes and of the mind. Instead of conceiving of cognition as a process that takes place within the boundaries of the skull and the skin, some contemporary theories claim that cognition is a situated process that encompasses the human agent’s boundaries. In particular, the Extended Mind Hypothesis (EMH) and the Enactive approach to cognition claim that embodied action is constitutive of cognitive processes, and thus (...) of the mind. Although both theories give an “extended” or “extensive” picture of cognition and of the mind, they disagree on the epistemic value of internal representations. The EMH claims that we need to posit internal action- oriented representations (AORs). AORs would account for action-selection, action-control, and for the prediction of incoming perceptual information. The enactive approach to cognition argues against AORs. The concept of AOR does not fulfill the representational conditions necessary to talk about representations properly. Furthermore, AORs are expressive of an internalistic prejudice, which makes the EMH weak. Moreover, a semiotic analysis of AORs shows that these items called “representations” are not active at all. Therefore, the epistemic posit of AOR plays no interesting job in the project of extending the mind in virtue of a reassessment of the concept of representation aimed at making it embodied and active. Therefore I claim that the concept of AOR has to be rejected. Action- control, action-selection, and the anticipation of aspects of action-perception loops can be explained in a more enactive way. Embodied action in a field of affordances explains how agents respond selectively to environmental features and how action-perception loops are anticipated by the “affective agent”. Furthermore, the enactive approach to cognition - especially if coupled with a semiotic description of cognitive niches and with some insights from the affective sciences (e.g. appraisal of core relational themes) - gives an explanation of action that, in contrast to the EMH, is actually able to “extend the mind”. (shrink)

I assess the conditions that philosophers of mind usually use to identify mental representations. I argue in favor of a minimal definition of mental representation, which is similar to definitions endorsed by some philosophers of embodied cognition. I claim that, even if we endorse this minimal definition of mental representation, important aspects of perception cannot be explained in representational terms. Therefore I suggest endorsing a non-representational approach to perception made of a combination of the enactive approach and ecological psychology and (...) claim that perception is a direct relation to opportunities for action offered by perceptual niches. (shrink)

Obecnie na polskim rynku radiowym istnieje wiele rozgłośni katolickich, które są ważnym nośnikiem ewangelizacji. Najwyższą słuchalność ma ponadregionalna sieć rozgłośni lokalnych Radia Plus, która nadaje program o charakterze społeczno- -religijnym. Przeanalizowano 89 materiałów znajdujących się w archiwum programu Kościół – Wydarzenia – Komentarze. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie różnorodności tematów poruszanych na antenie, uwzględniając jednocześnie wątki ważne dla Kościoła w 2016 roku. Pod względem metod i treści tekst jest napisany w stylu dokumentacyjnym.

This paper attempts an overview on the ethical issues of pharmaceutical industry gift-giving in the United States of America. The article shows that law is not the only way in which the relationship between physicians and pharmaceutical industry can be regulated. Most important professional associations of physicians, pharmacists, residents etc. consider industry gifts as a conflict of interest. They created different ethical guidelines for this complicated issue. The paper demonstrates various solutions of ethical matters in the relationship between physicians and (...) pharmaceutical industry by analyzing codes and guidelines of different associations. On the one hand it shows organizations which allow exchanging of gifts of no value. On the other hand it presents associations that forbid physicians accepting even a pen. The article also shows various attitudes of these associations to situations like inviting physicians to dinner, accepting drug samples, taking subsidies from the company to defray the cost of the conference etc. The problem of those relations has been neglected for long time. From society’s point of view it is important for physicians to be informed about the rules and ways that pharmaceutical companies try to influence physicians’ prescription habits. (shrink)

The involvement of the pharmaceutical industry in medical education can be seen as something completely natural. Who better than the producer of the med-icine would know how the drug was developed, how the process of it being au-thorized for sale proceeded, and what the side effects of it are? Today in the United States, more and more colleges are implementing strong pharmaceutical conflict-of-interest policies. Interaction between students and medical school staff with these companies is undesirable, because they share marketing materi-als (...) more often than honest data, and their representatives use various ways to influence these current and future physicians during their meetings. This article will describe research which shows what pharmaceutical mar-keting directed at students looks like in the USA – its character, frequency, and potential impact on future medical decisions. Also, ways of regulating interac-tion between medical schools, their staff and students and the pharmaceutical industry will be expressed. Guidelines of the Association of American Medical Colleges, the Institute of Medicine and the American Medical Student Associa-tion will be described. At the end, questions about their influence on reality and whether medical schools’ policies can be an effective barrier for pharmaceutical marketing on medical schools will be asked. (shrink)

Over the last few years, the pharmaceutical industry intensified marketing activity in Poland. One of the most important ways of promotion are visits by pharmaceutical sales representatives in physicians’ offices. Representatives during those meetings are using different sorts of tactics to manipulate physicians such as: gift-giving, free meals, travel subsidies, “fake” research, ‘white Saturdays’, sponsored teaching and conferences. An ethical ambiguity can be easily find in this work. The paper describes briefly the results of the research concerning the influence of (...) the relationship between physicians with the pharmaceutical companies on prescribing habits which were conducted in other countries. The article presents law regulations and ethical codes present in Poland, but it concentrate on describing the results of 31 in-depth interviews with pharmaceutical sales representatives conducted between the June – November 2007. The main aim of this paper is to show how important are ethical and law standards for the pharmaceutical sales representative. Do they know it? Does companies take care about proper training and information in the area for their employees? Work ethics of the pharmaceutical sales representative is very important, and should be discussed. Drugs are special kind of goods which can influence people health and sometimes even lives so we should pay attention to the ways medicaments are advertise and promote. (shrink)

Over the recent years more and more often we can hear in public debate that pharmaceutical industry is using aggressive marketing to increase the market growth. Their marketing actions are addressed mainly to physicians, because doctors are those who raise gains of pharmaceutical companies in the most considerable extent. The main aim of this paper is to answer the question what kinds of methods pharmaceutical companies are using to influence physicians’ prescribing practice. On examples will be shown how pharmaceutical sales (...) representatives are using reciprocity rule, liking, contrast, authority, scarcity, social proof and consistence to manipulate on doctors. The paper will try to answer the questions: Are physicians aware of influence of pharmaceutical companies? What should be done to increase their awareness? The article is based on the CAWI research. It is analysis of 372 questionnaires filled by physicians. Research was conducted with the support of Medycyna Praktyczna site – one of the most famous websites among the doctors in Poland. (shrink)

The burden of social responsibility is on the pharmaceutical industry. It is producing drugs and medical equipment which have to fulfill high quality standards, because they are very important from society point of view. The main business activity of pharmaceutical companies can be assessed as doing something good. However, a lot of drug producers are also involved in other ways of working for public wellness. There are using a great range of the instruments and programs to manage the corporate social (...) responsibility. The article describes the results of 31 in-depth interviews with the pharmaceutical sales representatives conducted between the June – November 2007. It shows what problems can be created during organizing: charity action, white Sundays, conferences for physicians and other pro bono events. It explains how such actions can meet with public opinion accusations. The main aim of this paper is to answer the questions: What are the advantages of realizing CSR for pharmaceutical companies? Is it true that this conception is used as a marketing tool by drug producers? What the pharmaceutical sales representatives think about charity actions that are conducted in their companies? (shrink)

Within last twenty years in the European Union much regulation concerning advertisements of drugs changed. The aggressive marketing operations of producers of medicines caused that new solutions, not only legal but also ethical, had appeared. The European Union is imposing reliable solutions upon its members in the form of directives to which they must adapt their law. They can however decide to choose stricter law than the one which is recommended to them. The European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry and Associations (...) – voluntary organization consisting associations of pharmaceutical companies from lots of countries is acting on similar principles. Each of the members belonging to it can implement its own, more restrictive regulation in the national ethical code than a Federation is ordering. Main purpose of this article is reading what legal and ethical solutions of pharmaceutical marketing were accepted in selected countries of the European Union. Whether they are stricter than the ones imposed upon them by European Union? How in this background Polish regulations are looking like? In the article also examples of the law-breaking and ethical principles by producers of medicines in the European Union will be presented. It will show sanctions taken out towards them for this reason. A question will be put: are various penalties able effectively to scare the pharmaceutical industry off the unethical or even unlawful advertising? (shrink)

In this paper, I analyze two methods of reading archives: ‘against the grain’ and ‘along the grain’. First one focuses mainly on revealing what is marginalized and omitted in archive’s dominant narration. The other carefully studies the logic of an archive itself. As such, reading against the grain allows to reveal victims’ forgotten stories, while reading along the grain helps to understand perpetrators’ perspective that may further lead to better recognition of the mechanisms of organized violence. I apply both approaches (...) to the album War against War (1924) by Ernst Friedrich, which contains archival photographs from World War I. Keywords: War against War; World War I; archival photographs; reading against the grain; reading along the grain. (shrink)

The Discounting Inventory, originally developed in polish language, allows the measurement of individual differences in the delay, probabilistic, effort, and social discounting rates. The present study attempted to validate the DI’s psychometric properties using German university students and to compare the results to those from a sample of Polish university students. Over four hundred participants completed the DI and traditional discounting measures. A confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the original four-factor model of the DI provided an excellent fit for the (...) German data and internal consistency was high. These outcomes were similar, if not superior, to those from the Polish sample. DI scores strongly correlated with traditional discounting measures scores in both samples, replicating previous results. These findings indicate that the DI is a valid measure for use in a sample from another cultural setting, which is potentially useful to both researchers and practitioners. (shrink)

Este artículo presenta un itinerario formativo para profesores de secundaria llevado a cabo en un instituto de secundaria Livorno (Italia). Esta formación tenía como finalidad la creación de entornos de aprendizaje híbridos siguiendo las evidencias del neuroaprendizaje y dando especial relevancia al microlearning.La metodología y resultados de nuestra investigación consisten en el diseño y creación de un curso de formación en modalidad Blended learning. Esta propuesta formativa proporciona al profesorado las herramientas necesarias para crear un entorno virtual híbrido mediante el (...) diseño de módulos de microlearning para fomentar el aprendizaje activo. (shrink)

In this study of the functionally referential alarm calls in the meerkats, we tested the hypothesis that the ability to refer to a specific location was an important factor in the evolution of discrete vocalizations. We investigated what information receivers gained about the location of the predator from alarm calls with high stimulus specificity compared to alarm calls with low stimulus specificity. Furthermore, we studied whether visual cues about the localization of the predator may be available from the posture of (...) the caller. We described the general behaviour of the caller, the caller’s posture, and in particular its gaze direction. We then observed receivers responding to the different call types, to determine whether the acoustic structure of the calls was enough for them to respond in the appropriate way, or whether they used additional visual cues from the caller. We tested this with specific manipulation experiments, using three set ups of playback experiments: no caller visible; model guard with specific gaze direction; and live sentinel. Natural observations and experiments confirmed that in high urgency situations the meerkats have enough information from the acoustic structure of the call to respond appropriately. When hearing low urgency calls that are less stimuli specific, meerkats used visual cues as an additional source of information in a few cases. This may indicate that functionally referential calls evolved to denote the location of the predator, rather than the predator type or its velocity of approach. However, when discussing this result in comparison to other functionally referential calls, such as the food associated calls and recruitment calls, this localization hypothesis does not appear to apply to the functionally referential calls in general. (shrink)

The critical discourse analysis is the tool used in this article, to study how audiovisual media have constructed mental representation about the historical facts occurred in Spain between the final stage of the Spanish Civil War and the late 1980s: the theft of newborn babies. The State has failed in an attempt to establish policies that support truth, justice and reparation as it has been recalled by United Nations experts to the Government of Spain, and the reports and documentaries have (...) become vehicles to capture and recover memories. Our objective is to analyze how this collective awareness has been realized and the contribution of reports and documentaries. Our results show that the Spanish television channels silence the Francoist context to depict the thefts as the product of economical mobs focused on child trafficking. The international channels, however, put the origin of the dictatorship at the center of the discourse. (shrink)