Results for 'formulas'

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  1.  15
    Formulas of the Moral Law.Allen Wood - 2017 - Cambridge University Press.
    This Element defends a reading of Kant's formulas of the moral law in Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. It disputes a long tradition concerning what the first formula attempts to do. The Element also expounds the Formulas of Humanity, Autonomy and the Realm of Ends, arguing that it is only the Formula of Humanity from which Kant derives general duties, and that it is only the third formula that represents a complete and definitive statement of the moral (...)
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  2.  21
    Canonical formulas for k4. part II: Cofinal subframe logics.Michael Zakharyaschev - 1996 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 61 (2):421-449.
    Related Works: Part I: Michael Zakharyaschev. Canonical Formulas for $K4$. Part I: Basic Results. J. Symbolic Logic, Volume 57, Issue 4 , 1377--1402. Project Euclid: euclid.jsl/1183744119 Part III: Michael Zakharyaschev. Canonical Formulas for K4. Part III: The Finite Model Property. J. Symbolic Logic, Volume 62, Issue 3 , 950--975. Project Euclid: euclid.jsl/1183745306.
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  3. Sahlqvist Formulas Unleashed in Polyadic Modal Languages.Valentin Goranko & Dimiter Vakarelov - 1998 - In Marcus Kracht, Maarten de Rijke, Heinrich Wansing & Michael Zakharyaschev (eds.), Advances in Modal Logic. CSLI Publications. pp. 221-240.
    We propose a generalization of Sahlqvist formulas to polyadic modal languages by representing such languages in a combinatorial PDL style and thus, in particular, developing what we believe to be the right syntactic approach to Sahlqvist formulas at all. The class of polyadic Sahlqvist formulas PSF defined here expands essentially the so far known one. We prove first-order definability and canonicity for the class PSF.
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  4. Canonical formulas for k4. part I: Basic results.Michael Zakharyaschev - 1992 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 57 (4):1377-1402.
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  5. Structural formulas and explanation in organic chemistry.W. M. Goodwin - 2008 - Foundations of Chemistry 10 (2):117-127.
    Organic chemists have been able to develop a robust, theoretical understanding of the phenomena they study; however, the primary theoretical devices employed in this field are not mathematical equations or laws, as is the case in most other physical sciences. Instead it is diagrams, and in particular structural formulas and potential energy diagrams, that carry the explanatory weight in the discipline. To understand how this is so, it is necessary to investigate both the nature of the diagrams employed in (...)
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  6.  73
    Safe formulas in the general theory of stable models (preliminary report).Vladimir Lifschitz - unknown
    Safe first-order formulas generalize the concept of a safe rule, which plays an important role in the design of answer set solvers. We show that any safe sentence is equivalent, in a certain sense, to the result of its grounding—to the variable-free sentence obtained from it by replacing all quantifiers with multiple conjunctions and disjunctions. It follows that a safe sentence and the result of its grounding have the same stable models, and that stable models of a safe sentence (...)
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  7.  16
    Formulas of one propositional variable in intuitionistic logic with the Solovay modality.Leo Esakia & Revaz Grigolia - 2008 - Logic and Logical Philosophy 17 (1-2):111-127.
    A description of the free cyclic algebra over the variety of Solovay algebras, as well as over its pyramid locally finite subvarieties is given.
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  8.  49
    Safe Formulas in the General Theory of Stable Models (Preliminary Report).Joohyung Lee & Vladimir Lifschitz - unknown
    Safe first-order formulas generalize the concept of a safe rule, which plays an important role in the design of answer set solvers. We show that any safe sentence is equivalent, in a certain sense, to the result of its grounding—to the variable-free sentence obtained from it by replacing all quantifiers with multiple conjunctions and disjunctions. It follows that a safe sentence and the result of its grounding have the same stable models, and that stable models of a safe sentence (...)
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  9.  30
    Canonical formulas for k4. part III: The finite model property.Michael Zakharyaschev - 1997 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 62 (3):950-975.
    Related Works: Part I: Michael Zakharyaschev. Canonical Formulas for $K4$. Part I: Basic Results. J. Symbolic Logic, Volume 57, Issue 4 , 1377--1402. Project Euclid: euclid.jsl/1183744119 Part II: Michael Zakharyaschev. Canonical Formulas for K4. Part II: Cofinal Subframe Logics. J. Symbolic Logic, Volume 61, Issue 2 , 421--449. Project Euclid: euclid.jsl/1183745008.
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  10. The Barcan formulas and necessary existence: the view from Quarc.Hanoch Ben-Yami - 2020 - Synthese 198 (11):11029-11064.
    The Modal Predicate Calculus gives rise to issues surrounding the Barcan formulas, their converses, and necessary existence. I examine these issues by means of the Quantified Argument Calculus, a recently developed, powerful formal logic system. Quarc is closer in syntax and logical properties to Natural Language than is the Predicate Calculus, a fact that lends additional interest to this examination, as Quarc might offer a better representation of our modal concepts. The validity of the Barcan formulas and their (...)
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  11. Barcan Formulas in Second-Order Modal Logic.Timothy Williamson - 2015 - In Themes From Barcan Marcus. Lauener Library of Analytical Philosophy, Vol. 3. pp. 51-74.
    Second-order logic and modal logic are both, separately, major topics of philosophical discussion. Although both have been criticized by Quine and others, increasingly many philosophers find their strictures uncompelling, and regard both branches of logic as valuable resources for the articulation and investigation of significant issues in logical metaphysics and elsewhere. One might therefore expect some combination of the two sorts of logic to constitute a natural and more comprehensive background logic for metaphysics. So it is somewhat surprising to find (...)
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  12. Canonical Formulas for K4. Part III: The Finite Model Property.Michael Zakharyaschev - 1997 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 62 (3):950-975.
    Related Works: Part I: Michael Zakharyaschev. Canonical Formulas for $K4$. Part I: Basic Results. J. Symbolic Logic, Volume 57, Issue 4, 1377--1402. Project Euclid: euclid.jsl/1183744119 Part II: Michael Zakharyaschev. Canonical Formulas for K4. Part II: Cofinal Subframe Logics. J. Symbolic Logic, Volume 61, Issue 2, 421--449. Project Euclid: euclid.jsl/1183745008.
     
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  13.  58
    Coinductive formulas and a many-sorted interpolation theorem.Ursula Gropp - 1988 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 53 (3):937-960.
    We use connections between conjunctive game formulas and the theory of inductive definitions to define the notions of a coinductive formula and its approximations. Corresponding to the theory of conjunctive game formulas we develop a theory of coinductive formulas, including a covering theorem and a normal form theorem for many sorted languages. Applying both theorems and the results on "model interpolation" obtained in this paper, we prove a many-sorted interpolation theorem for ω 1 ω-logic, which considers interpolation (...)
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  14. Fluted formulas and the limits of decidability.William C. Purdy - 1996 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 61 (2):608-620.
    In the predicate calculus, variables provide a flexible indexing service which selects the actual arguments to a predicate letter from among possible arguments that precede the predicate letter (in the parse of the formula). In the process of selection, the possible arguments can be permuted, repeated (used more than once), and skipped. If this service is withheld, so that arguments must be the immediately preceding ones, taken in the order in which they occur, the formula is said to be fluted. (...)
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  15.  22
    Medicinal Formulas and Experiential Knowledge in the Seventeenth-Century Epistemic Exchange between China and Europe.Marta Hanson & Gianna Pomata - 2017 - Isis 108 (1):1-25.
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  16.  27
    Formulas in modal logic s4.Katsumi Sasaki - 2010 - Review of Symbolic Logic 3 (4):600-627.
    Here, we provide a detailed description of the mutual relation of formulas with finite propositional variables p1, …, pm in modal logic S4. Our description contains more information on S4 than those given in Shehtman (1978) and Moss (2007); however, Shehtman (1978) also treated Grzegorczyk logic and Moss (2007) treated many other normal modal logics. Specifically, we construct normal forms, which behave like the principal conjunctive normal forms in the classical propositional logic. The results include finite and effective methods (...)
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  17.  10
    Modal formulas are either elementary or not ΣΔ-elementary.J. F. A. K. van Benthem - 1976 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 41 (2):436-438.
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  18.  28
    Hybrid Formulas and Elementarily Generated Modal Logics.Ian Hodkinson - 2006 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 47 (4):443-478.
    We characterize the modal logics of elementary classes of Kripke frames as precisely those modal logics that are axiomatized by modal axioms synthesized in a certain effective way from "quasi-positive" sentences of hybrid logic. These are pure positive hybrid sentences with arbitrary existential and relativized universal quantification over nominals. The proof has three steps. The first step is to use the known result that the modal logic of any elementary class of Kripke frames is also the modal logic of the (...)
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  19.  49
    Concerning formulas of the types a →b ∨c, a →(ex)b(X).Ronald Harrop - 1960 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 25 (1):27-32.
  20.  30
    Stable Formulas in Intuitionistic Logic.Nick Bezhanishvili & Dick de Jongh - 2018 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 59 (3):307-324.
    In 1995 Visser, van Benthem, de Jongh, and Renardel de Lavalette introduced NNIL-formulas, showing that these are exactly the formulas preserved under taking submodels of Kripke models. In this article we show that NNIL-formulas are up to frame equivalence the formulas preserved under taking subframes of frames, that NNIL-formulas are subframe formulas, and that subframe logics can be axiomatized by NNIL-formulas. We also define a new syntactic class of ONNILLI-formulas. We show that (...)
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  21.  15
    Modal Formulas True at Some Point in Every Model.Lloyd Humberstone - 2008 - Australasian Journal of Logic 6:70-82.
    In a paper on the logical work of the Jains, Graham Priest considers a consequence relation, semantically characterized, which has a natural analogue in modal logic. Here we give a syntactic/axiomatic description of the modal formulas which are consequences of the empty set by this relation, which is to say: those formulas which are, for every model, true at some point in that model.
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  22.  28
    Extendible Formulas in Two Variables in Intuitionistic Logic.Nick Bezhanishvili & Dick Jongh - 2012 - Studia Logica 100 (1-2):61-89.
    We give alternative characterizations of exact, extendible and projective formulas in intuitionistic propositional calculus IPC in terms of n -universal models. From these characterizations we derive a new syntactic description of all extendible formulas of IPC in two variables. For the formulas in two variables we also give an alternative proof of Ghilardi’s theorem that every extendible formula is projective.
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  23.  1
    Date Formulas in Cuneiform Tablets and Antigonus Monophthalmus, Again.Tom Boiy - 2009 - Journal of the American Oriental Society 129 (3):467-476.
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  24. On formulas of one variable in intuitionistic propositional calculus.Iwao Nishimura - 1960 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 25 (4):327-331.
  25. Formulas for Computable and Non-Computable Functions.Samuel Alexander - 2006 - Rose-Hulman Undergraduate Mathematics Journal 7 (2).
  26. Sahlqvist Formulas Unleashed in Polyadic Modal Languages.Valentin Goranko & Dimiter Vakarelov - 1998 - In Marcus Kracht, Maarten de Rijke, Heinrich Wansing & Michael Zakharyaschev (eds.), Advances in Modal Logic. CSLI Publications. pp. 221-240.
    We propose a generalization of Sahlqvist formulae to polyadic modal languages by representing modal polyadic languages in a combinatorial style and thus, in particular, developing what we believe to be the right approach to Sahlqvist formulae at all. The class of polyadic Sahlqvist formulae PSF defined here expands essentially the so far known one. We prove first-order definability and canonicity for the class PSF.
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  27.  30
    Relation Formulas for Protoalgebraic Equality Free Quasivarieties; Pałasińska’s Theorem Revisited.Anvar M. Nurakunov & Michał M. Stronkowski - 2013 - Studia Logica 101 (4):827-847.
    We provide a new proof of the following Pałasińska's theorem: Every finitely generated protoalgebraic relation distributive equality free quasivariety is finitely axiomatizable. The main tool we use are ${\mathcal{Q}}$ Q -relation formulas for a protoalgebraic equality free quasivariety ${\mathcal{Q}}$ Q . They are the counterparts of the congruence formulas used for describing the generation of congruences in algebras. Having this tool in hand, we prove a finite axiomatization theorem for ${\mathcal{Q}}$ Q when it has definable principal ${\mathcal{Q}}$ Q (...)
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  28.  18
    Modal Formulas are Either Elementary or not $SigmaDelta$-Elementary.J. F. A. K. Van Benthem - 1976 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 41 (2):436-438.
  29.  22
    Concerning Formulas of the Types $A rightarrow B vee C, A rightarrow (Ex)B(x)$.Ronald Harrop - 1960 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 25 (1):27-32.
  30.  6
    The Play of Formulas in the Early Buddhist Discourses.Eviatar Shulman - 2022 - Journal of Indian Philosophy 50 (4):557-580.
    The _play of formulas_ is a new theory designed to explain the manner in which discourses (Suttas, Sūtras) were composed in the early Buddhist tradition, focusing at present mainly on the _Dīgha-_ and _Majjhima- Nikāyas_ (the collections of the Buddha’s Long and Middle-length discourses). This theory combats the commonly accepted views that texts are mainly an attempt to record and preserve the Buddha’s teachings and life events, and that the best way to understand their history is to compare parallel versions (...)
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  31.  23
    Berzelian formulas as generative paper tools.Emily R. Grosholz - 2005 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 36 (2):411-417.
  32.  16
    Formulas for visual distance and size; their relationship to the Nernst-Hill theory of nervous excitation.H. Spotnitz - 1938 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 23 (4):394.
  33.  63
    Canonical formulas for wk4.Guram Bezhanishvili & Nick Bezhanishvili - 2012 - Review of Symbolic Logic 5 (4):731-762.
    We generalize the theory of canonical formulas for K4, the logic of transitive frames, to wK4, the logic of weakly transitive frames. Our main result establishes that each logic over wK4 is axiomatizable by canonical formulas, thus generalizing Zakharyaschev’s theorem for logics over K4. The key new ingredients include the concepts of transitive and strongly cofinal subframes of weakly transitive spaces. This yields, along with the standard notions of subframe and cofinal subframe logics, the new notions of transitive (...)
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  34.  19
    Certain formulas equivalent to the axiom of choice.Bolesław Sobociński - 1961 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 2 (4):229-235.
  35.  81
    Berzelian formulas as paper tools in early nineteenth-century chemistry.Ursula Klein - 2001 - Foundations of Chemistry 3 (1):7-32.
    This paper studies the semiotic,epistemological and historical aspects of Berzelianformulas in early nineteenth-century organicchemistry. I argue that Berzelian formulas wereenormously productive `paper tools' for representingchemical reactions of organic substances, and forcreating different pathways of reactions. Moreover, myanalysis of Jean Dumas's application of Berzelianformulas to model the creation of chloral from alcoholand chlorine exemplifies the role played by chemicalformulas in conceptual development (the concept ofsubstitution). Studying the dialectic of chemists'collectively shared goals and tools, I argue thatpaper tools, like laboratory instruments, (...)
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  36.  14
    Fórmulas Barcan de segundo orden Y universales trascendentes.José Tomás Alvarado Marambio - 2013 - Ideas Y Valores 62 (152):111-131.
    Se ha destacado recientemente que la Fórmula de Barcan y la Conversa de la Fórmula de Barcan para lógica modal cuantificacional de orden superior parecen válidas. Si se interpreta que los cuantificadores tienen como rango propiedades, la validez de y de orden superior parece implicar la existencia de universales trascendentes, esto es, universales que no requieren estar instanciados para existir en un mundo posible. Este trabajo discute esta línea de argumentación. En primer lugar, se sostiene que la semántica en la (...)
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  37.  20
    Canonical formulas for modal and superintuitionistic logics: a short outline.Michael Zakharyaschev - 1997 - In M. de Rijke (ed.), Advances in Intensional Logic. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 195--248.
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  38. Formulas of L''Etourdit' (Philosophy of Lacan).Alain Badiou - 2007 - Filozofski Vestnik 28 (3):189-199.
     
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  39. Accompaniment formulas in verdi'ernani'.Mario Baroni - 1987 - Semiotica 66 (1-3):129-140.
     
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  40.  12
    Fórmulas Barcan de segundo orden y universales trascendentes1.Transcendent Universals - 2013 - Ideas Y Valores 62 (152).
  41. Important Formulas.Peter B. M. Vranas - unknown
    If Y is normal with parameters μ and σ , the standard normal Z = ( Y - μ )/ σ has parameters and 1. Central Limit Theorem: For any sequence Y 1, Y 2, ... of IID random variables with expectation μ and variance σ , the cdf of Z is the limit, as n → ∞, of the cdf of ( Y 1 + Y 2 + … + Yn - nμ )/( σ √\x{D835}\x{DC5B}).
     
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  42.  32
    Extendible Formulas in Two Variables in Intuitionistic Logic.Nick Bezhanishvili & Dick de Jongh - 2012 - Studia Logica 100 (1):61-89.
    We give alternative characterizations of exact, extendible and projective formulas in intuitionistic propositional calculus IPC in terms of n-universal models. From these characterizations we derive a new syntactic description of all extendible formulas of IPC in two variables. For the formulas in two variables we also give an alternative proof of Ghilardi’s theorem that every extendible formula is projective.
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  43. Fórmulas verbales al uso y tristeza.Virginia Fernández - 2012 - Critica: La Reflexion Calmada Desenreda Nudos 62 (979):91.
     
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  44. Las fórmulas numéricas kantiana y el problema de su precisión judicativa.Alvaro López Fernández - 2000 - Diálogos. Revista de Filosofía de la Universidad de Puerto Rico 35 (75):157-190.
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  45. How Are the Different Formulas of the Categorical Imperative Related?Ido Geiger - 2015 - Kantian Review 20 (3):395-419.
    The article defends three claims regarding the relation between the different formulas of the categorical imperative. On its prevailing reading, FUL gives different moral guidance than FH; left answered, this problem is an argument for adopting a competing perspective on FUL. The prohibitions and commands of the formulas should be taken to be extensionally the same; but FKE adds a dimension missing from the others, gained by uniting their perspectives, namely, bringing the variety of moral laws into systematic (...)
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  46.  5
    The universal law formulas.Richard Galvin - 2009 - In Thomas E. Hill (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Kant's Ethics. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 52–82.
    This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Some Common Misunderstandings How Different Are PGW, FUL, and FLN? The Role of the Universal Law Formulas Issues Regarding the Maxim and its Universal Counterpart The Two Hegelian Objections Contradictions in Conception Contradictions in the Will Three Persistent Problems and One Very Modest Proposal Bibliography.
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  47.  32
    Characteristic Formulas of Partial Heyting Algebras.Alex Citkin - 2013 - Logica Universalis 7 (2):167-193.
    The goal of this paper is to generalize a notion of characteristic (or Jankov) formula by using finite partial Heyting algebras instead of the finite subdirectly irreducible algebras: with every finite partial Heyting algebra we associate a characteristic formula, and we study the properties of these formulas. We prove that any intermediate logic can be axiomatized by such formulas. We further discuss the correlations between characteristic formulas of finite partial algebras and canonical formulas. Then with every (...)
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  48. The Formulas for State Action.A. K. Rogers - 1917 - Philosophical Review 26:454.
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  49.  21
    Projective formulas and unification in linear temporal logic LTLU.V. Rybakov - 2014 - Logic Journal of the IGPL 22 (4):665-672.
  50.  31
    Implicational formulas in intuitionistic logic.Alasdair Urquhart - 1974 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 39 (4):661-664.
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