Dans ce texte de Tchaïanov daté de l’été 1917, qu’une traduction partielle rend ici pour la première fois accessible au lectorat francophone, l’agronome, économiste et spécialiste de l’économie paysanne russe défend un collectivisme fondé sur l’idée d’une résistance de la paysannerie au développement du capitalisme. Ce texte a joué un rôle décisif à la fois dans la polarisation des débats sur le collectivisme en Russie à partir de 1917 et dans l’histoire des réceptions du marxisme dans la sociologie rurale tout (...) au long du XX e siècle. En fondant certaines thèses populistes sur des études empiriques de la situation russe, Tchaïanov a permis le développement d’un « néo-narodnisme écologique » dans les sciences sociales à partir des années 1960. (shrink)

The present article offers three critiques of the universal basic income guarantee (BIG) proposal discussed by Standing in this volume. First, there is a fundamental tension between the way income in a monetary production economy is generated, the manner in which BIG wishes to redistribute it, and the subsequent negative impact of this redistribution on the process of income generation itself. The BIG policy is dependent for its existence on the very system it wishes to undermine. Second, the macroeconomic effects (...) of BIG on contemporary economies that use modern money are destabilizing. The job guarantee (JG), by contrast, stabilizes both the macro-economy and the currency while helping transform the nature of work itself. Finally, the employment safety-net in Standing’s piece is not an accurate representation of the modern JG proposals – a confusion which this paper aims to remedy. (shrink)

Les crises économiques, financières, politiques, sociales, morales et écologiques se succèdent et s'entremêlent à l'échelle globale, au travers d'une mondialisation qui, dans la concrétisation de l'universel, traduit un jeu dual (global-local) dans lequel l'universalisation des conditions d'accès à l'universel fait défaut. L'extrême pauvreté dans les " sociétés non libérales " et le recul des libertés en termes de " capabilités " des plus vulnérables nous interpellent tous sur la glocalisation des grands maux sociétaux qui affligent en l'occurrence les plus mal (...) lotis et requièrent ainsi de nouvelles interrogations sur la pensée de John Rawls à propos de la solidarité et de la justice dans les relations internationales. Le glocaliste Thomas Pogge, qui mesure fort bien les enjeux de la conception de la justice comme équité à l'horizon cosmopolitique, se positionne en s'opposant à Rawls sur ce sujet. Le " principe de différence global " qui manque dans les politiques publiques et les institutions de redistribution de richesses est le point nodal de la discussion dans ce livre. Avec le souci d'établir les jalons d'un " développement glocaliste " juste et équitable, Daniel Noumbissié Tchamo ouvre un débat en philosophie pratique sur la distribution des richesses et les nouvelles considérations sur le développement dans une société mondiale glocalisée. (shrink)

Ce texte a déjà paru dans Диалог со временем, Dialogue with time. Intellectual history review, Issue 49, 2014, p. 14-27. Nous remercions Zinaida Tchekantseva de nous avoir autorisé à le reproduire ici. Историческое событие и время в контексте « ритмической парадигмы » В последние десятилетия концепт ритм чрезвычайно популярен в науке и искусстве. Известно, что ритм как одно из организующих начал жизни не только порождает вопросы, связанные с темпоральными и пространственными характеристиками происходящего, но и вплетен в - Histoire – Nouvel (...) article. (shrink)

Hoy en día, la mayoría de las grandes instituciones públicas y privadas está marcada por el escándalo de los abusos sexuales. La saturación en los medios de estos escándalos no se restringe a alguna organización, afecta a todas, ya sea gubernamental, no gubernamental, religiosa o política Hay miles de víctimas. Desafortunadamente, en torno a estos abusos inaceptables, nace un nuevo tipo de marketing que «folcloriza» el dolor, transformándolo en negocio. Estamos presenciando el surgimiento de una nueva clase de víctima y (...) de una nueva forma de ser una víctima. Es un victimismo sutil lo que se discute aquí, el mismo que ve la condición de víctima como una situación ventajosa de la cual obtener grandes ganancias. La reflexión que sigue explora la cuestión del victimismo, así como sus desafíos en la Iglesia Católica y en una tendencia del feminismo contemporáneo. (shrink)

ThisOxford dissertationoffers a detailed analysis of the text of the Old Testament book of the prophet Amos and attempts to reconstruct the process of its composition. It looks into the probable historical circumstances in which the prophetic oracles were collected and edited and seeks to show how the prophetic message lived on and spoke to the various communities which preserved and transmitted it.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a process for managing construction project information in such a way as to provide a basis for enhanced decision-making and for collaboration in a construction supply chain. One impediment to the uptake of BIM is the limited interoperability of different BIM systems. To overcome this problem, a set of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) has been proposed as a standard for the construction industry. Building on IFC, the ifcOWL ontology was developed in order to facilitate representation (...) of building data in a consistent fashion across the Web by using the Web Ontology Language (OWL). This study presents a critical analysis of the ifcOWL ontology and of the associated interoperability issues. It shows how these issues can be resolved by using Basic Formal Ontology (ISO/IEC 21838-2) as top-level architecture. A set of competency questions is used as the basis for comparison of the original ifcOWL with the enhanced ontology, and the latter is used to align with a second ontology – the ontology for building intelligent environments (DOGONT) – in order to demonstrate the added value derived from BFO by showing how querying the enhanced ifcOWL yields useful additional information. (shrink)

Lotman’s conception of semiosphere opens the way to development of spatial semiotics as a special branch of sign theory. There are a lot of peculiarities in the spatial semiosis, which distinguish it from the temporal ones. These distinctions are connected with some special features of semiotized space, and they touch both upon the spatial texts and upon the spatial codes. The spatial syntax has its own specific structures, which can be reversed, non-linear and continual, created without discrete signs. The differentiation (...) relates also to semantics of spatial signs and texts, which are mainly motivated by their denotates due to similarity or contiguity. There are some pragmatic peculiarities of the spatial semiosis: the greater connection with the praxis, on the one hand, and the greater ability for the preservation of the cultural memory, on the other hand. The mainly visual character of spatial texts in plane of expression can be also considered as its specific pragmatic property. These peculiarities give some special possibilities for the spatial semiosis and make necessary its participation in the various spheres of the culture, where diverse spatial codes interact in different ways between each other and with temporal codes as well. (shrink)

The paper questions some of the premises in studying academic spin-offs in developed countries, claiming that when taken as characteristics of ‘academic spin-offs per se,’ they are of little help in understanding the phenomenon in the Eastern European countries during the transitional and post-transitional periods after 1989. It argues for the necessity of adopting a path-dependent approach, which takes into consideration the institutional and organisational specificities of local economies and research systems and their evolution, which strongly influence the patterns of (...) spin-off activity. The paper provides new findings and original arguments in support of Balazs’ seminal theses (Balazs 1995, 1996) about the emergence of academic spin-offs during the early transition. It reveals key economic and policy mechanisms bearing on academic entrepreneurship in Eastern Europe, such as the tensions between economic and political nomenclatures of former Communist Parties, where the dismantling or preservation of the power of political nomenclature resulted in different patterns of development—rapid reforms in the ‘first wave’ of EU accession countries or the establishment of rent-seeking and assets-stripping economies in countries like Bulgaria and Romania, making the transition period especially difficult. In the latter, a specific economic environment emerged, unknown in Western Europe and in the ‘champions’ of transition—such as suppression of the authentic entrepreneurship in a number of economic sectors, disintegration of corporate structures, etc. Thus, the paper reveals the common ground behind the two conflicting tendencies in post-socialist academic spin-offs, partially outlined in other research (Simeonova 1995; Pavlova 2000): as an authentic form of academic entrepreneurship grasping the opportunities opened up by the economic crisis and compensating failures in science and technology policy on the one hand, and as specific rent-seeking strategy draining valuable public assets on the other (the latter, in turn, boosting the negative attitudes in local scientific communities). The paper provides new findings about the evolution of the academic spin-offs in Bulgaria along the two polar trends and their positive and negative repercussions on parent research institutions. The results were achieved in the PROKNOW Project, EC 6th Framework Program. (shrink)

We formulate and analyze the dynamics of an influenza pandemic model with vaccination and treatment using two preventive scenarios: increase and decrease in vaccine uptake. Due to the seasonality of the influenza pandemic, the dynamics is studied in a finite time interval. We focus primarily on controlling the disease with a possible minimal cost and side effects using control theory which is therefore applied via the Pontryagin’s maximum principle, and it is observed that full treatment effort should be given while (...) increasing vaccination at the onset of the outbreak. Next, sensitivity analysis and simulations (using the fourth order Runge-Kutta scheme) are carried out in order to determine the relative importance of different factors responsible for disease transmission and prevalence. The most sensitive parameter of the various reproductive numbers apart from the death rate is the inflow rate, while the proportion of new recruits and the vaccine efficacy are the most sensitive parameters for the endemic equilibrium point. (shrink)

Visual culture can be considered from semiotic point of view as a system of visual codes. Several of them have natural routs. So the perceptual code is formed already on biological level mediating translation of sensory data into perceptual images of the spatial world. The means of natural perceptual code are transformed in culture, where they are involved in communication by depictions. The depiction on the flat performs the function of a “perceptogram”, which, on one hand, is an external record (...) of an internal perceptual image or an idea, and, on the other hand, serves as a program for a spectator’s visual perception. The means of this “perceptography” form an artificial code, which is, on the contrary to the perceptual code, communicative, deliberately used and transformed in various ways at different periods of time in diverse kinds of practical and artistic activity. Not all perceptograms become pieces of art, but all history of pictorial arts can be considered as a process of development and mastering with the different versions of this perceptographic code. The changes of this code in visual culture are connected with the intrinsic development of “vision forms” as well with invention of external means of communication. (shrink)

Visual culture can be considered from semiotic point of view as a system of visual codes. Several of them have natural routs. So the perceptual code is formed already on biological level mediating translation of sensory data into perceptual images of the spatial world. The means of natural perceptual code are transformed in culture, where they are involved in communication by depictions. The depiction on the flat performs the function of a “perceptogram”, which, on one hand, is an external record (...) of an internal perceptual image or an idea, and, on the other hand, serves as a program for a spectator’s visual perception. The means of this “perceptography” form an artificial code, which is, on the contrary to the perceptual code, communicative, deliberately used and transformed in various ways at different periods of time in diverse kinds of practical and artistic activity. Not all perceptograms become pieces of art, but all history of pictorial arts can be considered as a process of development and mastering with the different versions of this perceptographic code. The changes of this code in visual culture are connected with the intrinsic development of “vision forms” as well with invention of external means of communication. (shrink)

Spatial semiosis differs from temporal one by its structural and functional peculiarities. Meaningful relations between units of spatial texts are not ordered along of temporal axe and do not need time in their form of expression. However time remains an important factor for both: being of the spatial semiosis in the external time and being of time in the spatial texts as object of representation. In the contrast to temporal communication, where acts receiving of texts must be synchronized with the (...) acts of their (re)production, spatial semiosis is built as a diachronic process, dividing in time from two separate acts: creating and perceiving. This structural peculiarity allows to connect people from different temporal periods and gives to spatial semiosis the function of irreplaceable means for cultural memory. Excluding time from the semiotic form of their plane of expression, spatial texts have some rules of presentation in time and semiotic means for representation of temporal order and duration in their plane of contents. There are different means of representation of time in the spatial forms: the projection of temporal structures on the spatial ones, concentration of different moments in one state, etc. (shrink)

On peut définir cinq grands courants constitutifs de la théologie dans l’Afrique subsaharienne (mise à part la théologie de la fondation, dite missionnaire). L’article présente ces courants et les théologiens qui en sont les représentants, non sans faire place à une appréciation critique : on peut en effet déplorer dans la théologie africaine un certain déficit de la réflexion sur le titre christologique de « Sauveur » ; ainsi qu’une approche partielle et une instrumentalisation du mystère mort-résurrection du Christ, à (...) des fins derevendications identitaires et matérialistes. Une prise en compte du dessein global du salut, moins captif de l’Histoire « historielle », s’avère nécessaire pour une théologie africaine plus sereine et plus juste. (shrink)

Si l’Orthodoxie et le Pentecôtisme insistent également sur le rôle salvifique et sanctificateur de l’Esprit saint, leur hostilité mutuelle relève d’un paradoxe. Celui-ci trouve son origine profonde dans des herméneutiques confessionnelles, plus déterminées par la culture que par la théologie. Deux traditions ecclésiales s’y affrontent. L’une, deux fois millénaire, a su intégrer dans son fonctionnement et sa réflexion les acquis des conciles et les réflexions des Pères. L’autre, moins structurée, plus proche d’un courant religieux que d’une tradition ecclésiale, demeure soumise (...) à l’irrationalité d’une émotivité et d’une sensibilité elles-mêmes soumises à un littéralisme biblique et à un fondamentalisme invétéré. (shrink)

We propose a class of new gauge field models in 2n dimensions, with n not less than4. These systems are unrelated to Yang-Mills, in the sense that their gauge-field Higgs descendants in lower dimensions do not include the Yang-Mills dynamics.