The paper undertakes a comparison of the philosophies of Stanley Cavell and Emmanuel L_vinas, focusing on their interpretation of skepticism and the crucial role of the problem of the other or other minds in the works of both. The comparison proceeds in three major steps: first, differences in their respective interpretations of Descartes’ stance on the problem of other minds are discussed. In the second section, Cavell’s examination of the intelligibility of someone else’s pain and L_vinas’ questioning of the sense (...) of suffering are juxtaposed. Finally, the author analyzes their respective treatment of skepticism. This results in the opening of an ethical dimension which grounds the dominating theoretical relationship towards the world and the other human being in epistemology and ontology. The periodical return and irrefutability of skepticism can thus be regarded not only as evidence of the inevitable limitation of knowledge, but as a consequence of the necessarily social or intersubjective structure of subjectivity itself. (shrink)

Qu’est-ce qui justifie des normes comme « Tu ne tueras point » ou «Nul ne peut être soumis à la torture »? -/- C’est autour de cette question fondamentale que se sont constituées les trois grandes théories morales : l’éthique des vertus (inspirée d’Aristote), l’éthique des devoirs (mise en forme par Kant) et l’éthique des conséquences (matrice de l’utilitarisme). Qu’est-ce qui distingue ces trois approches ? Y a-t-il des raisons décisives d’en préférer une ? -/- Dans ce livre, Ruwen (...) Ogien et Christine Tappolet montrent que, pour trancher ce débat, il faut clarifier les deux concepts-clés de l’éthique et analyser leurs relations : les normes (qui posent des obligations, des interdictions, des permissions) et les valeurs (qui disent ce qui est bien ou désirable). -/- Ils proposent une hypothèse simple, mais iconoclaste : si pour justifier les normes, il faut nécessairement faire appel à des valeurs, c’est que, contre Kant et Aristote, il faut être conséquentialiste. (shrink)

Lyme disease is one of the most controversial illnesses in the history of medicine. In 2006 the Connecticut Attorney General launched an antitrust investigation into the Lyme guidelines development process of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). In a recent settlement with IDSA, the Attorney General noted important commercial conflicts of interest and suppression of scientific evidence that had tainted the guidelines process. This paper explores two broad ethical themes that influenced the IDSA investigation. The first is the growing (...) problem of conflicts of interest among guidelines developers, and the second is the increasing centralisation of medical decisions by insurance companies, which use treatment guidelines as a means of controlling the practices of individual doctors and denying treatment for patients. The implications of the first-ever antitrust investigation of medical guidelines and the proposed model to remediate the tainted IDSA guidelines process are also discussed. (shrink)

Flawed clinical practice guidelines may compromise patient care. Commercial conflicts of interest on panels that write treatment guidelines are particularly problematic, because panelists may have conflicting agendas that influence guideline recommendations. Historically, there has been no legal remedy for conflicts of interest on guidelines panels. However, in May 2008, the Attorney General of Connecticut concluded a ground-breaking antitrust investigation into the development of Lyme disease treatment guidelines by one of the largest medical societies in the United States, the Infectious Diseases (...) Society of America (IDSA). Although the investigation found significant flaws in the IDSA guidelines development process, the subsequent review of the guidelines mandated by the settlement was compromised by a lack of impartiality at various stages of the IDSA review process. This article will examine the interplay between the recent calls for guidelines reform, the ethical canons of medicine, and due process considerations under antitrust laws as they apply to the formulation of the IDSA Lyme disease treatment guidelines. The article will also discuss pitfalls in the implementation of the IDSA antitrust settlement that should be avoided in the future. (shrink)

Climate change calls for resource saving, sustainable ways to generate energy as well as moderation in growth and industrialization. Religion can help to develop a general change in our worldview and a realignment of our aims and lifestyles. If we are seeking a new outlook on life, religion should be a part of it, as religion and culture shape and form our outlook in significant ways. Gordon Kaufman is one of those theologians who have early on openly acknowledged the scope (...) and responsibility of religion concerning environmental exploitation and destruction.1 Due to his dissatisfaction with traditional anthropomorphic talk about God and the world, Kaufman was always looking for new ways of shaping... (shrink)

Dans cet article, je m'intéresse à quelques problèmes liés à la justification de méta-normes telles que « devoir » implique « pouvoir ». Je soutiens, d'abord, que des méta-normes différentes sont justifiées par des principes différents. La méta-norme « devoir » implique « pouvoir » est justifiée par un principe d'humanité qui nous demande d'exclure les normes trop exigeantes. La métanorme selon laquelle ce serait une sottise d'ordonner à quelqu'un ce qu'il veut inévitablement de lui-même est justifiée par un principe (...) de parcimonie qui nous demande d'exclure les normes trop peu exigeantes. Je soutiens ensuite que ces deux principes peuvent entrer en conflit. Ce qui m'amène à la conclusion que toute théorie normative qui s'efforce de respecter ces deux principes risque d'être instable.The present paper adresses some problems related to the justification of meta-norms such as “ought” implies “can”. First, I argue that different meta-norms are justified by different principles. The meta-norm “ought” implies “can” is justified by a principle of humanity ruling out norms that are too demanding. The meta-norm according to which it would be foolish to command of someone what he unavoidably wants already is justified by a principle of parsimony ruling out norms that are not demanding enough. I argue, then, that these two principles may conflict. This leads me to the conclusion that any normative theory trying to respect both principles may be unstable. (shrink)

Une réflexion morale libre de toute dépendance à l'égard du religieux, irréductible au naturalisme et à l'économisme est-elle encore possible? En ce début de XXI siècle, on parle beaucoup de " valeurs morales ". Mais ce que ces deux mots recouvrent, chez ceux qui les emploient le plus fréquemment et le plus bruyamment, ce sont des engagements de nature plus religieuse que morale contre le droit de choisir sa mort ou d'avorter, la recherche sur les cellules embryonnaires, le mariage gay (...) ou lesbien etc. De nombreux savants et philosophes se proposent d'expliquer tous nos comportements en examinant leurs fondements " naturels ", c'est-à-dire leur base physique ou génétique. Tout y passe : la timidité, la gourmandise, la joie de vivre et le " sens moral " aussi! D'autres voudraient appliquer le modèle de l'agent rationnel ou égoïste à toutes sortes de conduites apparemment non économiques comme les choix amoureux ou les comportements dits " moraux " ou " altruistes ". Mais ces programmes naturalistes ou économistes aboutissent à l'élimination de la réflexion morale plutôt qu'à une meilleure compréhension de ce qu'elle est. Dans ces conditions défavorables, la question de l'avenir d'une réflexion morale non religieuse, irréductible au naturalisme et à l'économisme peut en effet se poser. Je voudrais donner des raisons de ne pas y renoncer. Ruwen Ogien. (shrink)

Armée de ses seuls concepts, la philosophie peut-elle saisir ce qu'il y a de charnel, de déraisonnable et d'ineffable dans chaque histoire d'amour? Pour Ruwen Ogien, la réponse ne fait aucun doute: le philosophe ne doit pas abdiquer ses droits devant l'émotion, le sentiment, la passion. Son projet? Ecrire un De l'amour rigoureux - quoique facétieux. Et traiter de cet obscur objet comme s'il s'agissait de n'importe quelle autre chose de la vie. D'où ce livre où, irrespectueux, « l'ami (...) de la sagesse»s'interroge: L'amour est-il plus important que tout? Peut-on aimer sans raison? Ou sur commande? L'amour se situe-t-il par-delà le bien et le mal? Et, s'il ne dure pas, est-ce quand mème un amour véritable? A suivre... (shrink)

L'auteur discute d'abord des problèmes actuels traités par l'éthique concrète, comme le clonage, l'homoparentalité, les pratiques sexuelles, etc., pour présenter ensuite le débat sur les principes moraux. [SDM].

Résumé Dans cet article, je plaide pour la liberté d’expression artistique la plus large possible. La demande contemporaine de « limites » morales ou légales à cette liberté repose principalement sur des confusions de pensée entre les offenses et les préjudices ou entre ce qui est choquant, ce qui est moralement inacceptable et ce qui devrait être sanctionné par la loi. Elle est donc injustifiée.

Résumé Dans cet article, je plaide pour la liberté d’expression artistique la plus large possible. La demande contemporaine de « limites » morales ou légales à cette liberté repose principalement sur des confusions de pensée entre les offenses et les préjudices ou entre ce qui est choquant, ce qui est moralement inacceptable et ce qui devrait être sanctionné par la loi. Elle est donc injustifiée.

Kant is often considered to be the source of the contemporary notion of human dignity and in his perspective, there is a moral symmetry between what we do to others and what we do to ourselves. However, having such a duty toward ourselves compels people to make a ‘moral’ use of their bodies and their lives. Thus, it is possible to justify, in the name of the dignity of the human person, all sorts of prohibitions. By contrast, this chapter emphasises (...) a libertarian view, ethics that exclude moral duties to oneself and positive paternalistic duties towards others. Its main principle requires not harming others; it thus emphasises individuals’ freedom to do what they want with their own life as long as they do not harm others. In doing so, dignity becomes an unnecessary notion that fails to bring much clarity to contemporary bioethics. (shrink)

In this paper, I present a non standard objection to moral impartialism. My idea is that moral impartialism is questionable when it is committed to a principle we have reasons to reject: the principle of self-other symmetry. According to the utilitarian version of the principle, the benefits and harms to the agent are exactly as relevant to the global evaluation of the goodness of his action as the benefits and harms to any other agent. But this view sits badly with (...) the “Harm principle” which stresses the difference between harm to others and harm to the self. According to the deontological version, we have moral duties to ourselves which are exactly symmetrical to our duties to others. But there are reasons to believe that the idea of a duty to the self is not coherent. (shrink)

On the surface, self-centred emotions like shame or pride are related to subtle understandings of one's own identity and relevant objects (Taylor 1985; Ben Ze'ev 2000). Changes of beliefs about these objects often result in changes in the related emotions.If I am very proud that, on the first of April, I won the Jacques Chirac Prize for moral philosophy and then realize that it was just an April Fool's joke, my pride will probably vanish. I will probably be ashamed that (...) I believed it. Cases like this support the idea that having beliefs is a necessary condition for feeling pride or shame.If this is true and if we endorse Jerry Fodor's views about modularity, it follows that shame can't be modular because, according to these views, no beliefs or other central mental processes are supposed to be involved in the operation of modules (Fodor 1983). Further, contempt, derision, or avoidance are supposed to be typical causes of shame, but they may trigger other emotions as well: hatred, anger, self-pity, or sadness, etc. (shrink)

Stay up-to-date on the ethical and legal issues that affect your clinical and professional decisions! Ethical and Legal Issues for Mental Health Professionals: A Comprehensive Handbook of Principles and Standards details the ethical and legal issues that involve mental health professionals. Respected authorities with diverse backgrounds, expertise, and professional experience discuss contemporary theories emphasizing professional ethics, the ramifications of professional actions and decisions, and ethical standards on teaching, training, research, and publication. This informative handbook provides invaluable up-to-date information and guidelines (...) vital for every mental health professional. This book is a thorough examination of ethical behavior which can be used as a reference source for the professional or a textbook for graduate students. The handbook itself is divided into five sections. The first section is a detailed introduction of ethics, law, and licensing. The second section presents general ethical principles like competence, integrity, and respect for individual rights and dignity. The third section examines confidentiality, privilege, consent, and protection. The fourth section focuses on general ethical standards in practice, including sexual contact, multiple relationships, and bartering. The fifth section presents the ethical principles and standards in teaching, training, and research. Appendices include the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American Psychological Association, 2002) and the Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers (National Association of Social Workers, 1999). Ethical and Legal Issues for Mental Health Professionals: A Comprehensive Handbook of Principles and Standards discusses: the history of basic approaches and issues in ethical philosophy five fundamental areas in the process of developing competence the necessary ingredients for the mental health professional's practice of integrity aspirational versus enforceable standards of ethics concern for the welfare of others as a core ethical principle the notion of social responsibility in the ethics codes of psychologists and social workers ethical principles, statutes, and case law protecting privacy and confidentiality issues involving the therapist-patient privilege the "duty to protect" doctrine and relevant legal issues the dynamics of multiple relationships and boundary violations sexualized dual relationships between psychologists and patients possible conflict of interest in bartering for services the requirements and implementation of maintaining patient records to avoid ethical and legal problems possible ethical dilemmas involving referrals and fees much, much more This Handbook is an essential resource for all mental health professionals, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, counselors, therapists, and graduate students in mental health and the related fields. Ethical and Legal Issues for Mental Health Professionals: A Comprehensive Handbook of Principles and Standards is the first of three volumes under this title. The following volumes will focus on forensic settings and special populations/special treatment modalities. (shrink)

Im ‚Pfaffen Amis‘ des Strickers aus der ersten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts finden sich äußerst eigenwillige Bildbeschreibungen, die in der Wort-Bild-Forschung wenig Beachtung erfahren haben. Dies liegt darin begründet, daß es sich um eine Schilderung nicht vorhandener bzw. imaginierter Bilder handelt. Es zeigt sich aber, dass gerade diese so unkonventionelle Ekphrase das mittelalterliche Repräsentations- und Imaginationsverständnis auf signifikante Weise thematisiert. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Beschreibung dieser unsichtbaren imagines einerseits in den größeren Kontext des ‚Pfaffen Amis‘ gestellt und andererseits der (...) paradigmatische, metafiktionale Charakter dieses Textes für das mittelalterliche Repräsentations- und Fiktionsverständnis dargelegt. Hierzu wird die Ekphrase parallel zu mittelalterlichen gehirnanatomischen Texten und zur Zweikörperlehre von Ernst H. Kantorowicz gelesen. (shrink)