This article addresses the physical chemical processes underlying biological self-organisation by which a homogenous solution of reacting chemicals spontaneously self-organises. Theoreticians have predicted that self-organisation can arise from a coupling of reactive processes with molecular diffusion. In addition, the presence of an external field, such as gravity, at a critical moment early in the process may determine the morphology that subsequently develops. The formation, in-vitro, of microtubules, a constituent of the cellular skeleton, shows this type of behaviour. The preparations spontaneously (...) self-organise by reaction-diffusion and the morphology that develops depends upon the presence of gravity at a critical bifurcation time early in the process. Here, we present numerical simulations of a population of microtubules that reproduce this behaviour. Microtubules can grow from one end whilst shrinking from the other. The shrinking end leaves behind a chemical trail of high tubulin concentration. Neighbouring microtubules preferentially grow into these regions, whilst avoiding regions of low tubulin concentration. The chemical trails produced by individual microtubules thus activate and inhibit the formation of neighbouring microtubules and this progressively leads to self-organisation. Gravity acts by way of its directional interaction with the macroscopic density fluctuations present in the solution arising from microtubule disassembly. (shrink)

Energy contributes significantly in almost all aspects of human life as well as economic activities and plays a crucial role in the infrastructural development of a county to alleviate poverty. Generating energy from a renewable source such as small hydropower through the application of pump operating as a turbine mode called Pump as Turbine is one of the best alternatives to provide clean and inexpensive energy. Using Pump as Turbine helps in generating reasonably priced hydroelectric power for communities in underdeveloped (...) counties. This study investigates the effects of internal flow behaviour and performance of Pump as Turbine under different rotational speed and flow rate. The rotational speed is an essential physical parameter as it affects the Pump as Turbine operation. A model-specific speed centrifugal pump model with head 32, flow rate of 12.5 and the rotational speed of 2900 rpm, has been selected for the study. Numerical simulations have been conducted using the k-ω turbulence model to solve three-dimensional equations. The pump mode experimental data were used to confirm the results for better analysis. The results predicted that vortex and turbulent kinetic energy increase per rotational speed increase. Also, at the higher rotational speed, very high recirculation of flow is detected at the blade suction chamber, although the pressure side has a smooth flow. This study provides beneficial information which will serve as a reference to help improve PAT performance along with selecting PAT for a small hydropower site. Future works will consider the impact of blade thickness and cavitation in Pump as Turbine. (shrink)

In a theoretical simulation the cooperation of two insects is investigated who share a large number of maximally entangled EPR-pairs to correlate their probabilistic actions. Specifically, two distant butterflies must find each other. Each butterfly moves in a chaotic form of short flights, guided only by the weak scent emanating from the other butterfly. The flight directions result from classical random choices. Each such decision of an individual is followed by a read-out of an internal quantum measurement on a (...) spin, the result of which decides whether the individual shall do a short flight or wait. These assumptions reflect the scarce environmental information and the small brains’ limited computational capacity. The quantum model is contrasted to two other cases: In the classical case the coherence between the spin pairs gets lost and the two butterflies act independently. In the super classical case the two butterflies read off their decisions of whether to fly or to wait from the same internal list so that they always take the same decision as if they were super correlated. The numerical simulation reveals that the quantum entangled butterflies find each other with a much shorter total flight path than in both classical models. (shrink)

A simple numerical procedure is presented for the problem of estimating the parameters of models for the distribution of eggs oviposited in a host. The modelling is extended to incorporate both host density and time dependence to produce a remarkably parsimonious structure with only seven parameters to describe a data set of over 3,000 observations. This is further refined using a mixed model to accommodate several large outliers. Both models show that the level of superparasitism declines with increasing host (...) density, and the rate declines over time. It is proposed that the differing behaviours represented by the mixed model may reflect a balance between behavioural strategies of different selective benefit. (shrink)

In a recent paper the authors studied numerically the hydrogen ground state in stochastic electrodynamics within the the non-relativistic approximation. In quantum theory the leading non-relativistic corrections to the ground state energy dominate the Lamb shift related to the photon cloud that should cause the quantum-like behaviour of SED. The present work takes these corrections into account in the numerical modelling. It is found that they have little effect; the self-ionisation that occurs without them remains present. It is speculated (...) that the point-charge approximation for the electron is the cause of the failure. (shrink)

A simple numerical procedure is presented for the problem of estimating the parameters of models for the distribution of eggs oviposited in a host. The modelling is extended to incorporate both host density and time dependence to produce a remarkably parsimonious structure with only seven parameters to describe a data set of over 3,000 observations. This is further refined using a mixed model to accommodate several large outliers. Both models show that the level of superparasitism declines with increasing host (...) density, and the rate declines over time. It is proposed that the differing behaviours represented by the mixed model may reflect a balance between behavioural strategies of different selective benefit. (shrink)

A simple numerical procedure is presented for the problem of estimating the parameters of models for the distribution of eggs oviposited in a host. The modelling is extended to incorporate both host density and time dependence to produce a remarkably parsimonious structure with only seven parameters to describe a data set of over 3,000 observations. This is further refined using a mixed model to accommodate several large outliers. Both models show that the level of superparasitism declines with increasing host (...) density, and the rate declines over time. It is proposed that the differing behaviours represented by the mixed model may reflect a balance between behavioural strategies of different selective benefit. (shrink)

A simple numerical procedure is presented for the problem of estimating the parameters of models for the distribution of eggs oviposited in a host. The modelling is extended to incorporate both host density and time dependence to produce a remarkably parsimonious structure with only seven parameters to describe a data set of over 3,000 observations. This is further refined using a mixed model to accommodate several large outliers. Both models show that the level of superparasitism declines with increasing host (...) density, and the rate declines over time. It is proposed that the differing behaviours represented by the mixed model may reflect a balance between behavioural strategies of different selective benefit. (shrink)

David Lewis (1969) introduced sender-receiver games as a way of investigating how meaningful language might evolve from initially random signals. In this report I investigate the conditions under which Lewis signaling games evolve to perfect signaling systems under various learning dynamics. While the 2-state/2- term Lewis signaling game with basic urn learning always approaches a signaling system, I will show that with more than two states suboptimal pooling equilibria can evolve. Inhomogeneous state distributions increase the likelihood of pooling equilibria, but (...) learning strategies with negative reinforcement or certain sorts of mutation can decrease the likelihood of, and even eliminate, pooling equilibria. Both Moran and APR learning strategies (Bereby-Meyer and Erev 1998) are shown to promote successful convergence to signaling systems. A model is presented that illustrates how a language that codes state-act pairs in an order-based grammar might evolve in the context of a Lewis signaling game. The terms, grammar, and the corresponding partitions of the state space co-evolve to generate a language whose structure appears to reflect canonical natural kinds. The evolution of these apparent natural kinds, however, is entirely in service of the rewards that accompany successful distinctions between the sender and receiver. Any metaphysics grounded on the structure of a natural language that evolved in this way would track arbitrary, but pragmatically useful distinctions. (shrink)

Robot-assisted retinal cannulation is an eye surgical procedure which can dissolve the obstruction by using robot to inject anticoagulant into occluded vessel. The current research on the critical parameters of cannulation for human is scarce because of the immature technology. Considering the influence of microneedle, this work investigated the effects of drug concentration, injection velocity, injection position, and size of clot on cannulation by theoretical analysis and finite element analysis. For finite element analysis, the multiphysics continuum model was established to (...) demonstrate species transport and reaction which simulates the entire lytic process of the occlusive clot, and four cell zones were established to describe the generation of plasmin with the addition of tissue-type plasminogen activator and fibrinolysis of clot by importing subroutines into each cell zone under the conditions of constant clot size and variable size, respectively. The results imply that the most efficient value of tPA concentration is 50 nM, injection velocity is 60 mm/s for clot length of 0.1 mm, and the best position to insert the cannula is 0.5 mm in front of the thrombus. For different clot lengths of 0.1 mm to 0.6 mm, the optimal range of tPA concentration and injection velocity is from 20 nM to 70 nM and from 40 mm/s to 60 mm/s, respectively, and explores the reasonable injection position of 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm in front of clot in a vein of 100 μm. This conclusion can be used to perform robot-assisted cannulation surgery to improve fibrinolytic efficiency. (shrink)

A dynamic description model of the flight path a dragonfly takes is required in order to derive the encounter frequency of the dragonfly males visiting a pond. It is considered as the first part of a realistic description of the regulation of dragonfly density at the pond by behavioural interaction. Since the dragonfly males fly strictly along the shoreline of the pond, their displacement may be perceived as a quasi linear movement. The flight paths of dragonflies were recorded in field (...) by registering at regular time intervals the number of the shoreline section. in which the dragonfly was staying at that moment. The recorded flight paths show a wide variety from circling around the pond or flying widely to and fro to remaining in a narrow sector of the shoreline . The records were classified into 9 flight style groups. The flight style is temperature dependent, but there are also individual differences between the dragonflies. The strategy adopted for model building is to start with the most simple assumptions and parameters. The dynamic performance of each model is assessed by simulations. The model has to be extended until the simulated flight path patterns resemble the observed patterns. In a model with one parameter the displacement for every time interval is given by a stochastic decision using the probabilities evaluated from the observed frequencies of step length . This model was run with different sets of data. The simulated patterns using the data from all records together slightly resemble some observed patterns. They represent, however, only a small range of the variability observed. With data from the different style groups or the single records the simulated patterns are much more variable, but they are too irregular and contain too many turns . Therefore the description model was extended by a second parameter determining the direction of each step. The probability of turning is dependent on the number of steps already taken in the same direction . The probabilities are evaluated from the observed frequencies of step series. With the data from all records together, this model yields patterns more similar to the observed flight paths but they still represent only a restricted range of the observed variability. The patterns obtained using the data from the different style groups or from the single records cover the full range of the observed variability and they resemble closely the observed patterns even in minute details . Thus this description model together with the data from the flight style groups is accepted as fully sufficient for the present purpose. The simulations allow the assessment of the range of chance variability . The assumptions implied in the description model were corroborated by statistical tests. The approach developed here for the quantification of the behaviour of dragonflies is generally applicable to stochastic behaviour. Um die Häufigkeit der Kämpfe zwischen Libellenmannchen am Gewässer vom Verhalten der einzelnen Individuen ableiten zu können, wurde ein dynamisches Modell des Flugverhaltens einzelner Libellen aus Freilandbeobachtungen abgeleitet. Das Modell soll ein erster Schritt zu einer realistischen Beschreibung sein, wie bei Libellen die Individuendichte durch Verhaltensinteraktionen geregelt wird. Da die Libellenmannchen streng an der Uferlinie entlang fliegen, kann ihre Flugbahn als quasi eindimensionale Bewegung aufgefaßt werden. Die Flugbahnen einzelner Männchen registrierte ich, indem ich in regelmäßigen Zeitintervallen die Nummer des'Uferabschnitts , in dem sich die Libelle gerade aufhielt, auf Tonband sprach. Die registierten Flugbahnen sind sehr verschiedenartig. Zwischen Bahnen, bei denen die Libellen immer in einer Richtung um das Gewässer kreisten, bis zu solchen, bei denen sie in einem engen Uferbereich hin and her flogen, gibt es alle Übergänge . Die Flugbahnen warden in 9 Gruppen verschiedener Flugstile eingeteilt. Der Flugstil ist temperaturabhängig and individuell verschieden. Die Strategie der Modellentwicklung war, mit einem Modell mit möglichst einfachen Voraussetzungen and Parametern zu beginnen, seine dynamische Leistung mit Simulationen zu prüfen, und die Modellbeschreibung so lange zu erweitern, bis die simulierten Flugbahnmuster den tatsächlich beobachteten Mustern gleichen. Im ersten Modell wurde die Ortsveränderung in jedem Zeitintervall mit einer stochastischen Entscheidung bestimmt, bei der Wahrscheinlichkeiten verwendet warden, die sich aus den beobachteten Haufigkeiten der Schrittweiten ergaben . Simulationen dieses Modells mit den aus allen Flugbahnregistrierungen gemeinsam ausgewerteten Daten ergaben Flugbahnmuster, die zwar manchen beobachteten ähnelten, aber nur einen kleinen Bereich der beobachteten Vielfalt darstellten. Mit den Daten aus den einzelnen Flugstilgruppen ergab sich insgesamt eine grofie Variabilitat, die simulierten Flugbahnen waren aber zu unregelmäßig and enthielten zu viele Richtungswechsel . Deshalb wurde das Modell durch einen Parameter erweitert, der für jedes Zeitintervall die Flugrichtung bestimmt. Die Wahrscheinfchkeit umzukehren hängt davon ab, wieviele Zeitintervalle bereits die gleiche Richtung beibehalten wurde . Die Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte dafür warden aus den beobachteten Haufigkeiten der Schrittserien in eine Richtung bestimmt. Dieses Modell ergibt in Simulationen mit den aus allen Registrierungen gemeinsam ausgewerteten Daten Flugbahnen, die den Originalen ähnlich sind, aber nur einen beschränkten Bereich der vielfalt darstellen. Simulationen mit den Daten aus den einzelnen Flugstilgruppen dagegen ergeben die vollebeobachtete Variabilitat and die erhaltenen Flugbahnmuster gleichen den beobachteten Originalen auch in kleinen Einzelheiten . Dieses Modell kann deshalb zusammen mit den Daten der einzelnen Flugstilgruppen als befriedigende Beschreibung des Flugverhaltens angesehen werden. Die Simulationen erlauben, den Bereich der zufälligen Variabilitat abzuschätzen . Die im Modell gemachten Annahmen warden durch statistische Tests bestätigt. Der hier zur Beschreibung des Verhaltens von Libellen entwickelte Ansatz ist allgemein anwendbar auf stochastisches Verhalten. (shrink)

The promise of Newtonian science to create a universal precise explanation of all phenomena seems to be out-dated. “Cutting through complexity” may kill potential solutions. The complexity of real phenomena should be accepted and at best tamed by appropriate techniques. Complexity, a recent megatrend in the sciences, may effectuate another scientific revolution.

In this work, we study a several species aerobic chemostat model with constant recycle sludge concentration in continuous culture. We reduce the number of parameters by considering a dimensionless model. First, the existence of a global positive uniform attractor for the model with different removal rates is proved using the theory of dissipative dynamical systems. Hence, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the model under small perturbations using methods of singular perturbation theory and we prove that, in the case (...) of two species in competition, the unique equilibrium which is positive is globally asymptotically stable. Finally, we establish the link between the open problem of the chemostat with different removal rates and monotone functional responses, and our model when two species compete on the same nutrient. We give some numerical simulations to illustrate the results. (shrink)

In this paper two models for movement of respiratory gases in the insect trachea are presented. One model considers the tracheal system as a single flexible compartment while the other model considers the trachea as a single flexible compartment with gas exchange. This work represents an extension of Ben-Tal’s work on compartmental gas exchange in human lungs and is applied to the insect tracheal system. The purpose of the work is to study nonlinear phenomena seen in the (...) class='Hi'>insect respiratory system. It is assumed that the flow inside the trachea is laminar, and that the air inside the chamber behaves as an ideal gas. Further, with the isothermal assumption, the expressions for the tracheal partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, rate of volume change, and the rates of change of oxygen concentration and carbon dioxide concentration are derived. The effects of some flow parameters such as diffusion capacities, reaction rates and air concentrations on net flow are studied. Numerical simulations of the tracheal flow characteristics are performed. The models developed provide a mathematical framework to further investigate gas exchange in insects. (shrink)

These sixty contributions from researchers in ethology, ecology, cybernetics, artificial intelligence, robotics, and related fields delve into the behaviors and underlying mechanisms that allow animals and, potentially, robots to adapt and survive in uncertain environments. They focus in particular on simulation models in order to help characterize and compare various organizational principles or architectures capable of inducing adaptive behavior in real or artificial animals. Jean-Arcady Meyer is Director of Research at CNRS, Paris. Stewart W. Wilson is a Scientist (...) at The Rowland Institute for Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (shrink)

In nature, gregarious animals, insects, or bacteria usually exhibit paradoxical behaviors in the form of group fission and fusion, which exerts an important influence on group’s pattern formation, information transfer, and epidemiology. However, the fission-fusion dynamics have received little attention compared to other flocking behavior. In this paper, an intermittent selective interaction based control algorithm for the self-organized fission-fusion behavior of flocking system is proposed, which bridges the gap between the two conflicting behaviors in a unified fashion. Specifically, (...) a hybrid velocity coordination strategy that includes both the egalitarian and selective interactions is proposed, where the egalitarian interaction is to maintain the flock’s order and achieve the fusion behavior while the selective interaction strategy is for the response to external stimulus information and generates the fission behavior. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed control algorithm can realize the self-organized fission-fusion behavior of flocking system under a unified framework. The influences of the main control parameters on the performance of the fission-fusion behavior are also discussed. In particular, the trade-off parameterαbalances the exploration and exploitation behaviors of flocking system and significantly enhances its movement flexibility and environmental adaptivity. (shrink)

An analytical investigation into compressible gas flow with slight rarefactions through the insect trachea and tracheoles during the closed spiracle phase is undertaken, and a complete set of asymptotic analytical solutions is presented. We first obtain estimates of the Reynolds and Mach numbers at the channel terminal ends where the tracheoles directly deliver respiratory gases to the cells, by comparing the magnitude of the different forces in the compressible gas flow. The 2D Navier–Stokes equations with a slip boundary condition (...) are used to investigate compressibility and rarefied effects in the trachea and tracheoles. Expressions for the velocity components, pressure gradients and net flow inside the trachea are then presented. Numerical simulations of the tracheal compressible flow are performed to validate the analytical results from this study. This work extends previous work of Arkilic et al. :167–178, 1997) on compressible flows through a microchannel. Novel devices for microfluidic compressible flow transport may be invented from results obtained in this study. (shrink)

This paper starts by looking at the coincidence of surprising behavior on the nanolevel in both matter and simulation. It uses this coincidence to argue that the simulation approach opens up a pragmatic mode of understanding oriented toward design rules and based on a new instrumental access to complex models. Calculations, and their variation by means of explorative numerical experimentation and visualization, can give a feeling for a model's behavior and the ability to control phenomena, (...) even if the model itself remains epistemically opaque. Thus, the investigation of simulation in nanoscience provides a good example of how science is adapting to a new instrument: computer simulation. (shrink)

With increasing market competition and rapid development of service economy, more and more enterprises are shifting from providing products or services to providing product-service systems that integrate products and services, in order to improve competitiveness and profitability. Meanwhile, consumers have strategic delayed purchasing behavior when purchasing the PSS and high requirements for service quality. This paper investigates the two-period pricing and service quality decisions of product-service supply chain considering consumers’ strategic behavior under decentralized and centralized scenarios. The equilibrium (...) results are compared in two scenarios. In order to eliminate performance loss under the decentralized scenario, we design two-period dynamic contracts to coordinate the PSSC. Furthermore, numerical simulation is provided to verify the feasibility of the contracts. The following conclusions can be drawn: the higher the service input-efficiency, the more beneficial for alleviating consumers’ strategic purchase behavior under two scenarios, but this mitigation effect is more obvious under the centralized scenario. Compared with the centralized scenario, the service quality is lower, the two-period PSS sales prices are higher, and the two-period profit is lower under the decentralized scenario. The proportion of service valuation will promote the widening of the service quality gap under two scenarios, but in some cases, the service input-efficiency will weaken the promotion effect of the proportion of service valuation. The design of the two-period combined contracts depends on the proportion of service valuation. When the proportion of service valuation is high, the “two-period revenue sharing + service-cost sharing” combined dynamic contract can achieve PSSC perfect coordination. However, when the proportion of service valuation is low, it is necessary to design complexity combined dynamic contract which can achieve PSSC perfect coordination. (shrink)

With massive corruption uncovered in numerous recent corporate scandals, investigating psychological processes underlying unethical behavior among employees has become a critical area of research for organizational scientists. This article seeks to explain why people engage in deceptive and fraudulent activities by focusing on the use of moral-disengagement tactics or rationalizations to justify egregious actions at work. In addition, participation in goal-setting is argued to attenuate the relationship between moral disengagement and unethical behavior. Across two studies, a lab (...) class='Hi'>simulation and field survey, a measure of moral disengagement was developed for use with working adults. The hypothesized main and interactive effects of moral disengagement, participation, and unethical behavior were tested and largely confirmed. (shrink)

The deformation and wear events that underlie microwear and macrowear signals commonly used for dietary reconstruction in fossil animals can be replicated and quantified by controlled laboratory tests on extracted tooth specimens in conjunction with fundamental micromechanics analysis. Key variables governing wear relations include angularity, stiffness (modulus), and size of the contacting particle, along with material properties of enamel. Both axial and sliding contacts can result in the removal of tooth enamel. The degree of removal, characterized by a “wear coefficient,” (...) varies strongly with particle content at the occlusal interface. Conditions leading to a transition from mild to severe wear are discussed. Measurements of wear traces can provide information about contact force and particle shape. The potential utility of the micromechanics methodology as an adjunct for investigating tooth durability and reconstructing diet is explored. (shrink)

The processes in construction are more likely than others to breed unsafe behaviors, and the consequences of these actions can be serious. This paper first reviews the research status on unsafe behavior in construction teams. It then analyzes the complex mechanisms that lead to unsafe behavior and constructs a three-layer structural model based on agent-based modeling technology. This modeling deals with complexity and elaborates on key points and potential research ideas in the study of unsafe behavior in (...) construction teams. Using the ABM method, the effects of different incentive strategies on the safe behavior of construction teams under different management scenarios were studied. The results showed that when members have a fair perception of the situation, the effect of the excess performance reward distribution, according to the member’s safety awareness level, is better than the average distribution effect. This is the case whether the member’s safety behavior level is positively or negatively related to the member’s safety awareness level. This study proves the feasibility, validity, and universality of the three-layer structural model. It also reaches certain management conclusions and ideas for further development. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for research on the containment and prevention of unsafe behavior in construction teams. (shrink)

Solid-state processing of metal material is a very complex physical and chemical process, which is coupled by a series of variations including heat transfer, momentum transfer, mass transfer, and phase change. Applying three-dimensional finite element numerical method to the simulation of solid-state processing can perform analysis of metal material’s forging processes before production trial production, can obtain their relevant information such as material flow law, temperature field, and strain field under the minimum physical test conditions, thereby predicting metal (...) material’s forming defects and improving their forging quality. On the basis of summarizing and analyzing previous research works, this paper expounded the current status and significance of solid-state processing of metal materials, elaborated the development background, current status, and future challenges of 3D finite element numerical simulation, introduced the discrimination method and free surface solution method of numerical simulation calculation, conducted finite element model’s geometric assumptions, material selection, element division, model establishment, parameter selection, and initial and boundary condition determination, and simulated and analyzed rheological casting, remelting heating, thixoforming, and rotary piercing processes of metal materials. The results show that the 3D finite element numerical method can not only simulate various processes of flow field, temperature field, stress field, and microstructure in solid-state processing but also can provide a reliable basis for effectively obtaining a reasonable description and finding a more optimized design plan for metal material processing in a short time, which plays an important role in understanding and analyzing solid metal forming process, controlling and optimizing process parameters, guiding and mastering rheological casting, and secondary heating and rotary piercing of metal materials. (shrink)

Despite several research on HIV/aids, it is still incumbent to investigate more effective control measures to mitigate its infection level. Therefore, we introduce an HIV/aids-resistant model with behavior change and study its basic properties. In order to determine the most sensitive parameters that are responsible for disease transmission with respect to the basic reproduction number and those responsible for disease prevalence with respect to the endemic equilibrium, the sensitivity analysis was established and it was confirmed that the influx rate (...) of people into the infected population and total abstinence from all risk practices and endemic areas are some of the most sensitive parameters for disease spread and disease eradication, respectively. Furthermore, by considering controls u1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$u_1$$\end{document} denoting the government’s intervention in promoting and encouraging behavior change, u2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$u_2$$\end{document} representing intake of balanced nutritional supplementation, and u3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$u_3$$\end{document} connoting antiretroviral therapy (ART), an optimal control problem was developed and analyzed. Before the establishment of the necessary conditions of the optimal control using Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, we proved the existence of the optimal control triplet (u1(t),u2(t),u3(t)∈Φ,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$(u_1(t),u_2(t),u_3(t)\in \Phi,$$\end{document} where Φ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Phi$$\end{document} is the control set at time t,) which has been neglected by many researchers in recent years. Using the Runge–Kutta scheme, the optimal control problem was solved to understand the best combination of control strategies. Using the demographic and epidemiological data for South Africa on HIV/aids, a numerical simulation was carried out and results are presented on 3D surface plots. The obtained results suggested that the combination of all the considered control measures is the best method to ensure disease eradication. (shrink)

This article outlines the rationale for a molecular genetic study of social behavior, and explains why social insects are good models. Summaries of research on brain and behavior in two species, honey bees and fire ants, are presented to illustrate the richness of the behavioral phenomena that can be addressed with social insects and to show how they are beginning to be used to study genes that influence social behavior. We conclude by considering the problems and potential (...) of this emerging field. (shrink)

Professor Apter has written a valuable book. His work, a non-technical introduction to the most important aspect of the use of computers in psychology, is simple, readable, yet surprisingly concentrated and provocative. His first two chapters contain an unusually clear, concise examination of the extent to which minds and machines can be compared. Although brief it successfully collates the work of famous scientists and scholars of varied disciplines into a coherent cybernetic theory. Chapter three is a simplified explanation of the (...) way a digital computer works. This serves as a handy reference for the layman during more difficult discussions in ensuing chapters. Chapters four through nine recount the progress of many researchers in copying human behavior by means of machines. Here Apter examines data that have been part of the literature of computer simulation for some time, such as the Turing test, the General Problem Solver, experiments in Pattern Recognition, etc. But he also treats new or heretofore unnoticed research which undoubtedly will become elements in future philosophical controversy. One of these new cases is a program written by J. C. Loehlin called "Aldous". Aldous is the name given individually to a number of programs which interact emotionally. Loehlin so far has programmed anAldous, Decisive and Hesitant Aldouses, and, finally, Radical and Conservative Aldouses. Although the Aldous programs may sound more amusing than sober research in this area should, the details of the programming are both fascinating and philosophically significant. Loehlin, for instance, is forced to define "emotion" strictly in terms of environmental cues and elementary behavioral parameters. However, his Aldouses achieve from this a quite impressive and sophisticated repertoire of emotional responses accounting for learning, consistent emotional responses to unknown objects, mixed emotions, moods, frustration, satisfaction. Indeed, an "experienced" Aldous will exhibit behavior as unpredictable as any human. However, one still hesitates to call these reactions "emotion." Besides the obvious lack of physiological responses Aldous has no control over his environment and a merely marginal control over his emotions. Apter sees this difficulty clearly: "In particular one would like to see added the possibility of Aldous planning rather than reacting to the current situation and also the possibility of... changing not only his attitudes but also the parameters which govern the acquisition and change of attitudes." This criticism also may be levelled against other better known "personality" programs based on individual personality theories such as Heider’s or Homan’s. Apter clearly perceives theoretical difficulties in computer simulation such as these. Always, he faces them and gauges their relevance for the explanation of human behavior. The one serious shortcoming of Apter’s book is its brevity. Especially when he struggles with the theoretical implications of a particular experiment one gets the impression that he is needlessly condensing his analysis. This is particularly noticeable in the last chapter where he presents in barely-fleshed outline his position on the problem of consciousness. Despite this difficulty, however, Apter has fulfilled quite ably a promise he made in his preface that: "... this book about computers will be of interest to students of psychology and philosophy, the general reader and... perhaps also one day to computers."—J. F. (shrink)

In this paper, we propose a nonlinear coupled model to study the two interacting processes of awareness diffusion and epidemic spreading on the same individual who is affected by different neighbor behavior status on multiplex networks. We achieve this topology scenario by two kinds of factors, one is the perception factor that can change interplay between different layers of networks and the other is the neighbors’ behavior status that can change the infection rate in each layer. According to (...) the microscopic Markov chain approach, we analyze the dynamical evolution of the system and derive the theoretical epidemic threshold on uncorrelated heterogeneous networks, and then, we validate the analysis by numerical simulation and discuss the final size of awareness diffusion and epidemic spreading on a scale-free network. With the outbreak of COVID-19, the spread of epidemic in China prompted drastic measures for transmission containment. We examine the effects of these interventions based on modeling of the awareness-epidemic and the COVID-19 epidemic case. The results further demonstrate that the epidemic spreading can be affected by the effective transmission rate of the awareness and neighbors’ behavior status. (shrink)

An interpretive system for the IBM 704 computer permitting interpretation of the genetic pattern of a numeric symbioorganism as a game strategy has been developed. Selection for best performance in a simple game has been applied in a preliminary experiment. An objective method to measure the quality of a game played is described. The results presented in the article show a small but significant improvement of game quality during a period of 2300 generations.The general characteristics of the phenomena observed are (...) similar to those of preceding evolution experiments . However, a startling infection process caused by a parasite whose behaviour was influenced by the game competition is described. The parasite never developed an independent game strategy to any degree of efficiency and was entirely dependent on its host organism for game competitions with, and transmission of the infection to, uninfected hosts.The consequences of substituting the reproduction and mutation rules used in the preceding evolution experiments are discussed. Particularly, the use of rules applying the reproduction pattern ofDNA-molecules is considered, and the theoretic aspects of symbiogenetic evolution experiments based onDNA-norm are discussed. A few inferences concerning the origin and history of terrestrial life suggested by the results of the symbiogenesis experiments are presented.Ein interpretierendes System für die IBM 704 Rechenmaschine, dass Interpretation des genetischen Modells von einem numerischen Symbio-organismus wie eine Spiel Strategie, erlaubt, wurde entwickelt. Eine Forführung für Fähigkeit in einem einfachen Spiel wurde angewandt in einem preliminarisches Experiment. Eine objektive Methode zur Messung der Qualität des betreffenden Spiels wurde beschrieben. Die in dem Artikel angegebenen Resultate zeigen eine kleine, aber bedeutende Verbesserung der Spiel-Qualität während einr Periode von 2300 Generationen.Die allgemeinen Kennziechen von den beobachteten Phänomenen sind denen von vorhergehenden Evolutions-Experimenten ähnlich . Jedoch, ein überraschender Infektions-Prozess, verursacht durch einen Parasit, wessen Verhalten beinflusst wurde durch die Spiel-Konkurrenz, wurde beschrieben. Der Parasit entwickelte niemals eine unabhängige Spiel-Strategie zu irgendeinem Masze von Fähigkeit und war ganz abhängig von seinem Gastherr-Organismus für Spiel-Konkurrenz mit, und Überbringung von der Infektion auf, uninfektierte Gäste.Die Folgerungen von dem Ersetzen der Fortpflanzung und Mutations-Regeln , angewandt in vorhergehenden Evolutions-Experimente wurden besprochen. Besonders der Gebrauch von Regeln welche das FortpflanzungsModell von DNA-Molekülen anwenden wurde betrachtet, und die theorethischen Aspekte von Symbiogenetischen Evolutions-Experimenten basiert auf DNA-Norm wurden besprochen. Einige Schlussfolgerungen in Bezug auf die Entstehung und Geschichte von dem Erdenleben suggeriert durch die Resultate von den Symbiogenese-Experimenten wurden gezeigt. (shrink)

This paper describes the investigations performed to better understand two-stage rotor speed matching in a contrarotating fan. In addition, this study develops a comprehensive measuring and communication system for a contrarotating fan using ZigBee network. The investigation method is based on three-dimensional RANS simulations; the RANS equations are solved by the numerical method in conjunction with a SST turbulence model. A wireless measurement system using big data method is first designed, and then a comparison is done with experimental measurements (...) to outline the capacity of the numerical method. The results show that when contrarotating fan worked under designed speed, performance of two-stages rotors could not be matched as the designed working condition was deviated. Rotor 1 had huge influences on flow rate characteristics of a contrarotating fan. Rotor 2 was influenced by flow rates significantly. Under large flow rate condition, the power capability of rotor 2 became very weak; under working small flow rate condition, overloading would take place to class II motor. In order to solve the performance mismatch between two stages of CRF under nondesigned working conditions, under small flow rate condition, the priority shall be given to increase of the speed of rotor 1, while the speed of rotor 2 shall be reduced appropriately; under large flow rate condition, the speed of rotor 1 shall be reduced and the speed of rotor 2 shall be increased at the same time. (shrink)

In this paper we consider possibilities for applying p-adic valued logic BL to the task of designing an unconventional computer based on the medium of slime mould, the giant amoebozoa that looks for attractants and reaches them by means of propagating complex networks. If it is assumed that at any time step t of propagation the slime mould can discover and reach not more than attractants, then this behaviour can be coded in terms of p-adic numbers. As a result, this (...) behaviour implements some p-adic valued arithmetic circuits and can verify p-adic valued logical propositions. (shrink)

In this paper, we present an intensive investigation of the finite volume method compared to the finite difference methods. In order to show the main difference in the way of approaching the solution, we take the Burgers equation and the Buckley–Leverett equation as examples to simulate the previously mentioned methods. On the one hand, we simulate the results of the finite difference methods using the schemes of Lax–Friedrichs and Lax–Wendroff. On the other hand, we apply Godunov’s scheme to simulate the (...) results of the finite volume method. Moreover, we show how starting with a variational formulation of the problem, the finite element technique provides piecewise formulations of functions defined by a collection of grid data points, while the finite difference technique begins with a differential formulation of the problem and continues to discretize the derivatives. Finally, some graphical and numerical comparisons are provided to illustrate and corroborate the differences between these two main methods. (shrink)

Current empirical studies of moral behavior of healthcare professionals are almost entirely focused on self-reports, usually collected under the assumption that an ethical disposition characterizes individuals across various contexts. It is well known, however, that individuals adjust their behavior to what they see being done by those in their peer group. That presents a methodological challenge to traditional research within a community of peers because the behavior of each individual is both the result of norms and a (...) contributor to the norms of others. Computer simulations can be used to address this methodological challenge. A Markov replicator model that runs on an Excel spreadsheet was used to investigate a community with four agent types in the dental community: devious practitioners, ethical practitioners who avoid involvement in the poor ethics of others, ethical practitioners who accept it as part of their professional responsibility to challenge colleagues who act unprofessionally, and those who enforce ethical standards. A panel of leaders in the profession independently estimated parameters for the model and criteria for a possible distribution of agent types in the community. The simulation converged on distributions of the agent types that were very similar to the expectations of the panel. The simulation suggests the following characteristics of such moral communities: The structure of such communities is robust across a wide distribution. It appears that reduction in unethical behavior is more sensitive to the way ethical practitioners interact with each other than to sanctions the enforcement community imposes on unethical practitioners, and that large external interventions will be short lived. (shrink)